Patterns of overstory composition in the fir and fir-spurce forest of the Great Smoky Mountains after balsam woolly adelgid infestation

American Midland Naturalist

Volumn 139, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 340-352

  Smith, George F ^a,c   Nicholas, N S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY   (United States)

^c Toorphelim   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREST; MORTALITY; OVERSTORY COMPOSITION; PEST INFESTATION; RECRUITMENT; TREEFALL;

APPALACHIANS; GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS; USA;

ABIES; ABIES FRASERI; ADELGES; ADELGES PICEAE; ADELGIDAE; HEMIPTERA; HOMOPTERA; PICEA; PICEA RUBENS;

EID: 0031776264     PISSN: 00030031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0340:POOCIT]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. AMMAN, G. D. 1970. Phenomena of Adelges piceae populations (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in North Carolina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 63:1727-1734.
2. _ AND C. F. SPEERS. 1965. Balsam woolly aphid in the southern Appalachians. J. For., 63:18-20.
3. _ AND R. L. TALERICO. 1967. Symptoms of infestation by the balsam woolly aphid displayed by Fraser fir and bracted balsam fir. USDA, Forest Service, Res. Note SE-85. 7 p.
4. BALCH, R. E. 1952. Studies of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) and its effects on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Canadian Dept. of Agriculture Publication 867. 76 p.
5. BEERS, T. W., P. E. DRESS AND L. C. WENSEL. 1966. Aspect transformation in site productivity research. J. For., 64:691-692.
6. Busing, R. T. and E. E. C. Clebsch. 1988. Fraser fir mortality and the dynamics of Great Smoky Mountains fir-spruce stand. Castanea, 53:177-182.
7. _, _, C. Eagar and E. F. Pauley. 1988. Two decades of change in a Great Smoky Mountains spruce-fir forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 115:25-31.
8. _ AND E. F. PAULEY. 1994. Mortality trends in a southern Appalachian red spruce population. For. Ecol. Man., 64:41-45.
9. _, P. S. WHITE AND M. D. MACKENZIE. 1993. Gradient analysis of old spruce-fir forests of the Great Smoky Mountains circa 1935. Can. J. Bot., 71:951-958.
10. CAIN, S. A. 1935. Ecological studies of the vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains II. The quadrat method applied to sampling spruce and fir forest types. Am. Midl. Nat., 16:566-584.
11. DAY, R. W. AND G. P. QUINN. 1989. Comparisons of treatments after an analysis of variance in ecology. Ecol. Mongr., 59:433-463.
12. DELCOURT, H. R. AND P. A. DELCOURT. 1984. Late-Quaternary history of the spruce-fir ecosystems in the southern Appalachian mountain region, p. 22-35. In: P. S. White (ed.). The southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resource Management Report SER-71.
13. DESELM, H. R. AND R. R. BONER. 1984. Understory changes in spruce-fir during the first 16-20 years following the death of fir, p. 51-69. In: P. S. White (ed.). The southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resource Management Report SER-71.
14. DULL, C. W., J. D. WARD, H. D. BROWN, G. W. RYAN, W. H. CLERKE AND R. J. UHLER. 1988. Evaluation of spruce and fir mortality in the southern Appalachian Mountains. USDA Forest Service Southern Region. Protection Report R8-PR 13. 92 p.
15. EAGAR, C. C. 1978. Distribution and characteristics of balsam woolly aphid infestations in the Great Smoky Mountains. M.S. Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. 72 p.
16. _. 1984. Review of the biology and ecology of the balsam woolly aphid in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests, p. 36-50. In: P. S. White (ed.). The southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resource Management Report SER-71.
17. HOLLINGSWORTH, R. G., U. BLUM AND F. P. HAIN. 1991. The effect of adelgid-altered wood on sapwood and conductance of Fraser fir Christmas trees. IAWA Bull., 12:235-239.
18. HOSMER, D. W. AND S. LEMESHOW. 1989. Applied logistic regression. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 307 p.
19. HUSCH, B., C. I. MILLER AND T. W. BEERS. 1982. Forest mensuration. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 402 p.
20. KORSTIAN, C. F. 1937. Perpetuation of spruce on cut-over and burned lands in the higher southern Appalachian Mountains. Ecol. Monogr., 7:125-167.
21. NICHOLAS, N. S. 1992. Stand structure, growth, and mortality in southern Appalachian spruce-fir. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 176 p.
22. _ AND P. S. WHITE. 1985. The effect of balsam woolly aphid infestation on fuel levels in spruce-fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resource Management Report Ser-74. 24 p.
23. _ AND S. M. ZEDAKER. 1989. Ice damage in spruce-fir forests of the Black Mountains, North Carolina. Can. J. For. Res., 19:1487-1491.
24. _, S. M. ZEDAKER AND C. EAGAR. 1992a. A comparison of overstory community structure in three southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 119:316-332.
25. _, _, _, AND F. T. BONNER. 1992b. Seedling recruitment and stand regeneration in spruce-fir forests of the Great Smoky Mountains. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 119:289-299.
26. OOSTING, H. J. AND W. D. BILLINGS. 1951. A comparison of virgin spruce fir forest in the northern and southern Appalachian system. Ecology, 32:84-103.
27. PURITCH, G. S. 1971. Water permeability of the wood of grand fir, Abies grandis Doug. Lindl. in relation to infestation by the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae. Ratz. J. Exp. Bot., 22:936-945.
28. RADFORD, A. E., H. E. AHLES AND C. R. BELL. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1183 p.
29. RAMSEUR, G. S. 1960. The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the southern Appalachians. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 76:82-112.
30. SAS INSTITUTE. 1989. SAS/STAT® User's Guide, Version 6. Fourth Edition. Volumes 1 and 2. SAS Institute Cary, North Carolina. 1789 p.
31. SMITH, D. K. 1984. A status report on the bryophytes of the southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests, p. 131-138. In: P. S. White (ed.). The southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resource Management Report SER-71.
32. SPEERS, C. F. 1958. The balsam woolly aphid in the southeast. J. For., 56:515-516.
33. USDI FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1995. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; spruce-fir moss spider determined to be endangered. Federal Register, Vol. 60, No. 24. Feb. 6, 1995, p. 6968-6974.
34. WHITE, P. S. AND L. A. RENFRO. 1984. Vascular plants of southern Appalachian spruce-fir: annotated checklists arranged by geography, habitat, and growth form, p. 235-246. In: P. S. White (ed.). The southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resource Management Report SER-71.
35. WHITTAKER, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol. Monogr., 26:1-80.
36. WITTER, J. A. 1988. Balsam woolly adelgid and spruce-fir interactions in the southern Appalachian Mountains, p. 92-96. In: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters national convention. Oct. 16-19, 1988, Rochester, New York.
37. _ AND I. R. RAGENOVICH. 1986. Regeneration of Fraser fir at Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, after depredations by the balsam woolly adelgid. For. Sci., 32:585-594.
38. ZEDAKER, S. M., N. S. NICHOLAS, C. EAGAR, P. S. WHITE AND T. E. BURK. 1988. Stand characteristics associated with potential decline of spruce-fir forests in the southern Appalachians, p. 123-131. In: Proceedings of the U.S./F.R.G. research symposium: effects of atmospheric pollution on the spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. Oct. 19-23, 1987, Burlington, Vermont. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station General Technical Report NE-120.