Clutch size of kestrels: Seasonal decline and experimental evidence for food limitation under fluctuating food conditions

Oikos

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 259-272

  Korpimäki, Erkki ^a   Wiehn, Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVES; FALCO TINNUNCULUS; MURIDAE; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0031772565     PISSN: 00301299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3546837     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Aparicio, J. M. 1994. The seasonal decline in clutch size: an experiment with supplementary food in the kestrel, Falco tinnunculus. - Oikos 71: 451-458.
2. Arcese, P. and Smith, J. N. M. 1988. Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows, - J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 119-136.
3. Boag, P. T. and Noordwijk, A. J. van 1987. Quantitative genetics. - In: Cooke, F. and Buckley, P. A. (eds), Avian genetics - a population and ecological approach. Academic Press, London, pp. 45-77.
4. Bolton, M., Houston, D. and Monaghan, P. 1992. Nutritional constraints on egg formation in the Lesser Black-backed Gull: an experimental study. - J. Anim. Ecol. 61: 521-532.
5. Bonin, B. and Strenna, L. 1986. Sur la biologie du Faucon crécerelle Falco tinnunculus en Auxois. - Alauda 54: 241-262.
6. Boutin, S. 1990. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns, problems, and the future. - Can. J. Zool. 68: 203-220.
7. von Brömssen, A. and Jansson, C. 1980. Effects of food addition to Willow Tit Parus montanus and Crested Tit P. cristatus at the time of breeding. - Ornis Scand. 11: 173-178.
8. Cavé, A. J. 1968. The breeding of the Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus L., in the reclaimed area Oostelijk Flevoland. - Neth. J. Zool. 18: 313-407.
9. Charnov, E. L. and Krebs, J. R. 1974. On clutch size and fitness. - Ibis 116: 217-219.
10. Crick, H. Q. P., Gibbons, D. W. and Magrath, R. D. 1993. Seasonal changes in clutch size in British birds. - J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 263-273.
11. Crossner, K. A. 1977. Natural selection and clutch size in the European Starling. - Ecology 58: 885-892.
12. Cushman, J. H., Boggs, C. L., Wiss, S. B., Murphy, D. D., Harvey, A. W. and Ehrlich, P. R. 1994. Estimating female reproductive success of a female butterfly: influence of emergency time and host plant phenology. - Oecologia 99: 194-200.
13. Daan, S., Dijkstra, C., Drent, R. and Meijer, T. 1988. Food supply and the annual timing of avian reproduction. - In: Quellet, H. (ed.), Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Univ. of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, pp. 392-407.
14. Daan, S., Dijkstra, C. and Tinbergen, J. M. 1990. Family planning in the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): the ultimate control of covariation of laying date and clutch size. - Behaviour 114: 83-116.
15. Davies, N. B. and Lundberg, A. 1985. The influence of food on time budgets and timing of breeding in the Dunnock Prunella modularis. - Ibis 127: 100-110.
16. Dijkstra, C., Vuursteen, L., Daan, S. and Masman, D. 1982. Clutch size and laying date in the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus: effect of supplementary food. - Ibis 124: 210-213.
17. Dijkstra, C., Daan, S., Meijer, T., Cavé, A. J. and Foppen, R. P. B. 1988. Daily and seasonal variations in body mass of the kestrel in relation to food availability and reproduction. - Ardea 76: 127-140.
18. Drent, R. H. and Daan, S. 1980. The prudent parent: energetic adjustments in avian breeding. - Ardea 68: 225-252.
19. Falconer, D. S. 1981. Introduction to quantitative genetics. - Longman, London.
20. Forsman, D. 1984. Rovfågelsguiden. - Lintutieto Oy, Helsinki.
21. Gehlbach, F. R. and Roberts, J. C. 1997. Experimental feeding of suburban Eastern Screech-Owls Otus asio has few effects on reproduction apart from non-experimental factors. - J. Avian Biol. 28: 38-46.
22. von Haartman, L. 1969. The nesting habits of Finnish birds. I. Passeriformes. - Comm. Biol. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 32: 1-87.
23. von Haartman, L. 1971. Population dynamics. - In: Farner, D. and King, J. R. (eds), Avian biology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 391-459.
24. von Haartman, L. 1982. Two modes of clutch size determination in passerine birds. - J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 14: 214-219.
25. Hakkarainen, H. and Korpimaki, E. 1994. Environmental, parental and adaptive variation in egg size of Tengmalm's owls under fluctuating food conditions. - Oecologia 98: 362-368.
26. Hakkarainen, H., Korpimäki, E., Huhta, E. and Palokangas, P. 1993. Delayed maturation in plumage colour: evidence for the female-mimicry hypothesis in the kestrel. - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 33: 247-251.
27. Hakkarainen, H., Korpimaki, E., Ryssy, J. and Vikström, S. 1996. Low heritability in morphological characters of Tengmalm's owls: the role of cyclic food and laying date? - Evol. Ecol. 10: 207-219.
28. Hanski, I., Turchin, P., Korpimäki, E. and Henttonen, H. 1993. Population oscillations of boreal rodents: regulation by mustelid predators leads to chaos. - Nature 364: 232-235.
29. Hansson, L. and Henttonen, H. 1985. Gradients in density variations of small rodents: the importance of latitude and snow cover. - Oecologia 67: 394-402.
30. Hansson, L. and Henttonen, H. 1988. Rodent dynamics as community processes. - Trends Ecol. Evol. 3: 195-200.
31. Hasenclever, H., Kostrzewa, A. and Kostrzewa, R. 1989. Brutbiologie des Turmfalken (Falco tinnunculus): 16jährige Untersuchungen in Westfalen. - J. Ornithol. 130: 229-237.
32. Hochachka, W. H. and Boag, D. A. 1987. Food shortage for breeding Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica): an experiment using supplemental food. - Can. J. Zool. 65: 1270-1274.
33. Hochachka, W. M. 1990. Seasonal decline in reproductive performance of Song Sparrows. - Ecology 71: 1279-1288.
34. Hörnfeldt. B. and Eklund, U. 1990. The effect of food on laying date and clutch size in Tengmalm's owl. - Ibis 132: 395-406.
35. Klomp, H. 1970. The determination of clutch size in birds. A review. - Ardea 58: 1-121.
36. Korpimäki, E. 1984. Population dynamics of birds of prey in relation to fluctuations in small mammal populations in western Finland. - Ann. Zool. Fenn. 21: 287-293.
37. Korpimäki, E. 1985. Diet of the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus in the breeding season. - Omis Fenn. 62: 130-137.
38. Korpimäki, E. 1986a. Diet variation, hunting habitat and reproductive output of the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus in the light of the optimal diet theory. - Ornis Fenn. 63: 84-90.
39. Korpimäki, E. 1986b. Predation causing synchronous decline phases in microtine and shrew populations in western Finland. - Oikos 46: 124-127.
40. Korpimäki, E. 1987a. Timing of breeding of Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus in relation to vole dynamics in western Finland. - Ibis 129: 58-68.
41. Korpimäki, E. 1987b. Dietary shifts, niche relationships and reproductive output of coexisting Kestrels and Long-eared Owls. - Oecologia 74: 277-285.
42. Korpimäki, E. 1988a. Factors promoting polygyny in European birds of prey - a hypothesis. - Oecologia 77: 278-285.
43. Korpimäki, E. 1988b. Costs of reproduction and success of manipulated broods under varying food conditions in Tengmalm's owl. - J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 1027-1039.
44. Korpimäki, E. 1989. Breeding performance of Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus: effects of supplementary feeding in a peak vole year. - Ibis 131: 51-56.
45. Korpimäki, E. 1990. Low repeatability of laying date and clutch size in Tengmalm's Owl: an adaptation to fluctuating food conditions. - Ornis Scand. 21: 282-286.
46. Korpimäki, E. 1994. Rapid or delayed tracking of multi-annual vole cycles by avian predators? - J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 619-628.
47. Korpimäki, E. and Hakkarainen, H. 1991. Fluctuating food supply affects the clutch size of Tengmalm's Owl independent of laying date. - Oecologia 85: 543-552.
48. Korpimäki, E. and Krebs, C. J. 1996. Predation and population cycles of small mammals. A reassessment of the predation hypothesis. - BioScience 46: 754-764.
49. Korpimäki, E. and Lagerström, M. 1988. Survival and natal dispersal of fledglings of Tengmalm's owl in relation to fluctuating food conditions and hatching date. - J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 433-441.
50. Korpimäki, E. and Norrdahl, K. 1989. Predation of Tengmalm's owls: numerical responses, functional responses and dampening impact on population fluctuations of voles. - Oikos 54: 154-164.
51. Korpimäki, E. and Norrdahl, K. 1991. Numerical and functional responses of Kestrels, Short-eared Owls, and Longeared Owls to vole densities. - Ecology 72: 814-826.
52. Korpimäki, E. and Rita, H. 1996. Effects of brood size manipulations on offspring and parental survival in the European kestrel under fluctuating food conditions. - Ecoscience 3: 264-273.
53. Kostrzewa, R. 1991. Populationsregulation des Turmfalken (Falco tinnunculus) in der Niederrheinischen Bucht. - Ökol. Vögel 13: 137-157.
54. Kott, E. and Robinson, W. L. 1963. Seasonal variation in litter size of the meadow vole in southern Ontario. - J. Mammal. 44: 467-470.
55. Lack, D. 1947. The significance of clutch size. I. lntraspecific variation. - Ibis 89: 302-352.
56. Lack, D. 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. - Oxford Univ. Press, London.
57. Lack, D. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. - Methuen, London.
58. Lessells, C. M. and Boag, P. T. 1987. Unrepeatable repeatabilities: a common mistake. - Auk 104: 116-121.
59. Martin, T. E. 1987. Food as a limit on breeding birds: a life-history perspective. - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 453-487.
60. Masman, D., Gordijn, M., Daan, S. and Dijkstra, C. 1986. Ecological energetics of the Kestrel: field estimates of energy intake throughout the year. - Ardea 74: 24-39.
61. Meijer, T., Daan, S. and Dijkstra, C. 1988. Female condition and reproduction: effects of food manipulation in free-living and captive kestrels. - Ardea 76: 141-154.
62. Meijer, T., Daan, S. and Hall, M. 1990. Family planning in the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculua): the proximate regulation of covariation of laying date and clutch size. - Behaviour 114: 117-136.
63. Møller, A. P. 1989. Parasites, predators and nest boxes: facts and artefacts in nest box studies? - Oikos 56: 421-423.
64. Monaghan, P. and Nager, R. G. 1997. Why don't birds lay more eggs? - Trends Ecol. Evol. 12: 270-274.
65. Murphy, E. C. and Haukioja, E. 1986. Clutch size in nidicolous birds. - In: Johnston, R. F. (ed.), Current ornithology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 141-180.
66. Myers, K. and Poole, W. E. 1962. A study of the biology of the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. in confined populations. III: reproduction. - Aust. J. Zool. 10: 225-276.
67. Nager, R. G., Rüegger, C. and van Noordwijk, A. J. 1997. Nutrient or energy limitation on egg formation: a feeding experiment in great tits. - J. Anim. Ecol. 66: 495-507.
68. Newton, I. and Marquiss, M. 1981. Effect of additional food on laying dates and clutch sizes of Sparrowhawks. - Ornis Scand. 12: 224-229.
69. Newton, I. and Marquiss, M. 1984. Seasonal trend in the breeding performance of sparrowhawks. - J. Anim. Ecol. 53: 809-829.
70. Nilsson, J.-Å. 1991. Clutch size determination in the marsh tit (Parus palustris). - Ecology 72: 1757-1762.
71. Nilsson, J.-Å. and Svensson, E. 1993. Energy constraints and ultimate decision during egg-laying in the blue tit. - Ecology 74: 244-251.
72. Norrdahl, K. and Korpimäki, E. 1993. Predation and interspecific competition in two Microtus voles. - Oikos 67: 149-158.
73. Norrdahl, K. and Korpimäki, E. 1995. Effects of predator removal on vertebrate prey populations: birds of prey and small mammals. - Oecologia 103: 241-248.
74. Nussbaum, R. A. 1981. Seasonal shifts in clutch size and egg size in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stransburiana. - Oecologia 49: 8-13.
75. Ohgushi, T. 1991. Lifetime fitness and evolution of reproductive pattern in herbivorous lady beetle. - Ecology 72: 2110-2122.
76. Palokangas, P., Alatalo, R. V. and Korpimäki, E. 1992. Female choice in the kestrel under different availability of mating options. - Anim. Behav. 43: 659-665.
77. Perrins, C. M. 1970. The timing of birds' breeding season. - Ibis 112: 242-255.
78. Pietiäinen, H. 1989. Seasonal and individual variation in the production of offspring in the Ural Owl Strix uralensis. - J. Anim. Ecol. 58: 905-920.
79. Price, T., Kirkpatrick, M. and Arnold, S. J. 1988. Directional selection and the evolution of breeding date in birds. - Science 240: 798-799.
80. Richner, H. 1992. The effect of extra food on fitness in breeding Carrion crows. - Ecology 73: 330-335.
81. van Riper III, C. 1984. The influence of nectar resources on nesting success and movement patterns of the Common Amakihi (Hemignathus virens). - Auk 101: 38-46.
82. Rowe, L., Ludwig, D. and Schluter, D. 1994. Time, condition, and the seasonal decline of avian clutch size. - Am. Nat. 143: 698-722.
83. Schultz, E. T. 1993. The effect of birth date on fitness of female dwarf perch. (Micrometus minimus Perciformes Embiotociidae). - Evolution 47: 520-539.
84. Simon, L. S. and Martin, T. 1990. Food limitation of avian reproduction: an experiment with the Cactus Wren. - Ecology 71: 869-876.
85. Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. 1981. Biometry. - Freeman, San Francisco.
86. Soler, M. and Soler, J. J. 1996. Effects of experimental food provisioning on reproduction in the Jackdaw Corvus monedula, a semi-colonial species. - Ibis 138: 377-383.
87. Stearns, S. C. 1976. Life history tactics, a review of the ideas. - Q. Rev. Biol. 51: 3-47.
88. Stearns, S. C. 1989. Trade-offs in life-history evolution. - Funct. Ecol. 3: 259-268.
89. Svensson, E. and Nilsson, J.-Å. 1995. Food supply, territory quality, and reproductive timing in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus). - Ecology 76: 1804-1812.
90. Tolonen, P. and Korpimäki, E. 1994. Determinants of parental effort: a behavioural study in the European kestrel, Falco tinnunculus. - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 35: 355-362.
91. VanderWerf, E. 1992. Lack's clutch size hypothesis: an examination of the evidence using meta-analysis. - Ecology 73: 1699-1705.
92. Veiga, J. P. 1985. Crecimiento de los pollos de Falco tinnunculus en el centro de Espana, aspectos energéticos y ecolôgicos. - Ardeola 32: 187-201.
93. Veiga, J. P. 1986. Interannual fluctuations of three microtine populations in mediterranean environments: the effect of the rainfall. - Mammalia 50: 114-116.
94. Village, A. 1986. Breeding performance of kestrels at Eskdalemuir, south Scotland. - J. Zool. 208: 367-378.
95. Village, A. 1990. The Kestrel. - Poyser, London.
96. Village, A., Marquiss, M. and Cook, D. C. 1980. Moult, ageing and sexing of Kestrels. - Ringing and Migration 3: 53-59.
97. Wiebe, K. L. and Bortolotti, G. R. 1994. Food supply and hatching spans of birds: energy constraints or facultative manipulation? - Ecology 75: 813-823.
98. Wiebe, K. L. and Bortolotti, G. R. 1995a. Egg size and clutch size in the reproductive investment of American kestrels. - J. Zool. Lond. 237: 285-301.
99. Wiebe, K. L. and Bortolotti, G. R. 1995b. Food-dependent benefits of hatching asynchrony in American kestrels Falco sparverius. - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 35: 49-57.
100. Wiehn, J. and Korpimäki, E. 1997. Food limitation on brood size: experimental evidence in the Eurasian kestrel. - Ecology 78: 2043-2050.
101. Wilkinson, L. 1989. SYSTAT: the system for statistics. - Systat, Inc., Evanston, IL.
102. Williams, G. C. 1966. Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's principle. - Am. Nat. 100: 687-690.
103. Winkler, D. W. and Alien, P. E. 1996. The seasonal decline in tree swallow clutch size: physiological constraint or strategic adjustment? - Ecology 77: 922-932.
104. Yom-Tov, Y. 1974. The effect of food and predation on breeding density and success, clutch size and laying date of the crow (Corvus corone L.). - J. Anim. Ecol. 43: 479-498.