Liposomes as drug delivery system: A strategic approach for the treatment of HIV infection

Journal of Drug Targeting

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-15

  Désormeaux, André ^a   Bergeron, Michel G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AIDS; Antivirals; HIV; Liposomes; Targeting

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DRUG CARRIER; LIPOSOME; ZIDOVUDINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; BRAIN; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN TISSUE; LYMPH NODE; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

EID: 0031772514     PISSN: 1061186X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10611869808997877     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Allen, T.M. (1994a) Long-circulating (sterically stabilized) liposomes for targeted drug delivery. Trends Pharmacol. Res., 15, 215-220.
2. Allen, T.M. (1994b) The use of glycolipids and hydrophilic polymers in avoiding rapid uptake of liposomes by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 13, 285-309.
3. Allen, T.M. (1996) Liposomal drug delivery. Curr. Opin. Colloid & Interf. Sci., 1, 645-651.
4. Allen, T.M., Hansen, C.B. and Guo, L.S.S. (1993) Subcutaneous administration of liposomes: a comparison with the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of injection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1150, 9-16.
5. Allen, T.M. and Moase, E.H. (1996) Therapeutic opportunities for targeted liposomal drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev., 21, 117-123.
6. Aloia, R.C., Jensen, F.C., Curtain, C.C., Mobley, P.W. and Gordon, L.M. (1988) Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 900-904.
7. Anazodo, M.I., Wainherg, M.A., Friesen, A.D. and Wright, J.A. (1995) Sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression by a novel antisense oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate directed against a nonregulatory region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome. J. Virol., 69, 1794-1801.
8. Bakker-Woudenherg, I.A.J.M. (1995) Liposomes in the treatment of parasitic, viral, fungal and bacterial infections, J. Lipos. Res., 5, 169-191.
9. Bangham, A.D., Standish, M.M. and Watkins, J.C. (1965) Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol., 13, 238-252.
10. Betageri, G.V. (1993) Liposomal encapsulation and stability of dideoxyinosine triphosphate. Drug Developm. Indust. Pharm., 19, 531-539.
11. Betageri, G.V., Black, C.D.V., Szebeni, J., Wahl, L.M. and Weinstein, J.N. (1993a) Fc-receptor-mediated targeting of antibody-bearing liposomes containing dideoxycytidine triphosphate to human monocyte/macrophages. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 45, 48-53.
12. Betageri, G.V., Jenkins, S.A. and Ravis, W.R. (1993b) Drug delivery using antibody-liposome conjugates. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 19, 2109-2116.
13. Bolard, J. (1986) How do the polyene macrolide antibiotics affect the cellular membrane properties? Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 864, 257-304.
14. Bryant, M.L., Heuckeroth, R.O., Kimata, J.T., Ratner, L. and Gordon, J.I. (1989) Replication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 and Moloney murine leukemia virus is inhibited by different heteroatom-containing analogs of myristic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 8655-8659.
15. Bryant, M.L., Ratner, L., Duronio, R.J., Kishore, N.S., Devadas, B., Adams, S.P. and Gordon, J.I. (1991) Incorporation of 12-methoxydodecanoate into the human immunodeficiency virus 1 gag polyprotein inhibits its proteolytic processing and virus production in a chronically infected human lymphoid cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 2055-2059.
16. Cavert, W., Notermans, D.W., Staskus, K., Wietgrefe, S.W., Zupancic, M., Gebhard, K., Henry, K., Zhang, Z.Q., Mills, R., McDade, H., Goudsmith, J., Danner, S.A. and Haase, A.T. (1997) Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection. Science, 276, 960-964.
17. Chen, D. and Lee, K.H. (1993) Biodistribution of calcitonin encapsulated in liposomes in mice with particular reference to the central nervous system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1158, 244-250.
18. Chonn, A. and Cullis, P.R. (1995) Recent advances in liposomal drug-delivery systems. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 6, 698-708.
19. Chrisp, P. and Clissold, P. (1991) Foscarnet: A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Drugs, 41, 104-129.
20. Chu, C. and Szoka, Jr, F. (1992) Antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of liposome-encapsulated phosphonoformate in Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected-mice. J. Lipos. Res., 2, 67-92.
21. Compagnon, B., Milhaud, P., Bienvenue, A. and Philippot, J.R. (1992) Targeting of poly(rI)-poly(rC) by fusogenic (F protein) immunoliposomes. Exp. Cell Res., 200, 333-338.
22. Cudd, A., Noonan, C.A., Tosi, P.F., Melnick, J.L. and Nicolau, C. (1990) Specific interaction of CD4-bearing liposomes with HIV-infected cells. J. Acquir, Immune Defic. Syndr., 3, 109-114.
23. Désormeaux, A., Harvie, P., Perron, S., Makabi-Panzu, B., Beauchamp, D., Tremblay, M., Poulin, L. and Bergeron, M.G. (1994) Antiviral efficacy, intracellular uptake and tissue distribution of liposome-encapsulated 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in rats. AIDS, 8, 1545-1553.
24. Deutsch, G., Phillips, N.C. and Tsoukas, C.M. (1993) Liposomal-azidothymidine (AZT) in advanced HIV disease: A phase 1 study. Can. J. Infect. Dis., 4(suppl. B), 27B.
25. Dipali, S.R., Lin, Y.J., Ravis, W.R. and Betageri, G.V. (1997) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of long circulating liposomal formulation of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine. Int. J. Pharm., 152, 89-97.
26. Dusserre, N., Lessard, C., Paquette, N., Perron, S., Poulin, L., Tremblay, M., Beauchamp, D., Désormeaux, A. and Bergeron, M.G. (1995) Encapsulation of foscarnet in liposomes modifies drug intracellular accumulation, in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity, tissue distribution, and pharmacokinetics. AIDS. 9, 833-841.
27. Düzgünes, N., Flasher, D., Chamow, S., Dazin, P. and Konopka, K. (1992) Liposome targeting to HIV-infected cells via recombinant soluble CD4 and CD4-IgG (immunoadhesin). J. Cell. Biochem., 16E(Suppl.), 77.
28. Embretson, J., Zupancic, M., Ribas, J.L., Burke, A., Racz, P., Tenner-Racz, K. and Haase, A. (1993) Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HlV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature, 362, 359-362.
29. Fauci, A.S. (1993) Multifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus disease: Implications for therapy. Science. 262, 1011-1017.
30. Felgner, P.L., Gadek, T.R., Holm, M., Roman, R., Chan, H.W., Wenz, M., Northrop, J.P., Ringold, G.M. and Danielsen, M. (1987) Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7413-7417.
31. Flasher, D., Konopka, K., Chamow, S.M., Dazin, P., Ashkenazi, A., Pretzer, E. and Düzgünes, N. (1994) Liposome targeting to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells via recombinant soluble CD4 and CD4 immunoadhesin (CD4-IgG). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1194, 185-196.
32. Fox, C.H., Hoover, S., Curral, V.R., Bahre, H.J. and Cottler-Fox, M. (1994) HIV in infected lymph nodes. Nature, 370, 256.
33. Fox, C.H., Tenner-Rácz, K., Rácz, P., Firpo, A., Pizzo, P.A. and Fauci, A.S. (1991) Lymphoid germinal centers are reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA. J. Infect. Dis., 164, 1051-1057.
34. Gangemi, J.D., Nachtigal, M., Barnhart, D., Krech, L. and Jani, P. (1987) Therapeutic efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ribavirin and muramyl tripeptide in experimental infection with influenza or herpes simplex virus. J. Infect, Dis., 155, 510-517.
35. Gendelman, H.E., Orenstein, J.M., Baca, L.M., Weiser, B., Burger, H., Kalter, D.C. and Meltzer, M.S. (1989) The macrophage in the persistence and pathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS, 3, 475-495.
36. Gregoriadis, G. (1991) Overview of liposomes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 28, 39-48.
37. Gregoriadis, G. (1995) Engineering liposomes for drug delivery: progress and problems. Trends Biotechnol., 13, 527-537.
38. Harvie, P., Désormeaux, A., Bergeron, M.C., Tremblay, M., Beauchamp, D., Poulin, L. and Bergeron, M.G. (1996) Comparative pharmacokinetics, distribution in tissues, and interactions with blood proteins of conventional and sterically stabilized liposomes containing 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 225-229.
39. Harvie, P., Désormeaux, A., Gagné, N., Tremblay, M., Poulin, L., Beauchamp, D. and Bergeron, M.G. (1995) Lymphoid tissues targeting of liposome-encapsulated 2′.3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI). AIDS, 9, 701-707.
40. Heath, S.L., Grant Tew, J., Tew, J.G., Szakal, A.K. and Burton, G.F. (1995) Follicular dendritic cells and human immunodeficiency virus infectivity. Nature. 377, 740-744.
41. Ho, D.D., Neumann, A.U., Perelson, A.S., Chen, W., Leonard, J.M. and Markowitz, M. (1995) Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature, 313, 123-126.
42. Ho, R.J., Burke, R.L. and Merigan, T.C. (1990) Physical and biological characterization of antigen presenting liposome formulations: relative efficacy for the treatment of recurrent genital HSV-2 in guinea pigs. Antivir. Res., 13, 187-200.
43. Ho, R.J.Y., Burke, R.L. and Merigan, T.C. (1989) Antigenpresenting liposomes are effective in treatment of recurrent herpes simplex virus genitalis in guinea pigs. J. Virol., 63, 2951-2958.
44. Ho, R.J.Y., Rouse, B.T. and Huang, L. (1987a) Interactions of target-sensitive immunoliposomes with herpes simplex virus. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 13979-13984.
45. Ho, R.J.Y., Rouse, B.T. and Huang, L. (1987b) Target-sensitive immunoliposomes as an efficient drug carrier for antiviral activity. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 13973-13978.
46. Hostetler, K.Y., Richman, D.D., Sridhar, C.N., Felgner, P.L., Felgner, J., Ricci, J., Gardner, M.F., Selleseth, D.W. and Ellis, M.N. (1994) Phosphatidylazidothymidine and phosphatidyl-ddC: assessment of uptake in mouse lymphoid tissues and antiviral activities in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells and in Rauscher leukemia virus-infected mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2792-2797.
47. Hostetler, K.Y., Stuhmiller, L.M., Lenting, H.B.M., van den Bosch, H. and Richman, D.D. (1990) Synthesis and antiretroviral activity of phospholipid analogs of azidothymidine and other antiviral nucleosides. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 6112-6117.
48. Huwyler, J., Wu, D. and Pardridge, W.M. (1996) Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 14164-14169.
49. Ikuta, K., Ueda, S., Uchida, T., Okada, Y. and Kato, S. (1987) Selective killing of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -producing cells by liposomes containing diphtheria toxin fragment A. Jpn J. Cancer Res., 78, 1159-1163.
50. Jacobson, M. (1992) Review of the toxicities of foscarnet. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 5(suppl.1). S11-S17.
51. Jolicocur, P. (1991) Murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS): an animal model to study the AIDS pathogenesis. FASEB, 5, 2398-2405.
52. Kamps, J.A.A.M., Swart, P.J., Morselt, H.W., Pauwels, R., De Bethune, M.P., De Clereq, E., Meijer, D.K. and Scherphof, G.L. (1996) Preparation and characterization of conjugates of (modified) human serum albumin and liposomes: drug carriers with an intrinsic anti-HIV activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1278, 183-90.
53. Kim, C.K., Choi, Y.J., Lim, S.J., Lee, M.G., Lee, S.H. and Hwang, S.J. (1993) Lymph node targeting and pharmacokinetics of [3H]methotrexate-encapsulated neutral large unilamellar vesicles and immunoliposomes. Int. J. Pharm., 98, 9-18.
54. Kim, C.K. and Han, J.H. (1995) Lymphatic delivery and pharmacokinetics of methotrexate after intramuscular injection of differently charged lposome-entrapped methotrexate to rats. J. Microencapsulation, 12, 437-446.
55. Kim, S., Scheerer, S., Geyer, M.A. and Howell, S.B. (1990) Direct cerebrospinal fluid delivery of an antiretroviral agent using multivesicular liposomes. J. Infect. Dis., 162, 750-752.
56. Koch, J.A. and Ruprecht, R.M. (1992) Animal models for anti-AlDS therapy. Antivir, Res., 19, 81-109.
57. Koff, W.C., Fidler, I.J., Showalter, S.D., Chakrabarty, M.K., Hampar, B., Ceccorulli, L.M. and Kleinerman, E.S. (1984) Human monocytes activated by immunomodulators in liposomes lyse herpes virus-infected but not normal cells. Science, 224, 1007-1009.
58. Koff, W.C., Showalter, S.D., Hampar, B. and Fidler, I.J. (1985) Protection of mice against fatal herpes simplex type 2 infection by liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide. Science. 228, 495-497.
59. Konopka, K., Davis, B.R., Larsen, C.E., Alford, D.R., Debs, R.J. and Düzgünes, N. (1990) Liposomes modulate human immunodeficiency virus infectivity. J. Gen. Virol., 71, 2899-2907.
60. IIIB). Virology, 193, 877-887.
61. Konopka, K., Stamatatos, L., Larsen, C.A., Davis, B.R. and Düzgünes, N. (1991) Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by cationic liposomes: The role of CD4, serum and liposome-cell interactions. J. Gen. Virol., 72, 2685-2696.
62. Kumagai, K., Nabeshima, S., Kato, S., Watanabe, M. and Ikuta, K. (1991) Selective killing of HIV-infected cells by liposomes composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/ phosphatidyl-serine/cholesterol. Antiv. Chem. Chemother., 2, 143-148.
63. Larsen, C.E., Alford, D.R., Young, L.J.T., McGraw, T.P. and Düzgünes. N. (1990) Fusion of simian immunodeficiency virus with liposomes and erythrocyte ghost membranes: effects of lipid composition, pH and calcium. J. Gen. Virol., 71, 1947-1955.
64. Larsen, C.E., Nir, S., Alford, D.R., Jennings, M., Lee, K.D. and Düzgünes, N. (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HlV-1) fusion with model membranes: kinetic analysis and the role of lipid composition. pH and divalent cations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1147, 223-236.
65. Lasic, D.D. (1993) Liposomes: From Physics to Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
66. Lazdins, J.K., Woods-Cook, K., Walker, M. and Alteri, E., (1990) The lipophilic muramyl peptide MTP-PE is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication in macrophages. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 6, 1157-1161.
67. Leonetti, J.P., Degols, G., Clarenc, J.P., Mechti, N. and Lebleu, B. (1993) Cell delivery and mechanisms of action of antisense oligonucleotides. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol., 44, 143-167.
68. Lynn, W.S., Tweedale, A. and Cloyd, M.W. (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) cytotoxicity: perturbation of the cell membrane and depression of phospholipid synthesis. Virology, 163, 43-51.
69. Makabi-Panzu, B., Lessard, C., Beauchamp, D., Désormeaux, A., Poulin, L., Tremblay, M. and Bergeron, M.G. (1995) Uptake and binding of liposomal 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine by RAW 264.7 cells: a three-step process. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol., 8, 227-235.
70. Makahi-Panzu, B., Lessard, C., Perron, S., Désormeaux, A., Tremblay, M., Poulin, L., Beauchamp, D. and Bergeron, M.G. (1994) Comparison of cellular accumulation, tissue distribution and anti-HIV activity of free and liposomal 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 10, 1463-1470.
71. Manouilov, K.K., Fedorov, I.I., Boudinol, F.D., White, C.A., Kotra, L.P., Schinazi, R.F., Hong, C. and Chu, C.K. (1995) Lymphatic targeting of anti-HIV nucleosids: distribution of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 3′-azido-2′-3′'-dideoyuridine (AZdU) after administration of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl prodrugs to mice. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 6, 230-238.
72. Morse, III, H.C., Chattopadhyay, S.K., Makino, M., Fredrickson, T.N., Hügin, A.W. and Hartley, J.W. (1992) Retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency in the mouse: MAIDS as a model for AIDS. AIDS. 6, 607-621.
73. Müller, W.E.G., Weiler, B.E., Charubala, R., Pfleiderer, W., Leserman, L., Sobol, R.W., Suhadolnik, R.J. and Schröder, H.C. (1991) Cordycepin analogues of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection via inhibition of reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry, 30, 2027-2033.
74. Nässander, U.K., Storm, G., Peeters, P.A.M. and Crommelin, D.J.A. (1990) Liposomes. In M. Chasin and R. Langer (ed.) Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems. (New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc.), pp. 261-338.
75. Okada, J., Cohen, S. and Langer, R. (1995) In vitro evaluation of polymerized liposomes as an oral drug delivery system. Pharm. Res., 12, 576-582.
76. Omar, R., Dusserre, N., Désormeaux, A., Poulin, L., Tremblay, M., Beauchamp, D. and Bergeron, M.G. (1995) Liposomal encapsulation of foscarnet protects against hypolcalcemia induced by free foscarnet. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 1973-1978.
77. Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J.F., Butini, L., Montoni, M., Fox, C.H., Orenstein, J.M., Kotler, D.P. and Fauci, A.S. (1993) HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature, 362, 355-358.
78. Phillips, N.C. and Emili, A. (1991) Immunogenicity of immunoliposomes. Immunol. Lett., 30, 291-296.
79. Phillips, N.C., Gagne, L., Tsoukas, C. and Dahman, J. (1994) Immunoliposome targeting to murine CD4+ leucocytes is dependent on immune status. J. Immunol., 152, 3168-3174.
80. Phillips, N.C., Skamene, E. and Tsoukas, C. (1991) Liposomal encapsulation of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) results in decreased bone marrow toxicity and enhanced activity against murine AIDS-induced immunosuppression. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 4, 959-966.
81. Phillips, N.C. and Tsoukas, C. (1990) Immunoliposome targeting to CD4+ cells in human blood. Cancer Detect. Prev., 14, 383-390.
82. Phillips, N.C. and Tsoukas, C. (1992) Liposomal encapsulation of azidothymidine results in decreased hematopoietic toxicity and enhanced activity against murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Blood, 79, 1137-1143.
83. Pidgeon, C., Markovich, R.J., Liu, M.D., Holzer, T.J., Novak, R.M. and Keyer, K.A. (1993) Antiviral phospholipids. Anti-HIV drugs conjugated to the glycerobackbone of phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7773-7778.
84. Pizzati, A., Ledda, A., Rombi, G., Piu, G., Piro, S. and Contu, L. (1994) In vitro inhibitory effect of zidovudine encapsulated in liposomes on the lymphoproliferative response. Med. Sci. Res., 22, 467-470.
85. Pontani, D.R., Sun, D., Brown, J.W., Shahied, S.I., Plescia, O.J., Schaffner, C.P., Lopez-Berenstein, G. and Sarin, P.S. (1989) Inhibition of HIV replication by liposomal encapsulated amphotericin B. Antivir. Res., 11, 119-126.
86. Puyal, C., Milhaud, P., Bienvenue, A. and Philippot, J.R. (1995) A new cationic liposome encapsulating genetic material. A potential delivery system for polynucleotides. Eur. J. Biochem., 228, 697-703.
87. Renneisen, K., Leserman, L., Matthes, E., Schröder, H.C. and Müller, W.E. (1990) Inhibition of expression of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro by antibody-targeted liposomes containing antisense RNA to the env region. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 16337-16342.
88. Rios, A., Rosemblum, M., Crofoot, G., Lenk, R.P., Hayman, A. and Lopez-Berenstein, G. (1993) Pharmacokinetics of liposomal nystatin in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 168, 253-254.
89. Schaffner, C.P., Plescia, O.J., Pontani, D., Sun, D., Thornton, A., Pandey, R.S. and Sarin, P. (1986) Antiviral activity of amphotericin B methyl ester: Inhibition of HTLV-III replication in cell culture. Biochem. Pharmacol., 35, 4110-4113.
90. Schott, H., Häussler, M.P., Gowland, P., Bender, A., von Briesen, H. and Schwendener, R.A. (1995) Synthesis and in vitro antiviral properties of amphiphilic dinucleoside phosphate derivatives of 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC). Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 6, 320-326.
91. Schrager, L.K. and Fauci, A.S. (1995) Trapped hut still dangerous. Nature, 377, 680-681.
92. Sechoy, O., Vidal, M., Philippot, J.R. and Bienvenue, A. (1989) Interactions of human lymphoblasts with targeted vesicles containing Sendai virus envelope proteins. Exp. Cell Res., 185, 122-131.
93. Selvam, M.P., Blay, R.A., Geyer, S., Buck, S.M., Pollock, L., Mayner, R.E. and Epstein, J.S. (1993) Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in H9 cells by Nystatin-A compared with other antiviral agents. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 9, 475-481.
94. Selvam, M.P., Buck, S.M., Blay, R.A., Maayner, R.E., Mied, P.A. and Epstein, J.S. (1996) Inhibition of HIV replication by immunoliposomal antisense oligonucleotide. Antiv. Res., 33, 11-20.
95. Steim, J.M., Camaioni Neto, C., Sarin, P.S., Sun, D.K., Sehgal, R.K. and Turcotte, J.G. (1990) Lipid conjugates of antiretroviral agents. I. Azidothymidine-monophosphate-diglyceride: anti-HIV activity, physical properties, and interaction with plasma proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 171, 451-457.
96. Sullivan, S.M., Gieseler, R.K.U., Lenzner, S., Ruppert, J., Gabrysiak, T.G., Peters, J.H., Cox, G., Richer, L., Martin, W.J. and Scolaro, M.J. (1992) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 proliferation by liposome-encapsulated sense DNA to the 5′TAT splice acceptor site. Antisense Res. Dev., 2, 187-197.
97. Sullivan, S.M. and Huang, L. (1986) Enhanced delivery to target cells by heat-sensitive immunoliposomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 6117-6121.
98. Szebeni, J., Wahl, S.M., Betageri, G.V., Wahl, L.M., Gartner, S., Popovic, M., Parker, R.J., Black, C.D.V. and Weinstein, J.N. (1990) Inhibition of HIV-1 in monocyte/macrophage cultures by 2′,3′-dideoxyeytidine-5′-triphosphate, free and in liposomes. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 6, 691-702.
99. Szoka, Jr., F.C. (1990) The future of liposomal drug delivery. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 12, 496-500.
100. Thibodeau, L., Chagnon, M., Flamand, L., Oth, D., Lachapelle, L., Tremblay, C. and Montagnier, L. (1989) Rôle des liposomes dans la présentation de la glycoprotéine de l'enveloppe du VIH et la réponse immunitaire chez la souris. C.R. Acad. Sci., 309, 741-747.
101. Velinova, M., Read, N., Kirby, C. and Gregoriadis, G. (1996) Morphological observations on the fate of liposomes in the regional lymph nodes after footpad injection into rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1299, 207-215.
102. Wasan, K.M. and Lopez-Berenstein, G. (1995) The past, present, and future uses of liposomes in treating infectious diseases. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 17, 1-15.
103. Wei, X., Ghosh, S.K., Taylor, M.E., Johnson, V.A., Emini, E.A., Deutsch, P., Lifson, J.D., Bonhoeffer, S., Nowak, M.A., Hahn, B.H., Saag, M.S. and Shaw, G.M. (1995) Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature, 373, 117-122.
104. Woodle, M.C. and Lasic, D.D. (1992) Sterically stabilized liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1113, 171-199.
105. Xu, Y. and Szoka, Jr., F.C. (1996) Mechanism of DNA release from cationic liposome/DNA complexes used in cell transfection. Biochemistry, 35, 5616-5623.
106. Zelphati, O., Degols, G., Loughrey, H., Leserman, L., Pompon, A., Puech, F., Maggio, A.F., Imbach, J.L. and Gosselin, G. (1993a) Inhibition of HlV-1 replication in cultured cells with phosphorylated dideoxyuridine derivatives encapsulated in immunoliposomes. Antivir. Res., 21, 181-95.
107. Zelphati, O., Imbach, J.L., Signoret, N., Zon, G., Rayner, B. and Leserman, L. (1994a) Antisense oligonucleotides in solution or encapsulated in immunoliposomes inhibit replication of HIV-1 by several different mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res., 22, 4307-4314.
108. Zelphati, O., Wagner, E. and Leserman, L. (1994b) Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of thiocholesteryl-coupled phosphodiester antisense oligonucleotides incorporated into immunoliposomes. Antiviral Res., 25, 13-25.
109. Zelphati, O., Zon, G. and Leserman, L. (1993b) Inhibition of HlV-1 replication in cultured cells with antisense oligonucleotides encapsulated in immunoliposomes. Antisense Res. Dev., 3, 323-38.