메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 921-934

Paleoecological insights on conservation of biodiversity: A focus on species, ecosystems, and landscapes

Author keywords

Appalachian Mountains; Biodiversity; Climate change; Greenhouse world; Landscape heterogeneity

Indexed keywords


EID: 0031767538     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0921:PIOCOB]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0023466411 scopus 로고
    • Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystems; past, present and future
    • Billings, W. D. 1987. Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystems; past, present and future. Quaternary Science Reviews 6:165-177.
    • (1987) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.6 , pp. 165-177
    • Billings, W.D.1
  • 2
    • 0002089506 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary biotic changes in terrestrial and lacustrine environments, with particular reference to north-west Europe
    • B. E. Berglund, editor. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
    • Birks, H. J. B. 1986. Late-Quaternary biotic changes in terrestrial and lacustrine environments, with particular reference to north-west Europe. Pages 3-65 in B. E. Berglund, editor. Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • (1986) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology , pp. 3-65
    • Birks, H.J.B.1
  • 3
    • 0000810541 scopus 로고
    • Geology and paleontology of two late Wisconsin sites in western New York State
    • Calkin, P. E., and J. H. McAndrews. 1980. Geology and paleontology of two late Wisconsin sites in western New York State. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91: 295-306.
    • (1980) Geological Society of America Bulletin , vol.91 , pp. 295-306
    • Calkin, P.E.1    McAndrews, J.H.2
  • 4
    • 0023471434 scopus 로고
    • Debris slide and debris flow historical events in the Appalachians south of the glacial border
    • Clark, G. M. 1987. Debris slide and debris flow historical events in the Appalachians south of the glacial border. Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology 7:125-138.
    • (1987) Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology , vol.7 , pp. 125-138
    • Clark, G.M.1
  • 5
    • 0026301222 scopus 로고
    • The latitude-elevation relationship for spruce-fir forest and treeline along the Appalachian mountain chain
    • Cogbill, C. V., and P. S. White. 1991. The latitude-elevation relationship for spruce-fir forest and treeline along the Appalachian mountain chain. Vegetatio 94:153-175.
    • (1991) Vegetatio , vol.94 , pp. 153-175
    • Cogbill, C.V.1    White, P.S.2
  • 6
    • 0023529624 scopus 로고
    • Geographical variation of lodgepole pine in relation to population history
    • Cwynar, L. C., and G. M. MacDonald. 1987. Geographical variation of lodgepole pine in relation to population history. American Naturalist 129:463-469.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.129 , pp. 463-469
    • Cwynar, L.C.1    MacDonald, G.M.2
  • 7
    • 0001024184 scopus 로고
    • Alpine timberlines in the Americas and their interpretation
    • Daubenmire, R. 1954. Alpine timberlines in the Americas and their interpretation. Butler University Botanical Studies 11:119-136.
    • (1954) Butler University Botanical Studies , vol.11 , pp. 119-136
    • Daubenmire, R.1
  • 8
    • 0001776836 scopus 로고
    • Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities
    • D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, editors. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • Davis, M. B. 1981. Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities. Pages 132-153 in D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, editors. Forest succession: concepts and application. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1981) Forest Succession: Concepts and Application , pp. 132-153
    • Davis, M.B.1
  • 9
    • 0022225505 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of cool-temperate forests and their fossil pollen record to rapid temperature change
    • Davis, M. B., and D. B. Botkin. 1985. Sensitivity of cool-temperate forests and their fossil pollen record to rapid temperature change. Quaternary Research 23:327-340.
    • (1985) Quaternary Research , vol.23 , pp. 327-340
    • Davis, M.B.1    Botkin, D.B.2
  • 10
    • 0021539846 scopus 로고
    • Sediment focusing and pollen influx
    • E. Y. Haworth and J. W. G. Lund, editors. University of Leicester Press, Leicester, UK
    • Davis, M. B., R. E. Moeller, and J. Ford. 1984. Sediment focusing and pollen influx. Pages 261-293 in E. Y. Haworth and J. W. G. Lund, editors. Lake sediments and environmental history. University of Leicester Press, Leicester, UK.
    • (1984) Lake Sediments and Environmental History , pp. 261-293
    • Davis, M.B.1    Moeller, R.E.2    Ford, J.3
  • 12
    • 0002676324 scopus 로고
    • Changes in geographical range resulting from Greenhouse warming: Effects on biodiversity in forests
    • R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy, editors. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    • Davis, M. B., and C. Zabinski. 1992. Changes in geographical range resulting from Greenhouse warming: effects on biodiversity in forests. Pages 297-308 in R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy, editors. Global warming and biological diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
    • (1992) Global Warming and Biological Diversity , pp. 297-308
    • Davis, M.B.1    Zabinski, C.2
  • 13
    • 0002149302 scopus 로고
    • The spruce-fir forests of the coast of Maine
    • Davis, R. B. 1966. The spruce-fir forests of the coast of Maine. Ecological Monographs 36:79-94.
    • (1966) Ecological Monographs , vol.36 , pp. 79-94
    • Davis, R.B.1
  • 14
    • 49549143116 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and associated environments during the past 14,000 years near Moulton Pond, Maine
    • Davis, R. B., T. E. Bradstreet, R. Stuckenrath, Jr., and H. W. Borns, Jr. 1975. Vegetation and associated environments during the past 14,000 years near Moulton Pond, Maine. Quaternary Research 5:435-165.
    • (1975) Quaternary Research , vol.5 , pp. 435-1165
    • Davis, R.B.1    Bradstreet, T.E.2    Stuckenrath R., Jr.3    Borns H.W., Jr.4
  • 15
    • 0022202727 scopus 로고
    • Late glacial and early Holocene landscapes in northern New England and adjacent areas of Canada
    • Davis, R. B., and G. L. Jacobson, Jr. 1985. Late glacial and early Holocene landscapes in northern New England and adjacent areas of Canada. Quaternary Research 23:341-368.
    • (1985) Quaternary Research , vol.23 , pp. 341-368
    • Davis, R.B.1    Jacobson G.L., Jr.2
  • 16
    • 0018696646 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary vegetation history of the Eastern Highland Rim and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee
    • Delcourt, H. R. 1979. Late Quaternary vegetation history of the Eastern Highland Rim and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Ecological Monographs 49:255-280.
    • (1979) Ecological Monographs , vol.49 , pp. 255-280
    • Delcourt, H.R.1
  • 17
    • 0344328482 scopus 로고
    • Holocene vegetational changes in the southern Appalachian mountains, U.S.A.
    • _. 1985. Holocene vegetational changes in the southern Appalachian mountains, U.S.A. Ecologia Mediterranea 11: 9-16.
    • (1985) Ecologia Mediterranea , vol.11 , pp. 9-16
  • 18
    • 0037735122 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary history of the spruce-fir ecosystem in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region
    • P. S. White and J. Wood, editors. The Southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats
    • Delcourt, H. R., and P. A. Delcourt. 1984a. Late-Quaternary history of the spruce-fir ecosystem in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region. Pages 22-35 in P. S. White and J. Wood, editors. The Southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resources Management Report SER-71.
    • (1984) United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resources Management Report SER-71 , pp. 22-35
    • Delcourt, H.R.1    Delcourt, P.A.2
  • 19
    • 0006996998 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary vegetational change in the central Atlantic states
    • J. N. McDonald and S. O. Bird, editors. The Quaternary of Virginia
    • Delcourt, H. R., and P. A. Delcourt. 1986. Late-Quaternary vegetational change in the central Atlantic states. Pages 23-35 in J. N. McDonald and S. O. Bird, editors. The Quaternary of Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 75.
    • (1986) Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication , vol.75 , pp. 23-35
    • Delcourt, H.R.1    Delcourt, P.A.2
  • 20
    • 0002415138 scopus 로고
    • Quaternary landscape ecology: Relevant scales in space and time
    • Delcourt, H. R., and P. A. Delcourt. 1988. Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology 2:23-44.
    • (1988) Landscape Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 23-44
    • Delcourt, H.R.1    Delcourt, P.A.2
  • 22
    • 0001398665 scopus 로고
    • The Tunica Hills, Louisiana-Mississippi: Late glacial locality for spruce and deciduous forest species
    • Delcourt, P. A., and H. R. Delcourt. 1977. The Tunica Hills, Louisiana-Mississippi: late glacial locality for spruce and deciduous forest species. Quaternary Research 7:218-237.
    • (1977) Quaternary Research , vol.7 , pp. 218-237
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2
  • 23
    • 0021620109 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary paleoclimates and biotic responses in eastern North America and the western North Atlantic Ocean
    • Delcourt, P. A., and H. R. Delcourt. 1984b. Late-Quaternary paleoclimates and biotic responses in eastern North America and the western North Atlantic Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 48:263-284.
    • (1984) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.48 , pp. 263-284
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2
  • 24
    • 0003234808 scopus 로고
    • Long-term forest dynamics of the Temperate Zone
    • Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • Delcourt, P. A., and H. R. Delcourt. 1987. Long-term forest dynamics of the Temperate Zone. Ecological Studies 63. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1987) Ecological Studies , vol.63
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2
  • 26
    • 0001016986 scopus 로고
    • Paleoclimates, paleovegetation, and paleofloras of North America during the Late Quaternary
    • N. R. Morin and L. Brouillet, editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Delcourt, P. A., and H. R. Delcourt. 1993. Paleoclimates, paleovegetation, and paleofloras of North America during the Late Quaternary. Pages 71-94 in N. R. Morin and L. Brouillet, editors. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Volume 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1993) Flora of North America North of Mexico , vol.1 , pp. 71-94
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2
  • 27
    • 0030405156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quaternary vegetation history of the Lower Mississippi Valley
    • Delcourt, P. A., and H. R. Delcourt. 1996. Quaternary vegetation history of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Engineering Geology 45:219-242.
    • (1996) Engineering Geology , vol.45 , pp. 219-242
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2
  • 29
    • 85038542264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary vegetational dynamics in the Central Mississippi Alluvial Valley
    • R. C. Mainfort, Jr., editor. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA, in press
    • Delcourt, P. A., H. R. Delcourt, and R. T. Saucier. 1998. Late-Quaternary vegetational dynamics in the Central Mississippi Alluvial Valley. In R. C. Mainfort, Jr., editor. Beyond Zebree, Festschrift Volume for Dan and Phyllis Morse. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA, in press.
    • (1998) Beyond Zebree, Festschrift Volume for Dan and Phyllis Morse
    • Delcourt, P.A.1    Delcourt, H.R.2    Saucier, R.T.3
  • 30
    • 0022195635 scopus 로고
    • Postglacial vegetational change and soil development in southeastern Labrador as inferred from pollen and chemical stratigraphy
    • Engstrom, D. R., and B. C. S. Hansen. 1985. Postglacial vegetational change and soil development in southeastern Labrador as inferred from pollen and chemical stratigraphy. Canadian Journal of Botany 63:543-561.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.63 , pp. 543-561
    • Engstrom, D.R.1    Hansen, B.C.S.2
  • 31
    • 0028179759 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of fragmented populations
    • Fahrig, L., and G. Merriam. 1994. Conservation of fragmented populations. Conservation Biology 8:50-59.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 50-59
    • Fahrig, L.1    Merriam, G.2
  • 33
    • 0003022190 scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests
    • E. O. Wilson, editor. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Franklin, J. F. 1988. Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests. Pages 166-175 in E. O. Wilson, editor. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1988) Biodiversity , pp. 166-175
    • Franklin, J.F.1
  • 34
    • 0027437103 scopus 로고
    • Preserving biodiversity: Species, ecosystems, or landscapes?
    • _. 1993. Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecological Applications 3:202-295.
    • (1993) Ecological Applications , vol.3 , pp. 202-295
  • 35
    • 0002556490 scopus 로고
    • Frost sorted patterned ground: A review
    • Goldthwail, R. P. 1976. Frost sorted patterned ground: a review. Quaternary Research 6:27-35.
    • (1976) Quaternary Research , vol.6 , pp. 27-35
    • Goldthwail, R.P.1
  • 36
    • 84989457246 scopus 로고
    • The role of climatic change in the design of biological reserves: The paleoecological perspective for conservation biology
    • Graham, R. W. 1988. The role of climatic change in the design of biological reserves: the paleoecological perspective for conservation biology. Conservation Biology 2: 391-394.
    • (1988) Conservation Biology , vol.2 , pp. 391-394
    • Graham, R.W.1
  • 37
    • 0002190266 scopus 로고
    • Correlations between species traits and allozyme diversity: Implications for conservation biology
    • D. A. Falk and K. E. Holsinger, editors. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Hamrick, J. L., M. J. W. Godt, D. A. Murawski, and M. D. Loveless. 1991. Correlations between species traits and allozyme diversity: implications for conservation biology. Pages 75-86 in D. A. Falk and K. E. Holsinger, editors. Genetics and conservation of rare plants. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1991) Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants , pp. 75-86
    • Hamrick, J.L.1    Godt, M.J.W.2    Murawski, D.A.3    Loveless, M.D.4
  • 38
    • 0001444721 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of numerical and qualitative methods of separating pollen of black and white spruce
    • Hansen, B. C. S., and D. R. Engstrom. 1985. A comparison of numerical and qualitative methods of separating pollen of black and white spruce. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 2159-2163.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.63 , pp. 2159-2163
    • Hansen, B.C.S.1    Engstrom, D.R.2
  • 39
    • 84989419384 scopus 로고
    • Paleoecology and the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological diversity
    • Hunter, M. L., Jr., G. L. Jacobson, Jr., and T. W. Webb III. 1988. Paleoecology and the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological diversity. Conservation Biology 2:375-385.
    • (1988) Conservation Biology , vol.2 , pp. 375-385
    • Hunter M.L., Jr.1    Jacobson G.L., Jr.2    Webb T.W. III3
  • 41
    • 0003223747 scopus 로고
    • Postglacial vegetational changes along an elevational gradient in the Adirondack Mountains (New York): A study of plant macrofossils
    • Jackson, S. T. 1989. Postglacial vegetational changes along an elevational gradient in the Adirondack Mountains (New York): a study of plant macrofossils. New York State Museum Biological Survey/Museum Bulletin 465:1-29.
    • (1989) New York State Museum Biological Survey/Museum Bulletin , vol.465 , pp. 1-29
    • Jackson, S.T.1
  • 42
    • 0028557706 scopus 로고
    • Late Wisconsinan vegetation and environment of the Tunica Hills region, Louisiana/Mississippi
    • Jackson, S. T., and C. R. Givens. 1994. Late Wisconsinan vegetation and environment of the Tunica Hills region, Louisiana/Mississippi. Quaternary Research 41:316-325.
    • (1994) Quaternary Research , vol.41 , pp. 316-325
    • Jackson, S.T.1    Givens, C.R.2
  • 43
    • 0025994541 scopus 로고
    • Holocene vegetation patterns in the Adirondack Mountains
    • Jackson, S. T., and D. R. Whitehead. 1991. Holocene vegetation patterns in the Adirondack Mountains. Ecology 72: 641-653.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 641-653
    • Jackson, S.T.1    Whitehead, D.R.2
  • 44
    • 0027079775 scopus 로고
    • Contribution a l'histoire postglaciaire de la végétation en Gaspesie meridionale, Québec
    • Jette, H., and P. J. H. Richard. 1992. Contribution a l'histoire postglaciaire de la végétation en Gaspesie meridionale, Québec. Geographie physique et Quaternaire 46:273-284.
    • (1992) Geographie Physique et Quaternaire , vol.46 , pp. 273-284
    • Jette, H.1    Richard, P.J.H.2
  • 45
    • 84925981418 scopus 로고
    • Society, science, and climate change
    • Kellogg, W. W., and R. Schware. 1982. Society, science, and climate change. Foreign Affairs 60:1076-1109.
    • (1982) Foreign Affairs , vol.60 , pp. 1076-1109
    • Kellogg, W.W.1    Schware, R.2
  • 46
    • 0027794335 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary climate in the Ridge and Valley of Virginia, U.S.A.: Changes in vegetation and depositional environment
    • Kneller, M., and D. Peteet. 1993. Late-Quaternary climate in the Ridge and Valley of Virginia, U.S.A.: changes in vegetation and depositional environment. Quaternary Science Reviews 12:613-628.
    • (1993) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.12 , pp. 613-628
    • Kneller, M.1    Peteet, D.2
  • 47
    • 0022860397 scopus 로고
    • The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years
    • Kutzbach, J. E., and P. J. Guetter. 1986. The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43:1726-1759.
    • (1986) Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , vol.43 , pp. 1726-1759
    • Kutzbach, J.E.1    Guetter, P.J.2
  • 48
    • 0000860931 scopus 로고
    • Histoire postglaciaire de la végétation dans la region de Mont-Saint-Pierre, Gaspesie, Québec
    • Labelle, C., and P. J. H. Richard. 1984. Histoire postglaciaire de la végétation dans la region de Mont-Saint-Pierre, Gaspesie, Québec. Geographie physique et Quaternaire 38: 257-274.
    • (1984) Geographie Physique et Quaternaire , vol.38 , pp. 257-274
    • Labelle, C.1    Richard, P.J.H.2
  • 49
    • 0018924113 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary vegetational history of southeastern Labrador
    • Lamb, H. F. 1980. Late Quaternary vegetational history of southeastern Labrador. Arctic and Alpine Research 12:117-135.
    • (1980) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.12 , pp. 117-135
    • Lamb, H.F.1
  • 50
    • 0021567040 scopus 로고
    • Modern pollen spectra from Labrador and their use in reconstructing Holocene vegetational history
    • _. 1984. Modern pollen spectra from Labrador and their use in reconstructing Holocene vegetational history. Journal of Ecology 72:37-59.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 37-59
  • 51
    • 0001709168 scopus 로고
    • Palynological evidence for postglacial change in the position of tree limit in Labrador
    • _. 1985. Palynological evidence for postglacial change in the position of tree limit in Labrador. Ecological Monographs 55:241-258.
    • (1985) Ecological Monographs , vol.55 , pp. 241-258
  • 53
    • 0019675062 scopus 로고
    • Estimating average temperatures on Appalachian summits
    • Leffler, R. J. 1981. Estimating average temperatures on Appalachian summits. Journal of Applied Meteorology 20: 637-642.
    • (1981) Journal of Applied Meteorology , vol.20 , pp. 637-642
    • Leffler, R.J.1
  • 55
    • 0027387747 scopus 로고
    • Rapid response of treeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming
    • MacDonald, G. M., T. W. D. Edwards, K. A. Moser, R. Pienitz, and J. P. Smol. 1993. Rapid response of treeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming. Nature 36:243-246.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.36 , pp. 243-246
    • MacDonald, G.M.1    Edwards, T.W.D.2    Moser, K.A.3    Pienitz, R.4    Smol, J.P.5
  • 57
    • 0001707351 scopus 로고
    • Pollen evidence of Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation on the Allegheny Plateau, Maryland
    • Maxwell, J. A., and M. B. Davis. 1972. Pollen evidence of Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation on the Allegheny Plateau, Maryland. Quaternary Research 2:506-530.
    • (1972) Quaternary Research , vol.2 , pp. 506-530
    • Maxwell, J.A.1    Davis, M.B.2
  • 59
    • 0025626173 scopus 로고
    • Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchial approach
    • Noss, R. F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchial approach. Conservation Biology 4:355-364.
    • (1990) Conservation Biology , vol.4 , pp. 355-364
    • Noss, R.F.1
  • 60
    • 0001929002 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the response of vegetation to future climate change: Ecological response surfaces and paleoecological model validation
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix D: Forests, Policy, Planning and Evaluation (PM-221), U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Overpeck, J. T., and P. J. Bartlein. 1989. Assessing the response of vegetation to future climate change: ecological response surfaces and paleoecological model validation. Pages 1-1 to 1-32 in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The potential effects of global climate change on the United States. Appendix D: Forests, Policy, Planning and Evaluation (PM-221), U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1989) The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States , pp. 1-1
    • Overpeck, J.T.1    Bartlein, P.J.2
  • 61
    • 0026290018 scopus 로고
    • Potential magnitude of future vegetation change in eastern North America: Comparisons with the past
    • Overpeck, J. T., P. J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III. 1991. Potential magnitude of future vegetation change in eastern North America: comparisons with the past. Science 254: 692-695.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 692-695
    • Overpeck, J.T.1    Bartlein, P.J.2    Webb T. III3
  • 62
    • 0020917167 scopus 로고
    • The periglacial environment in North America during Wisconsin time
    • S. C. Porter, editor. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
    • Péwé, T. L. 1983. The periglacial environment in North America during Wisconsin time. Pages 157-189 in S. C. Porter, editor. Late-Quaternary environments of the United States. Volume 1. The late Pleistocene. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1983) Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States. Volume 1. The Late Pleistocene , vol.1 , pp. 157-189
    • Péwé, T.L.1
  • 65
    • 0002035126 scopus 로고
    • The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the southern Appalachians
    • Ramseur, G. 1960. The vascular flora of high mountain communities of the southern Appalachians. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 76:82-112.
    • (1960) Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society , vol.76 , pp. 82-112
    • Ramseur, G.1
  • 67
    • 33645725827 scopus 로고
    • Couvert végétal et paleoenvironments du Québec entre 12 000 et 8000 ans BP
    • _. 1985. Couvert végétal et paleoenvironments du Québec entre 12 000 et 8000 ans BP. Recherches Amerindiennes au Québec 15:39-56.
    • (1985) Recherches Amerindiennes au Québec , vol.15 , pp. 39-56
  • 68
    • 0027332232 scopus 로고
    • Origine et dynamique postglaciaire de la forêt mixte au Québec
    • _. 1993. Origine et dynamique postglaciaire de la forêt mixte au Québec. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 79:31-68.
    • (1993) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , vol.79 , pp. 31-68
  • 69
    • 0000243395 scopus 로고
    • Histoire postglaciaire de la végétation au Lac du Diable, Mont Albert, Gaspesie, Québec
    • Richard, P. J. H., and C. Labelle. 1989. Histoire postglaciaire de la végétation au Lac du Diable, Mont Albert, Gaspesie, Québec. Geographie physique et Quaternaire 43:337-354.
    • (1989) Geographie Physique et Quaternaire , vol.43 , pp. 337-354
    • Richard, P.J.H.1    Labelle, C.2
  • 70
    • 0027799458 scopus 로고
    • Can large-scale climatic models be linked with multiscale ecological studies?
    • Root, T. L., and S. H. Schneider. 1993. Can large-scale climatic models be linked with multiscale ecological studies? Conservation Biology 7:256-270.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 256-270
    • Root, T.L.1    Schneider, S.H.2
  • 71
    • 0003545786 scopus 로고
    • Publication 1300. Department of Environment, Ottawa, Canada
    • Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Publication 1300. Department of Environment, Ottawa, Canada.
    • (1972) Forest Regions of Canada
    • Rowe, J.S.1
  • 73
    • 0024526005 scopus 로고
    • The greenhouse effect: Science and policy
    • Schneider, S. H. 1989. The greenhouse effect: science and policy. Science 243:771-781.
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 771-781
    • Schneider, S.H.1
  • 74
    • 0343578527 scopus 로고
    • Flat Laurel Gap Bog, Pisgah Ridge, North Carolina: Late Holocene development of a high-elevation heath bald
    • Shafer, D. S. 1986. Flat Laurel Gap Bog, Pisgah Ridge, North Carolina: Late Holocene development of a high-elevation heath bald. Castanea 51:1-9.
    • (1986) Castanea , vol.51 , pp. 1-9
    • Shafer, D.S.1
  • 75
    • 0024193998 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary landscape evolution at Flat Laurel Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina
    • _. 1988. Late Quaternary landscape evolution at Flat Laurel Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina. Quaternary Research 30:7-11.
    • (1988) Quaternary Research , vol.30 , pp. 7-11
  • 76
    • 0024903107 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary history of high-elevation vegetation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire
    • Spear, R. W. 1989. Late-Quaternary history of high-elevation vegetation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Ecological Monographs 59:125-151.
    • (1989) Ecological Monographs , vol.59 , pp. 125-151
    • Spear, R.W.1
  • 77
    • 0028178562 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary history of low- And mid-elevation vegetation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire
    • Spear, R. W., M. B. Davis, and L. C. K. Shane. 1994. Late Quaternary history of low- and mid-elevation vegetation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Ecological Monographs 64:85-109.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 85-109
    • Spear, R.W.1    Davis, M.B.2    Shane, L.C.K.3
  • 79
    • 0024897596 scopus 로고
    • Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process
    • Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:171-197.
    • (1989) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.20 , pp. 171-197
    • Turner, M.G.1
  • 80
    • 0018592810 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary vegetation of central Appalachia and the New Jersey coastal plain
    • Watts, W. A. 1979. Late Quaternary vegetation of central Appalachia and the New Jersey coastal plain. Ecological Monographs 49:427-469.
    • (1979) Ecological Monographs , vol.49 , pp. 427-469
    • Watts, W.A.1
  • 81
    • 0019171901 scopus 로고
    • The late Quaternary vegetation history of the southeastern United States
    • _. 1980a. The late Quaternary vegetation history of the southeastern United States. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:387-409.
    • (1980) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.11 , pp. 387-409
  • 82
    • 0018913788 scopus 로고
    • Late-Quaternary vegetation history at White Pond on the Inner Coastal Plain of South Carolina
    • _. 1980b. Late-Quaternary vegetation history at White Pond on the Inner Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Quaternary Research 13:187-199.
    • (1980) Quaternary Research , vol.13 , pp. 187-199
  • 84
    • 85011886842 scopus 로고
    • After preservation: Philosophical and practical problems of change
    • White, P. S., and S. P. Bratton. 1981. After preservation: philosophical and practical problems of change. Biological Conservation 18:241-255.
    • (1981) Biological Conservation , vol.18 , pp. 241-255
    • White, P.S.1    Bratton, S.P.2
  • 85
    • 0003345303 scopus 로고
    • Spruce-fir forests of eastern North America
    • C. Eagar and M. B. Adams, editors. Ecology and decline of red spruce in the eastern United States. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • White, P. S., and C. V. Cogbill. 1992. Spruce-fir forests of eastern North America. Pages 3-39 in C. Eagar and M. B. Adams, editors. Ecology and decline of red spruce in the eastern United States. Ecological Studies 96. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1992) Ecological Studies , vol.96 , pp. 3-39
    • White, P.S.1    Cogbill, C.V.2
  • 88
    • 0027384080 scopus 로고
    • What exactly is an endangered species? An analysis of the U.S. endangered species list: 1985-1991
    • Wilcove, D. S., M. McMillan, and K. C. Winston. 1993. What exactly is an endangered species? An analysis of the U.S. endangered species list: 1985-1991. Conservation Biology 7:87-93.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 87-93
    • Wilcove, D.S.1    McMillan, M.2    Winston, K.C.3
  • 89
    • 0028607874 scopus 로고
    • High-elevation cliffs and outcrops of the southern Appalachians: Vascular plants and biogeography
    • Wiser, S. K. 1994. High-elevation cliffs and outcrops of the southern Appalachians: vascular plants and biogeography. Castanea 59:85-116.
    • (1994) Castanea , vol.59 , pp. 85-116
    • Wiser, S.K.1
  • 90
    • 0031761208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of rare-plant occurrence: A Southern Appalachian example
    • Wiser, S. K., R. K. Peet, and P. S. White. 1998. Prediction of rare-plant occurrence: a Southern Appalachian example. Ecological Applications 8:909-920.
    • (1998) Ecological Applications , vol.8 , pp. 909-920
    • Wiser, S.K.1    Peet, R.K.2    White, P.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.