Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Resettlement and Land Development Programs in the Black Belt Region of Alabama

Agricultural History

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 487-508

  Warren, Sarah T ^a   Zabawa, Robert E ^b  

^a USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; LAND DEVELOPMENT; LANDOWNERSHIP; RURAL HISTORY; SETTLEMENT PROGRAMME;

USA, ALABAMA, TUSKEGEE NATIONAL FOREST;

EID: 0031766618     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. William Bartram, The Travels of William Bartram (New York: Facsimile Library, 1940), 318.
2. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
3. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
4. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
5. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
6. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
7. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
8. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
9. For comprehensive reviews of the interactions between Alabama Creeks and the United States and Alabama governments, see M. E. Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961); E. H. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama: Its Land and Its People from Pre-History to 1870" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1981); Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); M. L. Ellis, "The Indian Fires Go Out: Removing the Creeks from Georgia and Alabama, 1825-1837" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1982); M. C. Mackin, "The Creek Nation and the Expansionists" (Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 1934); Henry deLeon Southerland, The Federal Road Through Georgia, The Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); M. J. Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
10. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama"; Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks; United States Government, "Treaty of 1832 made at the City of Washington, between Lewis Cass, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and the Creek Tribe of Indians," Articles 1, 2 ,4-6.
11. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama"; Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks; United States Government, "Treaty of 1832 made at the City of Washington, between Lewis Cass, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and the Creek Tribe of Indians," Articles 1, 2 ,4-6.
12. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama"; Young, Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks; United States Government, "Treaty of 1832 made at the City of Washington, between Lewis Cass, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and the Creek Tribe of Indians," Articles 1, 2 ,4-6.
13. "Treaty of 1832," Article 13.
14. Young, in Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks, has exhaustively covered the tale of these and related land "frauds." See also Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business. For Macon County, see Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama."
15. Young, in Redskins, Ruffleshirts, and Rednecks, has exhaustively covered the tale of these and related land "frauds." See also Rohrbaugh, The Land Office Business. For Macon County, see Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama."
16. Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama." We are indebted to Glenn Drummond, Macon County engineer, for his assistance in deciphering the Creek land claims and patents in the present-day Tuskegee National Forest area and in the Prairie Farms area. Plat books and land transaction records can be found in the Probate Office and in the Tax Assessor's Office, Macon County Courthouse, Tuskegee, Alabama.
17. See Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama," for census data up to 1860. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Population, Alabama; Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, State Compendium, Alabama; Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Agriculture, Alabama.
18. See Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama," for census data up to 1860. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Population, Alabama; Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, State Compendium, Alabama; Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Agriculture, Alabama.
19. See Yamaguchi, "Macon County, Alabama," for census data up to 1860. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, Population, Alabama; Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, State Compendium, Alabama; Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Agriculture, Alabama.
20. See Zabawa and Warren, "From Company to Community: Agricultural Community Development in Macon County, Alabama, 1881 to the New Deal," Agricultural History 72 (Spring 1998).
21. Many of the Resettlement Administration/Farm Security Administration land-acquisition files were turned over to the National Forests of Alabama by the Soil Conservation Service when the agency transfer was completed. These files include the title abstracts required by the RA for land purchase. The land acquisition records are maintained by the USDA Forest Service, National Forests in Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama. Land ownership patterns have also been reconstructed from plat books and transaction records maintained by the Probate Judge and the Tax Assessor, Macon County Courthouse, Tuskegee, Alabama.
22. F. B. Friedel, J. C. Cobb, and M. V. Namorato, The New Deal and the South: Essays (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1984), 7.
23. See for example USDA Forest Service, The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future (1988), and Louisiana State University, The South's Third Forest: Opportunities, Action, Responsibilities (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1973).
24. See for example USDA Forest Service, The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future (1988), and Louisiana State University, The South's Third Forest: Opportunities, Action, Responsibilities (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1973).
25. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
26. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
27. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
28. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
29. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
30. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
31. Numerous texts and documents trace the evolution of land management planning and resettlement efforts in the Resettlement Administration and its successor agency, the Farm Security Administration. Among the most detailed are P. K. Conkin, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (New York: Da Capo Press, 1976); Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Pol-itics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, Hearings Before the Select Committee of the House Committee on Agriculture to Investigate the Activities of the Farm Security Administration, 78th Congress, 1st sess., 11-28 May 1943, 7 June-2 July 1943, and 3 July 1943-3 May 1944 (4 volumes); Will W. Alexander, "Rural Resettlement," Southern Review 1 (1936): 528-39; G. S. Wehrwein, "An Appraisal of Resettlement," Journal of Farm Economics 19 (February 1937): 190-202; Donald Holley, "The Negro in the New Deal Resettlement Program," Agricultural History 45 (Summer 1971): 179-93, 195-200; Lester M. Salamon, "The Time Dimension in Policy Evaluation: The Case of the New Deal Land-Reform Experiments," Public Policy 27 (Spring 1979): 129-83.
32. See Zabawa and Warren, "From Company to Community," for more detailed analysis.
33. R. G. Pasquill Jr., "History of the Tuskegee Land Utilization Project, 1935-1938," USDA Forest Service, National Forests in Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, unpublished paper, n.d., 5-6.
34. T. N. Roberts, project manager, "A Brief Resume of the Progress of the Tuskegee Planned Land Use Demonstration," 11 January 1936, file 000-700, box 27, Record Group 96, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
35. Pasquill, "Tuskegec Land Utilization Project," 5-6.
36. Ibid., 5.
37. Roberts, "Progress of the Tuskegee Planned Land Use Demonstration," 1.
38. T. N. Roberts, project manager, "Answers to Some Questions Generally Asked about the Tuskegee Development Project-LD AL 8, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Division of Land Utilization" (hereafter "Answers"), undated, file 6, folder Federal Funds, Tuskegee University Archives, Tuskegee, Alabama; F. D. Patterson, president, Tuskegee Institute, to Will Alexander, assistant to the administrator, Resettlement Administration, 7 February 1936, file 00-900, box 27, Record Group 96, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Patterson's letter states, "In a conference here on February 2, Dr. Hartman candidly and frankly endorsed a full Negro staff. . . ." An unidentified staff person of the TPLUD prepared a summary of statements of intention to make Tuskegee Institute the eventual administrative agency. According to this undated document, the preliminary proposal states, "It is proposed that Tuskegee Institute be appointed the administration agent for this project," Plan, January 1935, 8, Miscellaneous Papers on the Tuskegee Land Utilization Program, National Forests in Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama (hereafter referred to as Plan, date, page). The final plan states, "Tuskegee Institute is the Administrative Agency for the project and is cooperating with the Resettlement Administration in the plan of development of submarginal land" (Plan, September 1935, 30). The preliminary acquisition plan states, "From the initiation of the project, and in all subsequent discussions, it has been affirmed that the future operation and administration of the project would be handled jointly by Tuskegee Institute and the Federal Government" (Plan, May 1936, 25). See also a statement prepared for the chief of the Soil Conservation Service, "Summary Description of Tuskegee Land Utilization Project, LA-AL 8," 16 October 1939, Miscellaneous papers on the Tuskegee Land Utilization Program, National Forests in Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama (hereafter referred to as Misc. Papers.)
39. Tuskegee News, 1 October 1936, 1.
40. T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 1-4; W. A. Hartmann, regional director of southeastern states, to C. F. Clayton, Division of Project Organization, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1 October 1938, 2-3, Misc. Papers.
41. Pasquill, "History of the Tuskegee Land Utilization Project."
42. Ibid.
43. T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 1-4; Hartmann to Clayton, 1 October 1938, 2-3, Misc. Papers; Zabawa and Warren, "From Company to Community"; T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 4.
44. T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 1-4; Hartmann to Clayton, 1 October 1938, 2-3, Misc. Papers; Zabawa and Warren, "From Company to Community"; T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 4.
45. T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 1-4; Hartmann to Clayton, 1 October 1938, 2-3, Misc. Papers; Zabawa and Warren, "From Company to Community"; T. N. Roberts, "Answers," 4.
46. H. H. Bennett, chief, Soil Conservation Service, to M. S. Eisenhower, land use coordinator, 6 April 1940; L. J. Leffelman, chief, Regional Land Management Division, Soil Conservation Service, Atlanta, to E. G. Grest, chief, Land Management Division, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., 13 May 1940, Misc. Papers.
47. Patterson to Senator Lister Hill, Washington, D.C., 21 February 1940, Misc. Papers; Edwin R. Embree, president, Julius Rosenwald Fund, to Henry A. Wallace, secretary, Department of Agriculture, 26 February 1940, Misc. Papers.
48. Wallace to Embree, 20 March 1940. A similar assurance was sent by Wallace to Hill, 9 March 1940, Misc. Papers; Wallace to Patterson, 31 May 1940, Misc. Papers.
49. J. S. Vissage and P. E. Miller, "Forest Statistics for Alabama Counties - 1990," Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin SO-158, 1991, __ 4-5.
50. Sarah T. Warren, "Private and Public Hunting Lands in the Southeastern United States: Effects of Changing Property Patterns on Rural Communities" (paper presented at "Voices of the Commons," the meeting of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, 5-9 June 1996, Berkeley, California).
51. Zabawa and Warren, "From Company to Community."