Diet selectivity of gadwalls wintering in Alabama

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 1533-1543

  McKnight, S Keith ^a,b   Hepp, Gary R ^a  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DUCKS UNLIMITED   (United States)

Author keywords

Anas strepera; Anatidae; Diet; Eurasian watermilfoil; Gadwall; Myriophyllum spicatura; Nutrition; Preference; Waterfowl; Winter

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC PLANT; FOOD PREFERENCE; FOOD QUALITY; WATERFOWL;

ALABAMA; GUNTERSVILLE RESERVOIR; UNITED STATES;

ACHILLEA; ANAS; ANAS STREPERA; ANATIDAE; ANSER; ANSERIFORMES; MYRIOPHYLLUM; MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM; STREPERA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0031757104     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3802020     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. ADAMS, M. S., AND M. D. MCCRACKEN. 1974. Seasonal production of the Myriophyllum component of the littoral of Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. Journal of Ecology 62:457-167.
2. ALISAUSKAS, R. T., AND C. D. ANKNEY. 1992. The cost of egg laying and its relationship to nutrient reserves in waterfowl. Pages 30-61 in B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec, and G. L. Krapu, editors. Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
3. ALLOUCHE, L., AND A. TAMISIER. 1984. Feeding convergence of gadwall, coot and the other herbivorous waterfowl species wintering in the Camargue: a preliminary approach. Wildfowl 35: 135-142.
4. BALDASSARRE, G. A., AND E. G. BOLEN. 1994. Waterfowl ecology and management. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
5. BELOVSKY, G. E. 1984. Herbivore optimal foraging: a comparison of three models. American Naturalist 124:97-115.
6. BOLEN, E. G., G. A. BALDASSARRE, AND F. S. GUTHERY. 1989. Playa lakes. Pages 341-366 in L. M. Smith, R. L. Pederson, and R. M. Kaminski, editors. Habitat management for migrating and wintering waterfowl in North America. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
7. BUCHSBAUM, R., J. WILSON, AND I. VALIELA. 1986. Digestibility of plant constituents by Canada geese and Atlantic brant. Ecology 67:386-393.
8. CHARMAN, K., AND A. MACEY. 1978. The winter grazing of saltmarsh vegetation by dark-bellied brent geese. Wildfowl 29:153-162.
9. CHESSON, J. 1983. The estimation and analysis of preference and its relationship to foraging models. Ecology 64:1297-1304.
10. CRAWLEY, M. J. 1983. Herbivory: the dynamics of animal-plant interactions. University of California Press. Berkeley, California, USA.
11. DAWSON, T. J., A. B. JOHNS, AND A. M. BEAL. 1989. Digestion in the Australian wood duck (Chenonetta jubata): a small herbivore showing selective digestion of the hemicellulose component of fiber. Physiological Zoology 62:522-540.
12. DUDLEY, R., AND G. J. VERMEIJ. 1992. Do the power requirements of flapping flight constrain folivory in flying animals? Functional Ecology 6:101-104.
13. EULISS, N. H., R. L. JARVIS, AND D. S. GILMER. 1991. Feeding ecology of waterfowl wintering on evaporation ponds in California. Condor 93:582-590.
14. FLORSHUTZ, O. 1972. The importance of Eurasian milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) as a waterfowl food. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 26:189-194.
15. FOLEY, W. J., AND S. J. CORK. 1992. Use of fibrous diets by small herbivores: how far can the rules be "bent"? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 159-162.
16. GODFREY, R. K., AND J. W. WOOTEN. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States: monocotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, USA.
17. _, AND _. 1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States: dicotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, USA.
18. GOERING, H. K., AND P. J. VAN SOEST. 1970. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications). U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Handbook 379.
19. HEITMEYER, M. E. 1988. Protein costs of the prebasic molt of female mallards. Condor 90:263-266.
20. HEPP, G. R., R. J. BLOHM, R. E. REYNOLDS, J. E. HlNES, AND J. D. NlCHOLS. 1986. Physiological condition of autumn-banded mallards and its relationship to hunting vulnerability. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:177-183.
21. JACKSON, S., A. R. PLACE, AND L. J. SEIDERER. 1992. Chitin digestion and assimilation by seabirds. Auk 109:758-770.
22. JESKE, C. W., M. R. SZYMCZAK, D. R. ANDERSON, J. K. RINGELMAN, AND J. A. ARMSTRONG. 1994. Relationship of body condition to survival of mallards in San Luis Valley, Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:787-793.
23. JOHNSON, D. H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61:65-71.
24. JOHNSON, F. A., AND F. MONTALBANO. 1989. Southern reservoirs and lakes. Pages 93-128 in L. M. Smith, R. L. Pederson, and R. M. Kaminski, editors. Habitat management for migrating and wintering waterfowl in North America. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
25. KARASOV, W. H. 1990. Digestion in birds: chemical and physiological determinants and ecological implications. Studies in Avian Biology 13:391-415.
26. KIORBOE, T. 1980. Distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in Tipper Grund (Ringkobing Fjord, Denmark), and the impact of waterfowl grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology 17: 675-687.
27. KORSCHGEN, C. E., F. A. REID, AND J. R. SERIE. 1988. Workshop summary: feeding ecology. Pages 251-253 in M. W. Weller, editor. Waterfowl in winter. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
28. KRULL, J. N. 1970. Aquatic plant-macroinvertebrate associations and waterfowl. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:707-718.
29. LESCHACK, C. R., S. K. MCKNIGHT, AND G. R. HEPP. 1997. Gadwall (Anas strepera). The birds of North America, number 283. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C., USA, and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
30. MANSEAU, M., AND G. GAUTHIER. 1993. Interactions between greater snow geese and their rearing habitat. Ecology 74:2045-2055.
31. MARTIN, A. C., AND W. D. BARKLEY. 1961. Seed identification manual. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
32. _, AND F. M. UHLER. 1939. Food of game ducks in the United States and Canada. U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 634.
33. MATTSON, W. J. 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:119-161.
34. MCKNIGHT, S. K., AND G. R. HEPP. 1995. Potential effect of grass carp herbivory on waterfowl foods. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:720-727.
35. _, AND _. 1998. Foraging niche dynamics of gadwalls and American coots in winter. Auk 115:670-683.
36. MERKIT, R. W, AND K. W. CUMMINS. 1984. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, USA.
37. MILLER, M. R. 1987. Fall and winter foods of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:405-414.
38. NICHOLS, D. S., AND D. R. KEENEY. 1976. Nitrogen nutrition of Myriophyllum spicatum: variation of plant tissue nitrogen concentration with season and site in Lake Wingra. Freshwater Biology 6: 137-144.
39. NICHOLS, S. A., AND B. H. SHAW. 1986. Ecological life histories of the three aquatic nuisance plants, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogetan crispus and Elodea canadensis. Hydrobiologia 131:3-21.
40. OWEN, M. 1973. The winter feeding ecology of wigeon at Bridgewater Bay, Somerset. Ibis 115:227-243.
41. _, AND J. M. BLACK. 1990. Waterfowl ecology. Blackie & Sons, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
42. PAULUS, S. L. 1982. Feeding ecology of gadwalls in Louisiana in winter. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:71-79.
43. _. 1984. Molts and plumages of gadwalls in winter. Auk 101:887-889.
44. PENNAK, R. W. 1978. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
45. PROP, J., AND C. DEERENBERG. 1991. Spring staging in brent geese Branta bernicla: feeding constraints and the impact of diet on the accumulation of body reserves. Oecologia 87:19-28.
46. RAVELING, D. G. 1979. The annual cycle of body composition of Canada geese with special reference to control of reproduction. Auk 96:234-252.
47. REES, E. C. 1990. Bewick's swans: their feeding ecology and coexistence with other grazing Anatidae. Journal of Applied Ecology 27:939-951.
48. RIJNSDORP, A. D. 1986. Winter ecology and food of wigeon in inland pasture areas in the Netherlands. Ardea 74:121-128.
49. ROBBINS, C. T. 1993. Wildlife feeding and nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
50. SAS INSTITUTE. 1988. SAS/STAT user's guide. 6.03 edition. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
51. _. 1997. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through release 6.12. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
52. SEDINGER, J. S. 1992. Ecology of prefledging waterfowl. Pages 109-127 in B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec, and G. L. Krapu, editors. Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
53. _. 1997. Adaptations to and consequences of an herbivorous diet in grouse and waterfowl. Condor 99:314-326.
54. _, AND D. G. RAVELING. 1984. Dietary selectivity in relation to availability and qualify of food for goslings of cackling geese. Auk 101:295-306.
55. _, AND _. 1988. Foraging behavior of cackling Canada goose goslings: implications for the roles of food availability and processing rate. Oecologia 75:119-124.
56. SIH, A. 1993. Effects of ecological interactions on forager diets: competition, predation risk, parasitism and prey behaviour. Pages 182-211 in R. N. Hughes, editor. Diet selection: an interdisciplinary approach to foraging behaviour. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, United Kingdom.
57. STEEL, R. G. D., AND J. H. TORRIE. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. Second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
58. SUGDEN, L. G. 1973. Feeding ecology of pintail, gadwall, American widgeon and lesser scaup ducklings in southern Alberta. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 24.
59. TIETJE, W. D., AND J. G. TEER. 1996. Winter feeding ecology of northern shovelers on freshwater and saline wetlands in South Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:843-855.
60. WESTOBY, M. 1974. An analysis of diet selection by large generalist herbivores. American Naturalist 108:290-304.
61. WILLIAMS, G., AND J. E. FORBES. 1980. The habitat and dietary preferences of dark-bellied brent geese and wigeon in relation to agricultural management. Wildfowl 31:151-157.
62. ZAR, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical methods. Second edition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.