A tumor profile in Down syndrome

American Journal of Medical Genetics

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 207-216

  Satgé, Daniel ^a   Sommelet, Danièle ^b   Geneix, Aimé ^c   Nishi, Motoi ^d   Malet, Paul ^c   Vekemans, Michel ^e  

^a CENTRE HOSPITALIER   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF NANCY   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF CLERMONT FERRAND   (France)

^d SAPPORO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

Author keywords

Central nervous system neoplasia; Chromosome 21; Down syndrome; Fetal diseases; Gender differences; Infant newborn diseases; Lymphomas; Neoplasms embryonal; Nephroblastoma; Neuroblastoma; Retinoblastoma; Testis neoplasms; Trisomy 21

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGENESIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CHROMOSOME 21; DOWN SYNDROME; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FETUS DISEASE; GENDER; GERM CELL; LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINOBLASTOMA; REVIEW; TESTIS TUMOR; TRISOMY 21;

ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; CHILD; DOWN SYNDROME; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; LEUKEMIA; MALE; NEOPLASMS; SEX RATIO;

EID: 0031750106     PISSN: 01487299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980707)78:3<207::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-M     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Ammann J, Scharli A (1977): Congenital duodenal membrane as cause for hiatus hernia, stricture of the oesophagus and stricture carcinoma in an adult with Down's syndrome. Prog Pediatr Surg 10:33-34.
2. Augé B, Satgé D, Sauvage P, Lutz P, Chenard MP, Lévy JM (1993): Les tératomes rétropéritonéaux de la période néonatale: Revue de la littérature à propos d'un tératome néonatal immature agressif. Ann Pediatr 40:613-621.
3. Baird PA, Sadovnick AD (1988): Causes of death to age 30 in Down syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 43:239-248.
4. Baird PA, Sadovnick AD (1989): Life tables for Down syndrome. Hum Genet 82:291-292.
5. Barber R, Spiers P (1964): Oxford survey of childhood cancers. Monthly Bull Ministry Health London 23:46-52.
6. Beckwith JB (1993): Precursor lesions of Wilms tumor: Clinical and biological implications. Med Pediatr Oncol 21:158-168.
7. Bell JA, Pearn JH, Firman D (1989): Childhood deaths in Down's syndrome: Survival curves and causes of death from a total population study in Queensland, Australia, 1976 to 1985. J Med Genet 26:764-768.
8. Bentley D (1975): A case of Down's syndrome complicated by retinoblastoma and celiac disease. Pediatrics 56:131-133.
9. Bernard J, Mathé G, Delorme JC, Barnoud O (1954): Les leucoses des très jeunes enfants (leucoses du nouveau-né, leucoses du premier semestre de la vie, leucoses associées à des malformations congénitales). Arch Franç Pédiatr 11:470-498.
10. Bolande RP (1971): Benignity of neonatal tumors and concept of cancer repression in early life. Am J Dis Child 122:12-14.
11. Bolande RP (1985): Spontaneous regression and cytodifferentiation of cancer in early life: The oncogenic grace period. Surv Synth Pathol Res 4:296-311.
12. Bolande RP, Vekemans MJJ (1983): Genetic models of carcinogenesis. Hum Pathol 14:658-662.
13. Borja A, Ninane J, Delloye C, Vermylen C, Cornu G, Denayer P (1991): Osteosarcoma in a child with Down syndrome: Treatment with systemic chemotherapy and "ex-vivo" treatment of the bone. Med Pediatr Oncol 19(No. 85):361.
14. Bowen B, Ros PR, McCarthy MJ, Olmsted WW, Hjermstad BM (1987): Gastrointestinal teratomas: CT and US appearance with pathologic correlation. Radiology 162:431-433.
15. Braun DL, Green MD, Rausen AR, David R, Wolman SR, Greco MA, Muggia FM (1985): Down's syndrome and testicular cancer: A possible association. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 7:208-211.
16. Brewster HF, Cannon HE (1930): Acute lymphatic leukemia: Report of a case in eleventh month mongolian idiot. New Orleans Med Surg J 82:872-873.
17. Bridge JA, Neff JR, Borek DA, Hackbarth DA (1990): Primary skeletal Ewing's sarcoma in Down syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 47:61-68.
18. Buffé D. (1973): Fetoproteins and children's tumors. Gann Monogr Cancer Res 14:117-128.
19. Butterworth T, Strean LP, Beerman H, Wood MG (1964): Siringoma and mongolism. Arch Dermatol 90:483-487.
20. Carter CO (1958): A life-table for mongols with the causes of death. J Ment Defic Res 2:64-74.
21. Casorzo L, Fessia L, Sapino A, Ponzio G, Bussolati G (1989): Extraskeletal Ewing's tumor with translocation t(11;22) in a patient with Down syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 37:79-84.
22. Cernéa P, Téodorescu F, Anghéloni T (1973): Retinoblastome à mosaïcisme chromosomien 46XX/47XX.G+. Ann Oculist 206:607-611.
23. Claros P, Viscasillas S, Claros A, Claros A Jr (1985) Lymphangioma of the larynx as a cause of progressive dyspnea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 9:263-268.
24. Day RW, Wright SW, Koons A, Quigley M (1963): XXX21-trisomy and retinoblastoma. Lancet 11:154-155.
25. Deaton JG (1973): The mortality rate and causes of death among institutionalised mongols in Texas. J Ment Defic Res 17:117-122.
26. De La Torre C, Cruces MJ (1991): Cowden's disease and Down syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 25:909-911.
27. Dexeus FH, Logothetis CJ, Chong C, Sella A, Ogden S (1988): Genetic abnormalities in men with germ cell tumors. J Urol 140:80-84.
28. Everett C, Volberg F, Ulshen M, Murray G (1980): Intramural esophageal hamartoma: A report of two cases and review of the literature. Gastrointest Radiol 5:317-319.
29. Fabia J, Drolette M (1970): Malformations and leukemia in children with Down's syndrome. Pediatrics 45:60-70.
30. Foley JF, Lemon HM (1968): Down's syndrome associated with an intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma and relative hypopituitarism. Neb State Med J 53:384-388.
31. Fong CT, Brodeur GM (1987): Down's syndrome and leukemia: Epidemiology, genetics, cytogenetics and mechanisms of leukemogenesis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 28:55-76.
32. Fouear K, Friedman K, Llewellyn A, Mc Connell T, Aisenbrey G, Argubright K, Ballinger L (1992): Prenatal diagnosis of transient myeloproliferative disorder via percutaneous umbilical blood sampling. Am J Clin Pathol 97:584-590.
33. Fountzilas G, Betsis D, Nikopoulos A, Zaramboukas T, Dimitriadis A, Tourkantonis A (1994): Extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a patient with Down syndrome. Am J Clin Oncol 17:452-455.
34. François J, Berger R, Saraux H (1972): Retinoblastome. In "Les aberrations chromosomiques en ophtalmologie." Paris: Masson, p 355.
35. Fraumeni JF, Miller RW, Hill JA (1968): Primary carcinoma of the liver in childhood: An epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 40:1087-1099.
36. Frey P, Fliegel C, Herzog B (1990): Testicular tumours in infancy and childhood: A review of 10 germ cell tumours and 10 non-germ cell tumours. Z Kinderchir 45:229-234.
37. Fujita T, Yamada K, Saitoh H, Itoh S, Nakai O (1992): Intracranial germinoma and Down's syndrome. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 32:163-165.
38. Fukushima Y, Kuroki Y (1985): Clinical findings. In Baba K, Kobayashi N (eds): "Down's syndrome," Pediatric Mook 38. Tokyo: Kanahara Press, pp 1-17.
39. Ganick DJ, Gilbert EF, Opitz JM (1979): Teratomas in children and young adults. Med Pediatr Oncol 6:235-242.
40. Geormaneanu C, Geormaneanu M, Ciofu C, Suba M (1981): Partial trisomy 21 with retroperitoneal teratoma following a balanced translocation t(14;21) (p11;q21) in two successive generations. Rev Roum Med Neurol Psychiatr 19:135-142.
41. Gesmundo R, Bevilacqua A, Gandini R, Maiullari E, Moro G (1988): Su di un caso di disgerminoma ovarico in sindrome di Down. Minerva Ginecol 40:277-280.
42. Gonzales Crussi F (1982): "Extragonadal Teratomas." Fascicle 18. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
43. Griffiths GC (1962): Primary tumours of the heart. Clin Radiol 13:183-194.
44. Gurjal A, Rao S, Gladstone B, Nair CN, Pai SK, Kurkure PA, Advani SH (1993): Down's syndrome with Hodgkin's disease. Ind Pediat 30:684-687.
45. Hashimoto T, Sasagawa I, Ishigooka M, Kubota Y, Nakada T, Fujita T, Nakai O (1995): Down's syndrome associated with intracranial germinoma and testicular embryonal carcinoma. Urol Int 55:120-122.
46. Henschen F (1955): Tumoren des Zentralnervensystems und seiner Huellen. In Henke F, Lubarsch O, Roessle R (eds): "Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie," Vol XIII, No 3, pp 281, 682, 664.
47. Hof PR, Bouras C, Perl DP, Sparks DL, Mehta N, Morrison JH (1955): Age related distribution of neuropathologic changes in the cerebral cortex of patients with Down's syndrome. Arch Neurol 52:379-391.
48. Holland WW, Doll R, Carter CO (1962): The mortality from leukaemia and other cancers among patients with Down's syndrome (mongols) and among their parents. Br J Cancer 16:177-186.
49. Homans AC, Verissimo AM, Vlacha V (1993): Transient abnormal myelopoiesis of infancy associated with trisomy 21. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 15:392-399.
50. Hori A, Walter GF, Haas J, Becker H (1992): Down syndrome complicated by brain tumors: Case report and review of the literature. Brain Dev 14:396-400.
51. Hosoi H, Sawada T, Nakajima T, Kuroda H, Saida T, Sugimoto T, Tokiwa K, Ogita S (1989): A case of mosaic Down's syndrome concomitant with ganglioneuroma. J Pediatr Surg 24:210-211.
52. Hozeku Y, Okada A, Kanehisa Y, Nagamatsu K, Matsunaga M (1987): Down syndrome associated with radio-sensitive brain tumor: A case report. Neurol Med 26:86-89.
53. Irwin GAL, Mehta GB, Neil EE, Cancroft E (1977): Massive retroperitoneal lipoma in a mongoloid child. Clin Pediatr 16:195-196.
54. Isaacs H Jr (1987): Congenital and neonatal malignant tumors: A 28-year experience at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 9:121-129.
55. Iselius L, Jacobs P, Morton N (1990): Leukaemia and transient leukaemia in Down syndrome. Hum Genet 85:477-485.
56. Jackson EW, Turner JH, Klauber MR, Norris FD (1968): Down's syndrome: Variation of leukemia occurrence in institutionalized populations. J Chron Dis 21:247-253.
57. Jacobsen GK, Henriques UV (1992): A fetal testis with intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN). Mod Pathol 5:547-549.
58. Jancar MP, Jancar J (1976): Cancer and mental retardation. Bristol Med Chir J 92:3-7.
59. Jay V (1996): Brain and eye pathology in an infant with Down syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. Pediatr Neurol 15:57-59.
60. Jensen RD, Miller RW (1971): Retinoblastoma: Epidemiologic characteristics. N Engl J Med 285:307-311.
61. Jonakin WL, Hensley MF (1983): Optic glioma and Down's syndrome. J Am Osteopath Assoc 82:806.
62. Kamidono S, Takada K, Ishigami J, Furumoto M, Urano Y (1985): Giant seminoma of undescended testis in Down syndrome. Urology 25:637-640.
63. Kantelip B, Satgé D, Camilleri L, Chenard M-P, De Riberolles C (1994): Kyste valvulaire et canal atrioventriculaire chez un enfant trisomique 21. Ann Pathol 14:101-107.
64. Komiya K, Iwamoto H, Misugi K (1975): A case of cerebellar tumor associated with Down's syndrome. Congen Anom (Jpn) 15:212-213.
65. Kopec AV, Levine N (1979): Generalized connective tissue nevi and ichthyosis in Down's syndrome. Arch Dermatol 115:623-624.
66. Kuni CC (1973): Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma with metastasis in Down's syndrome. J Pediatr 83:835-836.
67. Kurahashi H, Hara J, Yumura-Yagi K, Tawa A, Kawa-Ha K (1992): Transient abnormal myelopoiesis in Down's syndrome. Leukemia Lymphoma 8:465-475.
68. Kusumakumary P, Jyothirmaryi R, Chellan VG, Krishnan NM (1996): Hodgkin's disease in association with Down syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 13:469-471.
69. Kusumakumary P, Ninan M, Chellam VG, Jacob R, Nair MK (1995): Wilms tumor in a child with Down syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 17:276.
70. Lechner W, Dotzer V (1981): Multiple Syringome bei Trisomie 21. Z Hautkr 56:1467-1470.
71. Levitt GA, Stiller CA, Chessells JM (1990): Prognosis of Down's syndrome with acute leukaemia. Arch Dis Child 65:212-216.
72. L'Huillier MC, Steschenko D, Sommelet-Olive D, Bernard JL, Raybaud C (1989): Les registres des cancers de l'enfant en France. Pédiatrie 44: 487-494.
73. Li FP, Fraumeni JF Jr. (1972): Testicular cancers in children: Epidemiologice characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 48:1575-1582.
74. Linder D, Hecht F, Kaiser McCaw B, Campbell N Jr. (1975): Origin of extragonadal teratomas and endodermal sinus tumours. Nature 254: 597-598.
75. Lorber BJ, Freeman SB, Hassold T, Ragab AH, Vega RA, Cockwell AE, Jacobs PA, Radford M, Doyle J, Dube ID, Zipursky A (1992): Characterization and molecular analysis of nondisjunction in 18 cases of trisomy 21 and leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 4:222-227.
76. Lorenzana AN, Schorin MA (1989): Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a neonate with Down's syndrome: Case report and literature review. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 11:186-190.
77. Mann JR, Pearson D, Barrett A, Raafat F, Barnes JM, Wallendszus KR (1989): Results of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group's malignant germ cell tumor studies. Cancer 63:1657-1667.
78. Martin S, Pitcher D, Tschen J, Wolf JE Jr. (1980): Reactive angioendotheliomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2:117-123.
79. Matsaniotis N, Karpouzas J, Economou-Mavrou C (1967): Hypothyroidism and seminoma in association with Down's syndrome. J Pediatr 70:810-812.
80. McCormick DP, Meyer WJ, Nesbit ME (1971): Coexistence of Hodgkin's disease and Down's syndrome. Am J Dis Child 122:71-73.
81. Mikkelsen M (1981): Epidemiology of trisomy 21: Population peri- and antenatal data. Hum Genet Suppl 2:211-226.
82. Miller RW (1969): Childhood cancer and congenital defects: A study of U.S. death certificates during the period 1960-1966. Pediatr Res 3:389-397.
83. Miller RW (1970): Neoplasia and Down's syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 171:637-644.
84. Miller RW, Fraumeni JF Jr., Hill JA (1968): Neuroblastoma: Epidemiologic approach to its origin. Am J Dis Child 115:253-261.
85. Miller RW, Fraumeni JF, Manning MD (1964): Association of Wilms' tumor with aniridia, hemihypertrophy and other congenital malformations. N Engl J Med 270:922-927.
86. Morayati SJ, Wagner CW (1990): Down's syndrome with pituitary adenoma: A case report. Del Med J 62:1363-1365.
87. Morgan JR (1989): A case of Down's syndrome, insulinoma and anorexia. J Ment Defic Res 33:185-187.
88. Nakano J, Muto M, Arikawa K, Hirota T, Asagami C (1993): Acral lentiginous melanoma associated with Down's syndrome. J Dermatol 20:59-60.
89. Nakato H, Kuwabara S, Maesako N, Inomata H, Ishimoto F, Hashida K, Kubota T (1982): A case of Down's syndrome complicated by teratoma of the third ventricule of the brain. No Shinkei 34:145-150.
90. Narod SA, Stiller C, Lenoir GM (1991): An estimate of the heritable fraction of childhood cancer. Br J Cancer 63:993-999.
91. Neglia JP, Smithson WA, Gunderson P, King FL, Singher LJ, Robison LL (1988): Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neuroblastoma: A case-control study. Cancer 61:2202-2206.
92. Olson JM, Hamilton A, Breslow NE (1995): Non-lip constitutional chromosome abnormalities in Wilms' tumor patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 24:305-309.
93. Oshimura M, Ohyashiki K, Tonomura A, Terada H (1981): A 14q+ chromosome in a malignant lymphoma in a patient with Down's syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 4:245-250.
94. Oshita N, Yamashita K, Gotou K, Nagata I, Ueda H, Mitani T (1993): A case of endodermal sinus tumor in the basal ganglia associated with Down's syndrome. No Shinkei Geka 21:345-349.
95. Oster J, Mikkelsen M, Nielsen A (1975): Mortality and life-table in Down's syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:322-326.
96. Pastore G, Carli M, Lemerlé J, Tournade MF, Voute PA, Rey A, Burgers JMV, Zucker JM, Burger D, de Kraker J, Delemarre JFM (1988): Epidemiological features of Wilms' tumor: Results of studies by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Med Pediatr Oncol 16: 7-11.
97. Powers LW, Register MK (1991): Down syndrome and acute leukemia: Epidemiological and genetic relationships. Lab Med 22:630-636.
98. Pui C-H, Raimondi SC, Borowitz MJ, Land VJ, Behm FG, Pullen DJ, Hancock ML, Shuster JJ, Steuber CP, Crist WM, Civin CI, Carroll AJ (1993): Immunophenotypes and karyotypes of leukemic cells in children with Down syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 11:1361-1367.
99. Quah BS, Menon BS (1996): Down syndrome associated with a retroperitoneal teratoma and Morgagni hernia. Clin Genet 50:232-234.
100. Ragab AH, Abdel-Mageed A, Shuster JJ, Frankel LS, Pullen J, Van Eys J, Sullivan MP, Boyett J, Borowitz M, Crist WM (1991): Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and Down's syndrome. Cancer 67:1057-1063.
101. Raghavan R, Khin-Nu C, Brown AG, Day KA, Tyrer SP, Ince PG, Perry EK, Perry RH (1994): Gender differences in the phenotypic expression of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21). Neurol Report 5:1393-1396.
102. Raybaud C, Pinsard N, Choux M, Bernard JL, Lena G, Gentet JC (1989): Tumeurs du système nerveux central. In Lemerle JL (ed): "Cancers de l'Enfant." Flammarion: Paris, pp 539-578.
103. Réthoré M-O, Saraux H, Prieur M, Dutrillaux B, Meer J-J, Lejeune J (1972): Syndrome 48,XXY,+21 et rétinoblastome. Arch Franç Pédiatr 39:533-538.
104. Rhodes LE, Verbov JL (1993): Widespread syringomata in Down's syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 18:333-334.
105. Rose JS, Kassner EG, Jurgens KH, Farman J (1975): Congenital oesophageal strictures due to cartilaginous rings. Br J Radiol 48:16-18.
106. Rubino VE, Puzzo A, Schepis C, Russo L (1992): Rilievo ecocardiografico di rabdomiomi cardiaci in una paziente con sclerosi tuberosa e sindrome di Down. Minerva Cardioangiol 40:289-292.
107. Sais G, Jucgla A, Moreno A, Peyri J (1995): Milia-like idiopathic calcinosis cutis and multiple connective tissue nevi in a patient with Down syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:129-130.
108. Sakashita S, Koyanagi T, Tsuji I, Arikado K, Matsuno T (1980): Congenital anomalies in children with testicular germ cell tumor. J Urol 124:889-891.
109. Saleun J-P, Alix D, Leroy J-P, Baret M, Balouet G, Castel Y (1975): Leucoblastose transitoire et dysembryoplasie rénale chez un trisomique 21. Ann Pédiatr 22:543-550.
110. Sasagawa I, Kazama T, Umeda K, Kohno T, Katayama T, Miwa A (1986): Down's syndrome associated with seminoma. Urol Int 41:238-240.
111. Sasagawa I, Nakada T, Hashimoto T, Ishigooka M, Izumiya K, Kubota Y, Tomaru M (1993): Hormone profiles and contralateral testicular histology in Down's syndrome with unilateral testicular tumor. Arch Androl 30:93-98.
112. Sasco AJ, Little J (1992): Epidemiologie des tumeurs de l'enfant. Cancérologie Aujourd'hui 1:23-31.
113. Satgé D (1992): Régressions spontanées des tumeurs bénignes et malignes chez le nouveau-né et le jeune nourrisson. Méd Enf 12:435-438.
114. Satgé D, Le Tourneau A, Verger JP, Lefort S, Geneix A, Malet P, Diebold J, Vekemans M (1996): A case report of Down syndrome and centroblastic lymphoma. Pathol Res Pract 192:1266-1269.
115. Scholl T, Stein Z, Hansen H (1982): Leukemia and other cancers, anomalies and infections as causes of death in Down's syndrome in the United States during 1976. Dev Med Child Neurol 24:817-829.
116. Schuler D, Dobos M, Fekete G, Machay T, Nemeskeri A (1972): Down's syndrome and malignancy. Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung 13:245-252.
117. Shen JJ, Williams BJ, Zipursky A, Doyle J, Sherman SL, Jacobs PA, Shugar AL, Soukup SW, Hassold J (1995): Cytogenetic and molecular studies of Down syndrome individuals with leukemia. Am J Hum Genet 56:915-925.
118. Singh RVP, Suys S, Yeh JS, Campbell DA, Broome JC (1993): Spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma in a patient with Down's syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 95:55-58.
119. Slave I, Urban C, Haas OA, Kroisel PM, Koller U (1991): Acute megakaryocytic leukemia in children: Clinical immunologic, and cytogenetic findings in two patients. Cancer 68:2266-2272.
120. Sleijfer S, Schraffordt Koops H, Van Der Graaf WTA (1996): Successful treatment on an out-patient basis of a patient with Down's syndrome and dissimulated testicular seminoma. Neth J Med 48:89-91.
121. Smith CW, Murray GF, Wilcox BR (1976): Intramural esophageal hamartoma: An unusual cause of progressive stricture in a child. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 72:315-318.
122. Smith JB, Hogan DJ, Glass LF, Fenske NA (1995): Multiple collagenomas in a patient with Down syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 33:835-837.
123. Stewart A, Webb J, Hewitt D (1958): A survey of childhood malignancies. Br Med J i:1495-1508.
124. Sy WM, Edmonson JH (1968): The developmental defects associated with neuroblastoma: Etiologic implications. Cancer 22:234-238.
125. Taktikos A (1964): Association of retinoblastoma with mental defect and other pathological manifestations. Br J Ophthalmol 48:495-498.
126. Tateyama H, Eimoto T, Tada T, Kamiya M, Fujiyoshi Y, Kajiura S (1991): Congenital angiotropic lymphoma (intravascular lymphomatosis) of the T-cell type. Cancer 67:2131-2136.
127. Turner JH (1962): The mongoloid phenotype: Its incidence, etiology and association with leukemia and other neoplastic diseases. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 82-84. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, No 63-7539.
128. Vandooren M, Boulard P, Jobart P, Chantepie G (1959): Un cas de tératome rétropéritonéal volumineux du nourrisson. Mém Acad Chir 85: 304-307.
129. Varamini Golshani N (1992): Les signes cutanés, muqueux et phanériens dans la trisomie 21, étude de cas en France et aux Etats Unis et revue de la littérature. Thèse médecine Bordeaux, No 204.
130. Wada H, Kubo M, Wada T, Ueno Y, Horita S, Ohki T, Munemoto S, Kuroda E, Tagushi H, Muramatsu N (1995): A case report of a 6-year-old boy with intracranial yolk sac tumor treated by VAB-6 regimen. No Shinkei Geka 23:65-68.
131. Wang N, Leung J, Warrier RP, Schorin M, Kirkpatrick D, Nowak MJ, Strand R (1987): Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations and clonal chromosomal evolution in acute leukemia associated with Down's syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 28:155-162.
132. Warkany J (1981): Teratomas. In "Congenital Malformations" Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, pp 1239-1247.
133. Wilimas J, Barrett G, Pratt C (1977): Osteosarcoma in 2 very young children. Clin Pediatr 16:548-551.
134. Wilson MG, Ebbin AJ, Towner JW, Spencer WH (1977): Chromosomal anomalies in patients with retinoblastoma. Clin Genet 12:1-8.
135. Windham GC, Bjerkedal T, Langmark F (1985): A population-based study of cancer incidence in twins and in children with congenital malformations or low birth weight, Norway 1967-1980. Am J Epidemiol 121:49-56.
136. Yamasaki S, Hamasaki Y (1985): A case of cerebellar tumor associated with Down's syndrome. Arch Jpn Chir 54:305-313.
137. Zagzag D, Miller DC, Cangiarella J, Allen JC, Greco MA (1992): Brainstem glioma after radiation therapy for acute myeloblastic leukemia in a child with Down syndrome. Cancer 70:1188-1193.
138. Zeligman I, Scalia SP (1954): Dermatologic manifestations of mongolism. Arch Dermatol Syphil 69:342-344.
139. Zipursky A, Peeters M, Poon A (1987): Megakaryoblastic leukemia and Down's syndrome: A review. In McCoy EE, Epstein CJ (eds): "Oncology and Immunology of Down Syndrome" New York: Alan R. Liss, pp 33-56.
140. Zipursky A, Poon A, Doyle J (1992): Leukemia in Down syndrome: A review. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 9:139-149.