Adjusting Mini-Mental State Examination scores for age and educational level to screen for dementia: Correcting bias or reducing validity?

International Psychogeriatrics

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 43-51

  Kraemer, Helena Chmura ^a   Moritz, Deborah J ^a,b   Yesavage, Jerome ^a,c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EDUCATION; HUMAN; SCORING SYSTEM; SCREENING TEST;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DEMENTIA; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; MENTAL STATUS SCHEDULE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REFERENCE VALUES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; ROC CURVE;

EID: 0031749928     PISSN: 10416102     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1041610298005134     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.-rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Anthony, J. C., LeResche, L., Niaz, U., Von Korff, M. R., & Folstein, M. F. (1982). Limits of the "Mini-Mental State" as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients. Psychological Medicine, 12, 397-408.
3. Berkman, L. F. (1986). The association between educational attainment and mental status examinations: Of etiological significance for senile dementias or not? Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39, 171-175.
4. Berkson, J. (1946). Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics Bulletin, 2, 47-53.
5. Berkson, J. (1955). The statistical study of association between smoking and lung cancer. Proceedings Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic, 30, 56-60.
6. Brayne, C., & Calloway, P. (1990). The association of education and socioeconomic status with the Mini Mental State examination and the clinical diagnosis of dementia in elderly people. Age and Aging, 19, 91-96.
7. Brown, G. W. (1976). Berkson fallacy revisited: Spurious conclusions from patient surveys. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 130, 56-60.
8. Callahan, C. M., Hall, K. S., Hui, S. L., Musick, B. S., Unverzage, F. W., et al. (1996). Relationship of age, education, and occupation with dementia among a community-based sample of African Americans. Archives of Neurology, 53, 134-140.
9. Crum, R. M., Anthony, J. C., Bassett, S. S., & Folstein, M. F. (1993). Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and education level. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2386-2391.
10. Jorm, A. F., Scott, R., Henderson, A. S., & Kay, D. W. K. (1988). Educational level differences on the Mini-Mental State: The role of test bias. Psychological Medicine, 18, 727-731.
11. Kittner, S. J., White, L. R., Farmer, M. E., Wolz, M., Kaplan, E., et al. (1986). Methodological issues in screening for dementia; The problem of education adjustment. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39, 163-170.
12. Kraemer, H. C. (1992). Evaluating medical tests: Objective and quantitative guidelines. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
13. Launer, L. J., Dinkgreve, M. A. H. M., Jonker, C, Hooijer, C., & Lindeboom, J. (1993). Are age and education independent correlates of the Mini-Mental State Exam performance of community-dwelling elderly? Psychological Sciences, 48, 271-277.
14. McNeil, B. J., Keeler, E., & Adelstein, S. J. (1975). Primer on certain elements of medical decision-making. The New England Journal of Medicine, 293, 211-215.
15. Mungas, D., Marshall, S. C., Weldon, M., Haan, M., & Reed, B. R. (1996). Age and education correction of Mini-Mental State Examination for English-and Spanish-speaking elderly. Neurology, 46, 700-706.
16. Murden, R. A., McRae, T. D., Kaner, S., & Bucknam, M. E. (1991). Mini-Mental State exam scores vary with education in blacks and whites. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 149-155.
17. O'Connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., & Treasure, F. P. (1991). The influence of education and social class on the diagnosis of dementia in a community population. Psychological Medicine, 21, 219-224.
18. Reid, M. C, Lachs, M. S., & Feinstein, A. R. (1995). Use of methodological standards in diagnostic test research: Getting better but still not good. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 645-651.