Cellular differentiation in the leaf

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 734-738

  Langdale, Jane A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL TYPE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDERMIS; NONHUMAN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANT CELL; PLANT LEAF; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031744191     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80115-4     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Poethig S. Cellular parameters of leaf morphogenesis in maize and tobacco. White RA, Dickison WC. Contemporary problems in plant anatomy. 1984;235-259 Academic Press, New York.
2. Lincoln C, Long J, Yamaguchi J, Serikawa K, Hake S. A knotted1-like homeobox gene in Arabidopsis is expressed in the vegetative meristem and dramatically alters leaf morphology when overexpressed in transgenic plants. Plant Cell. 6:1994;1859-1876.
3. Smith LG, Greene B, Veit B, Hake S. A dominant mutation in the maize homeobox gene, Knotted-1, causes its ectopic expression in leaf cells with altered fates. Development. 116:1992;21-30.
4. Jackson D, Veit B, Hake S. Expression of maize Knotted1 related homeobox genes in the shoot apical meristem predicts patterns of morphogenesis in the vegetative shoot. Development. 120:1994;404-413.
5. Schneeberger R, Tsiantis M, Freeling M, Langdale JA. The rough sheath2 gene negatively regulates homeobox gene expression during maize leaf development. of outstanding interest Development. 125:1998;2857-2865 Characterization of a recessive maize mutant that exhibits phenotypic features previously associated with dominant gain of function mutations in knotted1-like homeobox (knox) genes. Using the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunolocalization experiments, rough sheath2 (rs2) mutants were shown to ectopically express at least three knox genes in leaf tissue. This suggests that the rs2 gene acts as a global negative regulator of knox gene expression patterns and thus plays a pivotal role in maintaining leaves in a determined state.
6. Tsiantis M, Langdale JA. The formation of leaves. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1:1998;43-48.
7. Spena A, Salamini F. Genetic tagging of cells and cell layers for studies of plant development. Galbraith DW, Bohnert HJ, Bourque DP. Methods in Plant Cell Biology. 1995;331-354 Academic Press.
8. Satina S, Blakeslee AF. Periclinal chimeras in Datura stramonium in relation to development of leaf and flower. Am J Bot. 28:1941;862-871.
9. Waites R, Hudson A. phantastica: a gene required for dorsoventrality of leaves in Antirrhinum. Development. 121:1995;2143-2154.
10. Waites R, Selvadurai HRN, Oliver IR, Hudson A. The PHANTASTICA gene encodes a MYB transcription factor involved in growth and dorsoventrality of lateral organs in Antirrhinum. of outstanding interest Cell. 93:1998;779-789 Characterization of the Antirrhinum PHAN gene. Plants with phan mutations display radially symmetrical lateral organs. The PHAN gene was cloned by transposon tagging and shown to encode a MYB-like transcription factor. Expression patterns during wild-type development were consistent with the idea that PHAN plays a role in specifying lateral organ identity since transcripts accumulate in young leaf primordia but not in the shoot meristem. The question of whether lack of dorsoventrality is a primary or secondary consequence of loss of PHAN function remains open, however.
11. of outstanding interest McConnell JR, Barton MK. Leaf polarity and meristem formation in Arabidopsis. of special interest Development. 125:1998;2935-2942 Phenotypic characterization of the phabulosa (phb) mutant of Arabidopsis. The dominant phb mutant protein causes adaxial leaf characters to develop in place of abaxial characters. As such the mutant displays the opposite phenotype to Antirrhinum phan mutants (see [9,10]). Interestingly, leaves of the phb mutant develop ectopic axillary meristems. In combination with the fact that severe phan mutants do not form axillary meristems, these results suggest that adaxialization of the leaf is required for and sufficient for axillary meristem formation. Since phb is a dominant mutation it will be interesting to see if it represents a gain of function of a PHAN-like gene.
12. Bohmert K, Camus I, Bellini C, Bouchez D, Caboche M, Benning C. AGO1 defines a novel locus of Arabidopsis controlling leaf development. of special interest EMBO J. 17:1998;170-180 Characterization of a gene mutation in Arabidopsis that pleiotropically affects plant architecture. One aspect of the mutant phenotype is radially symmetrical cauline leaves. Rosette leaves maintain dorsoventrality. The AGO gene encodes a protein with similarity to a novel gene family, thus far only identified in higher eukaryotes. No specific function has been assigned to these genes and therefore no informed predictions can be made about the role of AGO in regulating dorsoventrality.
13. Timmermans MCP, Schultes NP, Jankovsky JP, Nelson T. Leafbladeless1 is required for dorsoventrality of lateral organs in maize. of special interest Development. 125:1998;2813-2823 This paper describes the phenotypic characterization of a recessive maize mutation that exhibits radially symmetrical leaves with abaxialized characteristics. Since the phenotype of maize leafbladeless mutants is very similar to that of Antirrhinum phan mutants it will be interesting to see the extent to which the molecular mechanisms governing dorsoventrality are conserved between monocots and dicots.
14. Hall LN, Langdale JA. Molecular genetics of cellular differentiation in leaves. Tansley review No. 88. New Phytologist. 132:1996;533-553.
15. Sylvester AW, Smith L, Freeling M. Acquisition of identity in the developing leaf. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 12:1996;257-304.
16. Larkin JC, Marks MD, Nadeau J, Sack F. Epidermal cell fate and patterning in leaves. The Plant Cell. 9:1997;1109-1120.
17. Becraft PW, Stinard PS, McCarty DR. CRINKLY4: a TNFR-like receptor kinase involved in maize epidermal differentiation. Science. 273:1996;1406-1409.
18. Sinha N, Hake S. Mutant characters of Knotted maize leaves are determined in the innermost tissue layers. Dev Biol. 141:1990;203-210.
19. Hulskamp M, Misera S, Jurgens G. Genetic dissection of trichome cell development in Arabidopsis. Cell. 76:1994;555-566.
20. Rerie WG, Feldmann KA, Marks MD. The GLABRA2 gene encodes a homeodomain protein required for normal trichome development in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 8:1994;1388-1399.
21. Herman PL, Marks MD. Trichome development in Arabidopsis thaliana. II. Isolation and complementation of the GLABROUS 1 gene. Plant Cell. 1:1989;1051-1055.
22. Lloyd AM, Walbot V, Davis RW. Arabidopsis and Nicotiana anthocyanin production activated by maize regulators R and C1. Science. 258:1992;1773-1775.
23. Szymanski DB, Jilk RA, Pollock SM, Marks MD. Control of GL2 expression in Arabidopsis leaves and trichomes. of outstanding interest Development. 125:1998;1161-1171 Analysis of GL2-β2 glucoronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression patterns in wild-type, gl1, and ttg mutated Arabidopsis. In wild-type leaf primordia, GL2 transcripts accumulated at low levels in all cells of the leaf. The induction of higher levels as trichomes developed was concomitant with the sub-cellular localization of GL2 in trichome nuclei. Deletion analysis of the GL2 promoter defined two elements with features of myb binding sites that are sufficient to direct gene expression in leaves and trichomes. Notably, GL1 encodes a MYB-like transcription factor which when co-expressed with an R homolog induced GL2-GUS expression in vivo; however, no evidence of a direct interaction between GL1, R or a GL1/R complex and the GL2 promoter could be found. Furthermore, since GL2 is expressed at low levels in plants with both gl1 and ttg mutations, there must be a GL1/TTG independent factor involved in the initial induction of GL2 gene expression. The identity of this factor remains unknown.
24. Schnittger A, Jurgens G, Hulskamp M. Tissue layer and organ specificity in trichome formation are regulated by GLABRA1 and TRYPTICHON in Arabidopsis. of outstanding interest Development. 125:1998;2283-2289 Analysis of transgenic plants expressing the GL1 gene under the control of a constitutive (35S) promoter. Previous studies have shown that expression of 35S-GL1 in wild-type plants is insufficient to induce trichome formation in cells that do not normally form trichomes. In this study, 35S-GL1 constructs were transformed into try homozygous mutants. Nontransformed try mutants exhibit clustered trichomes on the leaf surface. Hence TRY was predicted to be a negative regulator of trichome initiation. Remarkably, this prediction held up not only with respect to epidermal cells but also with respect to subepidermal cells: trichomes developed the same morphology and spacing patterns in both the epidermis and subepidermal tissues.
25. Folkers U, Berger J, Hulskamp M. Cell morphogeneisis of trichomes in Arabidopsis: differential control of primary and secondary branching by branch initiation regulators and cell growth. of special interest Development. 124:1997;3779-3786 Genetic analysis of trichome branching patterns in Arabidopsis. The mature leaf trichome in Arabidopsis has two branch points. Using mutations that disrupt either the primary of secondary branch point (or both), this study characterized double mutation combinations in order to genetically dissect branching pathways. The results suggest that primary branching is genetically distinct from subsequent events. Primary branching is regulated by the STACHEL gene and secondary branching is regulated by the ANGUSTIFOLIA gene. Both branching events are subject to control by cell growth and are influenced by other genes. The model put forward to explain the genetic interactions involved should provide a good framework for future molecular studies.
26. Oppenheimer DG, Pollock MA, Vacik J, Szymanski DB, Ericson B, Feldmann K, Marks MD. Essential role of a kinesin-like protein in Arabidopsis trichome morphogenesis. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;6261-6266 Characterization of the ZWI gene in Arabidopsis. Previous analysis of zwi mutations had implicated the ZWI gene in trichome morphogenesis. Using a T-DNA (Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens) tagged allele, the ZWI gene was cloned and shown to encode a protein with features of calmodulin-binding kinesin-like proteins. Since no expression data were presented, it is unclear at what stage in trichome development this protein acts; however, the similarity to microtubule motor proteins provides the opportunity to investigate links between the cytoskeleton and cell expansion during trichome development.
27. Glover BJ, Perez-Rodriguez M, Martin C. Development of several epidermal cell types can be specified by the same MYB-related plant transcription factor. of outstanding interest Development. 125:1998;3497-3508 A very interesting study showing that overexpression of a gene required for conical cell formation in petals results in aberrant epidermal cell differentiation in leaves and floral organs. The Antirrhinum MIXTA gene which encodes a MYB-like protein was constitutively expressed in tobacco using a 35S promoter. Aberrant epidermal cell phenotypes were seen in leaves and floral organs, however, subepidermal cell-types were normal. The most remarkable aspect of the phenotypes seen was an interplay between trichome, conical cell and stomatal complex formation. It appeared as though the decision to differentiate as conical cell or trichome was dependent on the time of initiation of cellular outgrowth relative to the overall development of epidermal tissue. Commitment to either of these cell types then prevented stomatal cell formation. This study suggests that MYB-related factors have been recruited into a number of pathways specifying epidermal cell fate and that the interplay between these pathways yields the pattern of cells seen in the epidermis.
28. Noda K-I, Glover BJ, Linstead P, Martin C. Flower colour intensity depends on specialized cell shape controlled by a MYB-related transcription factor. Nature. 369:1994;661-664.
29. Langdale JA, Zelitch I, Miller E, Nelson T. Cell position and light influence C4 versus C3 patterns of photosynthetic gene expression in maize. EMBO J. 7:1988;3643-3651.
30. Becraft P, Freeling M. Sectors of liguleless 1 tissue interrupt an inductive signal during maize leaf development. Plant Cell. 3:1991;801-807.
31. Nelson T, Dengler N. Leaf vascular pattern formation. Plant Cell. 9:1997;1121-1135.
32. Sjolund RD. The phloem sieve element: a river runs through it. Plant Cell. 9:1998;1137-1146.
33. Fukuda H. Tracheary element differentiation. Plant Cell. 9:1997;1147-1156.
34. Hardtke CS, Berleth T. The Arabidopsis gene MONOPTEROS encodes a transcription factor mediating embryo axis formation and vascular development. of outstanding interest EMBO J. 17:1998;1405-1411 This paper describes the isolation of the MP gene from Arabidopsis by positional cloning. The gene encodes a transcription factor with homology to another factor that has been shown to bind auxin response elements. Given that mp mutants display perturbations in vascular patterning and that auxin has long been implicated as a major regulator of vascular development, it is exciting that a link has finally been achieved between mutant phenotype and the molecular aspects of auxin physiology.
35. Berleth T, Jurgens G. The role of the monopteros gene in organizing the basal body region of the Arabidopsis embryo. Development. 118:1993;575-587.
36. Przemeck GKH, Mattsson J, Hardtke CS, Sung ZR, Berleth T. Studies on the role of the Arabidopsis gene MONOPTEROS in vascular development and plant cell axialization. Planta. 200:1996;229-237.
37. Carland FM, McHale NA. LOP1: a gene involved in auxin transport and vascular patterning in Arabidopsis. Development. 122:1996;1811-1819.
38. 4 plants. In addition to the analysis of wild-type development, the authors also characterize the dov1 mutant. This mutant exhibits a cell-specific photosynthetic defect in that mesophyll cells exhibit perturbed plastid development, yet bundle sheath cells develop normally. Thus, Arabidopsis bundle sheath and mesophyll cell chloroplasts must develop independently.
39. Keddie JS, Carroll B, Jones JDG, Gruissem W. The DCL gene of tomato is required for chloroplast development and palisade cell morphogenesis in leaves. EMBO J. 15:1996;4208-4217.
40. Chatterjee M, Sparvoli S, Edmunds C, Garosi P, Findlay K, Martin C. DAG, a gene required for chloroplast differentiation and palisade development in Antirrhinum majus. EMBO J. 15:1996;4194-4207.
41. Langdale JA, Hall LN, Roth R. Control of cellular differentiation in maize leaves. Phil Trans R Soc Lond. 350:1995;53-57.
42. Langdale JA, Kidner CA. bundle sheath defective, a mutation that disrupts cellular differentiation in maize leaves. Development. 120:1994;673-681.
43. Hall LN, Rossini L, Cribb L, Langdale JA. GOLDEN2: a novel transcriptional regulator of cellular differentiation in the maize leaf. of special interest Plant Cell. 10:1998;925-936 This paper reports the isolation of the G2 gene from maize by transposon tagging. The gene had previously been identified on the basis of a mutation that disrupted photosynthetic development in a cell-specific manner. Bundle sheath cells in maize plants with g2 mutations exhibit aberrant photosynthetic development but mesophyll cells are normal. This is the opposite phenotype to that seen in the Arabidopsis dov mutant [38]. The G2 gene encodes a novel protein that shares some similarity with TEA domain containing transcription factors. The challenge now is to prove that it does act as a transcription factor and to elucidate how it directs bundle sheath cell differentiation processes.