Inland rice production in the South Atlantic states: a picture in black and white

Agricultural History

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 197-212

  Coclanis, Peter A ^a   Marlow, J C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL HISTORY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; RICE PRODUCTION;

USA, (WEST);

EID: 0031732592     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Amelia Wallace Vernon, African Americans at Mars Bluff, South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Theodore Rosengarten, "The Secret of the Marshes," New York Times Book Review, 8 May 1994, 5; South Carolina Historical Magazine 96 (January 1995): 74-75; Journal of American History 82 (June 1995): 259-60; Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 642-44.
2. Amelia Wallace Vernon, African Americans at Mars Bluff, South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Theodore Rosengarten, "The Secret of the Marshes," New York Times Book Review, 8 May 1994, 5; South Carolina Historical Magazine 96 (January 1995): 74-75; Journal of American History 82 (June 1995): 259-60; Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 642-44.
3. Amelia Wallace Vernon, African Americans at Mars Bluff, South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Theodore Rosengarten, "The Secret of the Marshes," New York Times Book Review, 8 May 1994, 5; South Carolina Historical Magazine 96 (January 1995): 74-75; Journal of American History 82 (June 1995): 259-60; Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 642-44.
4. Amelia Wallace Vernon, African Americans at Mars Bluff, South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Theodore Rosengarten, "The Secret of the Marshes," New York Times Book Review, 8 May 1994, 5; South Carolina Historical Magazine 96 (January 1995): 74-75; Journal of American History 82 (June 1995): 259-60; Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 642-44.
5. Amelia Wallace Vernon, African Americans at Mars Bluff, South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Theodore Rosengarten, "The Secret of the Marshes," New York Times Book Review, 8 May 1994, 5; South Carolina Historical Magazine 96 (January 1995): 74-75; Journal of American History 82 (June 1995): 259-60; Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 642-44.
6. Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981); Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and the Making of South Carolina: An Introductory Essay (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670-1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Joyce E. Chaplin, An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1993), 227-76.
7. Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981); Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and the Making of South Carolina: An Introductory Essay (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670-1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Joyce E. Chaplin, An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1993), 227-76.
8. Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981); Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and the Making of South Carolina: An Introductory Essay (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670-1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Joyce E. Chaplin, An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1993), 227-76.
9. Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981); Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and the Making of South Carolina: An Introductory Essay (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670-1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Joyce E. Chaplin, An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1993), 227-76.
10. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
11. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
12. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
13. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
14. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
15. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
16. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
17. Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1933; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 277-90, 721-31; David Doar, Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country, Contributions from The Charleston Museum, No. 8 (Charleston, S.C.: The Charleston Museum, 1936); David O. Whitten, "American Rice Cultivation, 1680-1980: A Tercentenary Critique," Southern Studies 21 (Spring 1982): 5-26; Henry C. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685-1985 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 6-62. Dry cultivation denotes rice cultivation in fields not irrigated or inundated during the growing season; see Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. 1 (London: Printed for Alexander Donaldson, 1779), 118-20; David Ramsay, The History of South-Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670, to the Year 1808, vol. 2 (Charleston, S.C.: Published by David Longworth for the Author, 1809), 206. On the decline of inland-swamp cultivation, see Samuel Dubose, "Address Delivered at the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Black Oak Agricultural Society, April 27, 1858," in A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots of South Carolina, ed. T. Gaillard Thomas (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887); Duncan C. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar (1937; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 11-16.
18. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
19. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
20. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
21. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
22. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
23. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
24. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
25. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
26. Gray, History of Agriculture, 279-80, 721-23; James M. Clifton, ed., Life and Labor on Argyle Island: Letters and Documents of a Savannah River Rice Plantation, 1833-1867 (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1978), viii; Dethloff, History of the American Rice Industry, 23-25, 46-48; James M. Clifton, "Golden Grains of White: Rice Planting on the Lower Cape Fear," North Carolina Historical Review 50 (October 1973): 365-93; Peter A. Coclanis, "Rice," Handbook of North Carolina History, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Grow": Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996); Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775; reprint, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962), 24; Robin F. A. Fabel, The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 117.
27. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
28. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
29. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
30. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
31. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
32. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
33. Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 76; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina, As Respects Her Natural and Civil Concerns (Charleston, S.C.: W. P. Young, 1802), 116; Thomas Jefferson to Doctor Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1808, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Definitive Edition, vol. 12, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 204-6; Gray, History of Agriculture, 723; Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern Publishers, 1940), 46, 52, 59, 73-75, 82, 109, 182; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 133; Willard Range, A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954), 109, 299. Note, too, that during the 1930s and 1940s, Jenkin W. Jones of the USDA wrote a number of technical reports about the cultivation (and potential) of upland rice in the United States.
34. Suzanne C. Linder, Historical Atlas of the Rice Plantations of the ACE River Basin, 1860 (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); William Dusinberre, Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Heyward, Seed from Madagascar.
35. Suzanne C. Linder, Historical Atlas of the Rice Plantations of the ACE River Basin, 1860 (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); William Dusinberre, Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Heyward, Seed from Madagascar.
36. Suzanne C. Linder, Historical Atlas of the Rice Plantations of the ACE River Basin, 1860 (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1995); William Dusinberre, Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Heyward, Seed from Madagascar.
37. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 63-94; Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream, 137-42; Peter Coclanis, "Distant Thunder: The Creation of a World Market in Rice and the Transformations It Wrought," American Historical Review 98 (October 1993), 1050-78.
38. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 63-94; Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream, 137-42; Peter Coclanis, "Distant Thunder: The Creation of a World Market in Rice and the Transformations It Wrought," American Historical Review 98 (October 1993), 1050-78.
39. Dethloff, A History of the American Rice Industry, 63-94; Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream, 137-42; Peter Coclanis, "Distant Thunder: The Creation of a World Market in Rice and the Transformations It Wrought," American Historical Review 98 (October 1993), 1050-78.
40. Virginia also produced small amounts of rice in the nineteenth century. According to federal census records, the largest crop produced in the state was in 1849, when roughly 11,500 pounds of (clean) rice were reported.
41. Defining the low country of the South Atlantic region is a notoriously difficult task. Faute de mieux, we have employed the following guidelines here: For South Carolina, we included all counties fronting the coast, as well as other areas included in the parish units of the coastal plain in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. For Georgia, we used the six coastal counties of Chatham, Bryan, Liberty, McIntosh, Glynn, and Camden. Defining the North Carolina low country precisely was most difficult of all. Here, we included all coastal counties, as well as adjacent counties with significant tidal rivers and streams running through them.
42. John Evans to George Noble Jones, 2 April 1852, Florida Plantation Records from the Papers of George Noble Jones, ed. Ulrich B. Phillips and James D. Glunt (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1927), 62. There are a number of other references to rice cultivation in the volume. At Jones's Chemonie Plantation, according to Evans, fifty-six bushels of rough rice were produced in 1855, Florida Plantation Records, 525; Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821-1860 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1973), 15, 139.
43. John Evans to George Noble Jones, 2 April 1852, Florida Plantation Records from the Papers of George Noble Jones, ed. Ulrich B. Phillips and James D. Glunt (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1927), 62. There are a number of other references to rice cultivation in the volume. At Jones's Chemonie Plantation, according to Evans, fifty-six bushels of rough rice were produced in 1855, Florida Plantation Records, 525; Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821-1860 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1973), 15, 139.
44. John Evans to George Noble Jones, 2 April 1852, Florida Plantation Records from the Papers of George Noble Jones, ed. Ulrich B. Phillips and James D. Glunt (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1927), 62. There are a number of other references to rice cultivation in the volume. At Jones's Chemonie Plantation, according to Evans, fifty-six bushels of rough rice were produced in 1855, Florida Plantation Records, 525; Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821-1860 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1973), 15, 139.
45. Dale Evans Swan, The Structure and Profitability of the Antebellum Rice Industry, 1859 (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 12-56; Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 65-66.
46. Dale Evans Swan, The Structure and Profitability of the Antebellum Rice Industry, 1859 (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 12-56; Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 65-66.
47. A. S. Salley Jr., The Happy Hunting Ground: Personal Experiences in the Low-Country of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: The State Co., 1926), vii. Salley argues for a more expansive definition of the low country and places Orangeburg County well within that region; Harry Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, Institutions and Industries (Columbia, S.C.: State Board of Agriculture, 1883), 71, takes a more scientific approach.
48. A. S. Salley Jr., The Happy Hunting Ground: Personal Experiences in the Low-Country of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: The State Co., 1926), vii. Salley argues for a more expansive definition of the low country and places Orangeburg County well within that region; Harry Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, Institutions and Industries (Columbia, S.C.: State Board of Agriculture, 1883), 71, takes a more scientific approach.
49. Vernon, African Americans at Mars Bluff, 188-91.
50. Julian J. Petty, "The Growth and Distribution of Population in South Carolina," Bulletin No. 11, prepared for the South Carolina State Planning Board (Columbia, S.C.: The Industrial Development Committee of the State Council of Defense, 1943), 228. Data available in the federal census indicate that growers in Orangeburg and Marion Counties produced the following quantities of clean rice in census years between 1839 and 1919. Orangeburg Marion (lbs. of clean rice) 1839 510,670 67,945 1849 870,584 344,263 1859 476,762 170,518 1869 952,378 415,382 1879 2,052,249 1,623,072 1889 782,136 35,186 1899 2,266,162 107,862 1909 182,760 1,170 1919 112,140 8,820 SOURCE: U.S. Census, 1840-1920.
51. Our analysis and comparisons of eight Orangeburg County townships are drawn from the manuscript agricultural and population census records for Orangeburg County, South Carolina, in 1880. The original records are housed at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History in Columbia, S.C. The records are also available on microfilm.
52. In African Americans at Mars Bluff (135), Amelia Wallace Vernon quoted one of her black informants as saying that his father had been "mixed with Indian." Given the reality of the tri-racial South and the proximity of these counties to the large Native American populations in adjacent North Carolina, one must question the definition of the "mulatto" category employed in the Census Population Schedule. Rice yields by county and region in South Carolina in 1879 can be calculated from census figures on acreage and production. See Tenth Census of the United States: 1880: Agriculture, 308. The fifty-acre farmer produced 808 pounds per acre in 1879 and the thirty-five-acre farmer produced 574 pounds per acre. The state average was about 664 pounds of clean rice per acre, according to Harry Hammond, South Carolina, 57. Note that we also collected information on the tenure status of male rice growers in our eight townships. We were able to identify the tenure status of 580, or 94 percent, of the 617 male growers in these townships, and we assembled data on rice acreage, rice production, and mean rice yields per acre by race and tenure status (owner, renter, sharecropper) in each township and in the eight townships as a whole. Data for the eight-township area are reported below. Male Rice Growers Mean Yield Average Rice Per Acre Number Acreage (lbs. clean rice) White Owners 187 3.1 442 Renters 18 2.8 370 Sharecroppers 35 1.5 375 Black Owners 63 1.8 338 Renters 108 1.3 319 Sharecroppers 128 1.6 394 Mulatto Owners 11 2.2 368 Renters 15 1.3 333 Sharecroppers 15 1.9 315
53. In African Americans at Mars Bluff (135), Amelia Wallace Vernon quoted one of her black informants as saying that his father had been "mixed with Indian." Given the reality of the tri-racial South and the proximity of these counties to the large Native American populations in adjacent North Carolina, one must question the definition of the "mulatto" category employed in the Census Population Schedule. Rice yields by county and region in South Carolina in 1879 can be calculated from census figures on acreage and production. See Tenth Census of the United States: 1880: Agriculture, 308. The fifty-acre farmer produced 808 pounds per acre in 1879 and the thirty-five-acre farmer produced 574 pounds per acre. The state average was about 664 pounds of clean rice per acre, according to Harry Hammond, South Carolina, 57. Note that we also collected information on the tenure status of male rice growers in our eight townships. We were able to identify the tenure status of 580, or 94 percent, of the 617 male growers in these townships, and we assembled data on rice acreage, rice production, and mean rice yields per acre by race and tenure status (owner, renter, sharecropper) in each township and in the eight townships as a whole. Data for the eight-township area are reported below. Male Rice Growers Mean Yield Average Rice Per Acre Number Acreage (lbs. clean rice) White Owners 187 3.1 442 Renters 18 2.8 370 Sharecroppers 35 1.5 375 Black Owners 63 1.8 338 Renters 108 1.3 319 Sharecroppers 128 1.6 394 Mulatto Owners 11 2.2 368 Renters 15 1.3 333 Sharecroppers 15 1.9 315
54. In African Americans at Mars Bluff (135), Amelia Wallace Vernon quoted one of her black informants as saying that his father had been "mixed with Indian." Given the reality of the tri-racial South and the proximity of these counties to the large Native American populations in adjacent North Carolina, one must question the definition of the "mulatto" category employed in the Census Population Schedule. Rice yields by county and region in South Carolina in 1879 can be calculated from census figures on acreage and production. See Tenth Census of the United States: 1880: Agriculture, 308. The fifty-acre farmer produced 808 pounds per acre in 1879 and the thirty-five-acre farmer produced 574 pounds per acre. The state average was about 664 pounds of clean rice per acre, according to Harry Hammond, South Carolina, 57. Note that we also collected information on the tenure status of male rice growers in our eight townships. We were able to identify the tenure status of 580, or 94 percent, of the 617 male growers in these townships, and we assembled data on rice acreage, rice production, and mean rice yields per acre by race and tenure status (owner, renter, sharecropper) in each township and in the eight townships as a whole. Data for the eight-township area are reported below. Male Rice Growers Mean Yield Average Rice Per Acre Number Acreage (lbs. clean rice) White Owners 187 3.1 442 Renters 18 2.8 370 Sharecroppers 35 1.5 375 Black Owners 63 1.8 338 Renters 108 1.3 319 Sharecroppers 128 1.6 394 Mulatto Owners 11 2.2 368 Renters 15 1.3 333 Sharecroppers 15 1.9 315
55. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.
56. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.
57. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.
58. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.
59. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.
60. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.
61. Although the rice complex in Orangeburg County was obviously nowhere near as sophisticated as that of the low country, there was at least one commercial rice mill in the town of Orangeburg in 1880 - that of John I. Street; see United States Census, 1880, Orangeburg County, South Carolina Agricultural Schedule, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia. Descriptions of inland-rice production can also be found in Heyward, Seed From Madagascar, 14, 133; and Hammond, South Carolina: Resources and Population, 56. Documentary confirmation from the plantation records of Peter Gaillard, a pine belt planter, indicates the importance of site selection, the preferred rice-growing areas being the low bottoms often under water during the winter months; Peter Gaillard Plantation Records, 1 April 1818, Daily Plantation Journal, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Further corroboration resulted from linking topography, soil types, and rice production via older maps, soil surveys, and other indirect evidence; see A. S. Salley Jr., The History of Orangeburg County South Carolina From its First Settlement to the Close of the Revolutionary War (Orangeburg, S.C.: R. Lewis Berry, 1898), 8. Of additional help in placing inland-rice cultivation in a more historical context was Robert Mills, "Rice Field Creek," in Mills' Atlas of the State of South Carolina, 1825 (Greenville, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1980), Orangeburg District Map; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), sheet no. 16; Department of the Interior Geological Survey, North Quadrangle, South Carolina, Orangeburg County, 7.5 Minute Series Topographic Map, Provisional Edition, 1988.