Obstacles to the development of capitalism: Iran in the nineteenth century

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 54-82

  Seyf, Ahmad ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; MARKET DEVELOPMENT; NATIONAL ECONOMY;

IRAN;

EID: 0031731237     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209808701232     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Quoted from N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892), 2 vols., Vol.1, 9. 443.
2. K. E. Abbott, 'Narrative of a Journey from Tabriz along the Shores of the Caspian Sea to Tehran', 1843/44, FO 251-40, pp. 102-3.
3. A. Herbert, 'Revenue of Persia', in FO Confidential Prints, No.5250, 1886, p.3.
4. N. Curzon, Persia ..., 1892, Vol.1, p.443.
5. J.P. Ferrier, Caravan Journey and Wandering in Persia ... in 1845, 1856, pp.25-6.
6. C.F. Mackenzie, dispatch, 26 November 1861, in FO 60-259 [not paginated].
7. E.C. Ross, 'Trade of the Persian Gulf, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers [hereafter PAP], 1880, Vol.73 [not paginated].
8. Ibid.
9. W.G. Abbott, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in, PAP, 1888, Vol.102 [not paginated].
10. M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.2. A. Wratislaw, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP, 1906, Vol.127 [not paginated].
11. M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.2. A. Wratislaw, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP, 1906, Vol.127 [not paginated].
12. C.E. Yate, 'Trade of Khurasan', in PAP, 1894, Vol.87 [not paginated].
13. W.J. Dickson, 'Trade of Persia', in PAP, 1884, Vol.79 [not paginated].
14. A. Gasteiger, From Tehran to Baluchistan - Narrative of a Journey in 1881, n.p 1884, p.34.
15. Ibid., pp.13-14, 19.
16. A. Chodzko, Sarzamin-e Gilan, Tehran, n.d. [translated from Russian], pp.98-100, C.F. Mackenzie, 'Accounts of the Revenue of Gilan', 1860, in FO 60-259, W.G. Abbott, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1874, Vol.67, H.L. Churchill, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1893/94, Vol.95 [not paginated].
17. A. Chodzko, Sarzamin-e Gilan, Tehran, n.d. [translated from Russian], pp.98-100, C.F. Mackenzie, 'Accounts of the Revenue of Gilan', 1860, in FO 60-259, W.G. Abbott, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1874, Vol.67, H.L. Churchill, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1893/94, Vol.95 [not paginated].
18. A. Chodzko, Sarzamin-e Gilan, Tehran, n.d. [translated from Russian], pp.98-100, C.F. Mackenzie, 'Accounts of the Revenue of Gilan', 1860, in FO 60-259, W.G. Abbott, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1874, Vol.67, H.L. Churchill, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1893/94, Vol.95 [not paginated].
19. A. Chodzko, Sarzamin-e Gilan, Tehran, n.d. [translated from Russian], pp.98-100, C.F. Mackenzie, 'Accounts of the Revenue of Gilan', 1860, in FO 60-259, W.G. Abbott, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1874, Vol.67, H.L. Churchill, 'Trade of Gilan', in PAP, 1893/94, Vol.95 [not paginated].
20. K.E. Abbott: Narrative of a Journey from Tabriz along the Shores of the Caspian Sea to Tehran, 1843/44, FO 251-40. H.L. Churchill, 'Trade of Gilan', in PA P, 1897, Vols. 97, and 98 [not paginated].
21. K.E. Abbott: Narrative of a Journey from Tabriz along the Shores of the Caspian Sea to Tehran, 1843/44, FO 251-40. H.L. Churchill, 'Trade of Gilan', in PA P, 1897, Vols. 97, and 98 [not paginated].
22. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
23. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
24. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
25. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
26. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
27. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
28. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
29. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
30. C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), pp.25, 336. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), p.215, M.A. Jamalzadeh: Ganj-e Shaigan (Berlin, 1916), pp. 118-19. F. Adamiyat: Amir Kabir va Iran, Tehran 1969, pp.277-90. Lady Sheil: Glimpses of Life und Manners in Persia (London, 1856), pp.387-8, A. Herbert, 'Present State of Persia', in PAP, 1886, Vol.67 [not paginated], N. Curzon (1892), Vol.2, p.481. A. Herbert, Internal State of Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.5392, 1886a, p. 19, M. Durand, Memorandum on the Situation in Persia, FO Confidential Prints, No.6704, 1895, p.37.
31. See Sheil, pp.387-8. A. Herbert (1886a), p. 19.
32. See Sheil, pp.387-8. A. Herbert (1886a), p. 19.
33. F. Adamiyat, Amir Kubir va Iran (Tehran, 1969), pp.277-80.
34. W.B. Selby, 'Account of the Ascent of the Karun and Dizful Rivers and the Ab-i- Gargar Canal to Shushtar, in Journal of Royal Geographical Society (1844), p.233.
35. Ibid., p.234.
36. M. A. Sayyah, Khaterat ... ya Doure'ye Khouf-o Vahshat (Tehran, 1967), pp.13-16.
37. V.A. Kasakovski : Khaterat ... (Tehran [translated from Russian] 1976), p. 183.
38. W.M. Floor: The Merchants [Tujjar] in Qajar Iran, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft (1976), p.116.
39. E. Stack, Six Months in Persia, 2 vols. (London 1882), Vol.1, pp.48-9.
40. E.B. Eastwick, 'Trade of Khorasan', in PAP 1863, Vol.70 [not paginated].
41. Quoted from H.L. Rabino, 'Trade of the Province of Kermanshah', in PAP, 1904, Vol. 100 [not paginated].
42. Durand, Memorandum ..., 1895, p.37.
43. K. Marx, Capital (Moscow, 1977), Vol.1, pp. 130-31.
44. A. Seyf, 'Some Aspects of Economic Development in Iran, 1800-1906' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading 1982 [hereafter Thesis]), pp.545-8.
45. J.M. Kinnier, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire (London, 1813), p.37.
46. Ibid., pp.92-93
47. W.R. Holmes, Sketches on the Shores of the Caspian Sea in 1843 (London, 1845), p. 12.
48. K.E. Abbott, Dispatch 30 Sept., FO 60-107, 1844.
49. See Seyf, Thesis, pp 161-3.
50. A. Seyf, 'Technical Changes in Iranian Agriculture, 1800-1906', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.4 (1984). See also A. Seyf, Eqhtesad-e Iran dar Gharn-e Noozdahom (Tehran, 1994).
51. A. Seyf, 'Technical Changes in Iranian Agriculture, 1800-1906', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.4 (1984). See also A. Seyf, Eqhtesad-e Iran dar Gharn-e Noozdahom (Tehran, 1994).
52. H. Picot, Biographical Notices of Members of the Roval Family, Notables, Merchants and Clergy, FO Confidential Prints, No.70281897, p.67.
53. Ibid., p.67.
54. Ibid., p.65.
55. Ibid., pp.72, 90, 115.
56. Ibid., pp.63-8.
57. J.B. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Accounts of Persia (New York, 1843), pp.226-7.
58. R.F. Thomson, Trade of Persia', in PAP, 1864, Vol.61 [not paginated].
59. See A. Seyf, Thesis, pp.365-425.
60. Ibid., pp 161-3.
61. H.M. Jones, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP 1871, Vol.65 [not paginated].
62. G.C. Napier, Collection of Journal and Reports on Special Duty in Persia, 1874, Strictly Confidential (London, 1876), p.225.
63. H.W. Maclean, 'Report on the Conditions and Prospects of British Trade in Persia', in PAP, 1904, Vol.95, p.56.
64. Ibid., p.63.
65. A.M. Gleadowe-Newcomen: Report on the British Indian Commercial Mission to South Eastern Persia during 1904-05, FO Confidential Prints, No.8778*, 1905, pp.49, 61.
66. J.R. Preece, 'Journey to Yazd, Kerman, Shiniz ... and on the Trade of Isfahan', in PAP, 1894, Vol.87, p.34, E.C. Ross, 'Trade of the Persian Gulf', in PAP, 1880, Vol.73 [not paginated].
67. J.R. Preece, 'Journey to Yazd, Kerman, Shiniz ... and on the Trade of Isfahan', in PAP, 1894, Vol.87, p.34, E.C. Ross, 'Trade of the Persian Gulf', in PAP, 1880, Vol.73 [not paginated].
68. H.L. Rabino, 'Trade of the Province of Asterabad', in PAP, 1909, Vol.97 [not paginated]
69. A. Seyf, Thesis, p.253.
70. H. L. Rabino, 'Trade of the Province of Kermanshah', in PA P, 1903, Vol.78 [not paginated].
71. A. Seyt, Eqhtesad-e Iran ..., 1994, pp.304-5.
72. A. Seyf, Thesis, p.595.
73. K.E. Abbot, Trade, Manufactures and Production of Various Cities ... of Persia 1849/50, FO 60-165 [not paginated].
74. Quoted in C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971 ), p.269, and H.M. Jones, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP, 1873, Vol.68 [not paginated].
75. Quoted in C. Issawi (ed.), The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971 ), p.269, and H.M. Jones, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP, 1873, Vol.68 [not paginated].
76. See Issawi, p.285.
77. Ibid, p.286.
78. J.R. Preece, 'Trade of Isfahan and Yazd', in PAP, 1896, Vol.88 [not paginated].
79. See A. Seyf, Eqhtesad-e Iran ..., especially the chapter on famine.
80. Quoted in C. Issawi, p.37.
81. For further details, see A. Seyf, Thesis, esp. chs. 7, 8, 9.
82. See P.M. Sykes, 'Trade of Kerman', in PAP, 1904, Vol.100.
83. Quoted in C. Issawi, p.269.
84. K.E. Abbott, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP, 1867/68, Vol.68 [not paginated].
85. H.M. Jones, 'Trade of Azarbijan', in PAP, 1871, Vol.65 [not paginated].
86. W.G. Abbott, 'Importation of Cotton Goods of an Inferior Quality into Persia', in PAP, 1887, Vol.82 [not paginated].
87. E. Taymuri, Asr Bi Khabari ya Tarikh-e Emtiyazat dar Iran (Tehran, 1953), p. 12.
88. For full details, see, M. Mahmood, Tarikh-e Reavabet-e Siyasi-ye Iran ba Englis dar Gharn-e Nuzdahom-e Miladi, Tehran, 1974 [New edition], 8 vols., Vol.1, pp.292-7.
89. K.E. Abbott, dispatch. 1 December 1858, FO 60-241.
90. K.E, Abbott, Cities ..., FO 60-165.
91. E. Hertslet, Memorandum of Instances in which Great Britain has been actually at war with Foreign States ... with or without the knowledge of Parliament since 1815, FO Confidential Prints, No.3878, 1878, p.29.
92. Bonham, 'Trade of Tabriz', 1839/40, in FO 60-75 [not paginated].
93. For further details see A. Seyf, Thesis, pp.277-87, 484-533.
94. E. Hertslet (1878), p.30.
95. Stevens, dispatch, 26 February 1851, in FO 60- 166 [not paginated].
96. Stevens, dispatch 1 December 1851, in FO 60-241 [not paginated].
97. C. Issawi, 9, 108.
98. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
99. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
100. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
101. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
102. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
103. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
104. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
105. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
106. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
107. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
108. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
109. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
110. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.
111. See the Indian official statistics published by India Office, and Board of Trade, in Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1874. Vol.lxx, 1875, Vol.lv, 1876, Vol.lvii, 1881, Vol.lxxxviii, 1886, Vol.xlix, 1890/91 Vol.lviii, 1896, Vol.lxii, 1897, Vol.lxv, 1898, Vol.lxiv, 1899, Vol.kxvia, 1900, Vol.lviii, 1901, Vol.1, 1902, Vol.lxxiv, 1907, Vol.lix. Data used in the calculations reported in the text have been compiled from these sources.