Religion and national identity in Saudi Arabia

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 34-53

  Nevo, Joseph ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ISLAMISM; NATIONAL IDENTITY; POLITICAL SYSTEM; RELIGION; STATE BUILDING;

SAUDI ARABIA;

EID: 0031729997     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209808701231     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Mamoun Hamza al-Fandy, 'State Islam and State Violence: The Case of Saudi Arabia' (Ph.D., Southern Illinois University, 1993), p.32 (hereafter Fandy).
2. M. Ghaysuddin (ed.), The Impact of Nationalism on the Muslim World (London, 1986), P.VII.
3. Fandy, p.41.
4. Ayda Athopaiti, 'A Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Arab and World History in Saudi Arabian and Egyptian High School Textbooks since 1900' (Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1987), p.4 (hereafter Athopaiti); The decree establishing the Consultative Assembly (majlis al-shura), 27 Sha'ban 1412, Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz Sulayman, AlShura fi al-Islam (Cairo, 1994), p. 162 ; Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd's speech).
5. Ayda Athopaiti, 'A Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Arab and World History in Saudi Arabian and Egyptian High School Textbooks since 1900' (Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1987), p.4 (hereafter Athopaiti); The decree establishing the Consultative Assembly (majlis al-shura), 27 Sha'ban 1412, Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz Sulayman, AlShura fi al-Islam (Cairo, 1994), p. 162 ; Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd's speech).
6. Ayda Athopaiti, 'A Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Arab and World History in Saudi Arabian and Egyptian High School Textbooks since 1900' (Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1987), p.4 (hereafter Athopaiti); The decree establishing the Consultative Assembly (majlis al-shura), 27 Sha'ban 1412, Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz Sulayman, AlShura fi al-Islam (Cairo, 1994), p. 162 ; Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd's speech).
7. Aharon Layish, 'Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Metin Heper and Raphael Israeli (eds.), Islam and Politics in the Modern Middle East (London, 1984), p.29 (hereafter Layish, 'Ulama'); T.R. McHale, 'A Prospect of Saudi Arabia', International Affairs, Vol.56 (Autumn, 1980), p.634 ; Abd al-Aziz I. Al-Sweel, Saudi Arabia: A Kingdom in Transition (Washington, 1993) (hereafter Al-Sweel), pp.27, 37, 50; Basic Law of Government, articles 1, 6, 7.
8. Aharon Layish, 'Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Metin Heper and Raphael Israeli (eds.), Islam and Politics in the Modern Middle East (London, 1984), p.29 (hereafter Layish, 'Ulama'); T.R. McHale, 'A Prospect of Saudi Arabia', International Affairs, Vol.56 (Autumn, 1980), p.634 ; Abd al-Aziz I. Al-Sweel, Saudi Arabia: A Kingdom in Transition (Washington, 1993) (hereafter Al-Sweel), pp.27, 37, 50; Basic Law of Government, articles 1, 6, 7.
9. Aharon Layish, 'Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Metin Heper and Raphael Israeli (eds.), Islam and Politics in the Modern Middle East (London, 1984), p.29 (hereafter Layish, 'Ulama'); T.R. McHale, 'A Prospect of Saudi Arabia', International Affairs, Vol.56 (Autumn, 1980), p.634 ; Abd al-Aziz I. Al-Sweel, Saudi Arabia: A Kingdom in Transition (Washington, 1993) (hereafter Al-Sweel), pp.27, 37, 50; Basic Law of Government, articles 1, 6, 7.
10. Aharon Layish, 'Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Metin Heper and Raphael Israeli (eds.), Islam and Politics in the Modern Middle East (London, 1984), p.29 (hereafter Layish, 'Ulama'); T.R. McHale, 'A Prospect of Saudi Arabia', International Affairs, Vol.56 (Autumn, 1980), p.634 ; Abd al-Aziz I. Al-Sweel, Saudi Arabia: A Kingdom in Transition (Washington, 1993) (hereafter Al-Sweel), pp.27, 37, 50; Basic Law of Government, articles 1, 6, 7.
11. Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabian Legal Reform as a Mechanism to Moderate the Wahhbiyya', Hamizrah Hehadash, Vol.XXXI (1986), p. 105 (hereafter Layish, 'Saudi Arabia'). See also James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States (Cambridge and London, 1986), p. 123 (hereafter Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States).
12. Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabian Legal Reform as a Mechanism to Moderate the Wahhbiyya', Hamizrah Hehadash, Vol.XXXI (1986), p. 105 (hereafter Layish, 'Saudi Arabia'). See also James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States (Cambridge and London, 1986), p. 123 (hereafter Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States).
13. R. Hrair Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', in Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World (Syracuse University Press, 1985), p.137 (hereafter Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia').
14. Ameen Rihani, Ibn Sa' oud of Arabia, His People and His Land (London, 1928), p.39; Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd's speech).
15. Ameen Rihani, Ibn Sa' oud of Arabia, His People and His Land (London, 1928), p.39; Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd's speech).
16. Mohamad A. Atar, 'Quest for Identity: The Role of the Textbook in Forming Saudi Arabian Identity' (Ph.D., University of Oregon, 1988), pp.139-40, 143-4 (hereafter Atar): Hammad I. Salloom, Education in Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1995), p.33 (hereafter Salloom); Richard Chesnoff, 'A Volatile Mixture in a Desert Kingdom', US News and World Report 24 June 1996, p.44 (hereafter Chesnoff).
17. Mohamad A. Atar, 'Quest for Identity: The Role of the Textbook in Forming Saudi Arabian Identity' (Ph.D., University of Oregon, 1988), pp.139-40, 143-4 (hereafter Atar): Hammad I. Salloom, Education in Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1995), p.33 (hereafter Salloom); Richard Chesnoff, 'A Volatile Mixture in a Desert Kingdom', US News and World Report 24 June 1996, p.44 (hereafter Chesnoff).
18. Mohamad A. Atar, 'Quest for Identity: The Role of the Textbook in Forming Saudi Arabian Identity' (Ph.D., University of Oregon, 1988), pp.139-40, 143-4 (hereafter Atar): Hammad I. Salloom, Education in Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1995), p.33 (hereafter Salloom); Richard Chesnoff, 'A Volatile Mixture in a Desert Kingdom', US News and World Report 24 June 1996, p.44 (hereafter Chesnoff).
19. Salloom, pp. 1, 15-19; Basic Law of Government, article 13.
20. Salloom, pp. 1, 15-19; Basic Law of Government, article 13.
21. Ayman al-Yassini, Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Boulder, CO and London, 1985), pp.102, 111 (hereafter Yassini).
22. Michael Cook, 'The Expansion of the First Saudi State: The Case of Washm', in C.E. Bosworth, Charles Issawi, Roger Savory and A.L. Udovich (eds.), The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis (Princeton, 1989), p.661.
23. L.R. Goldrop, 'Saudi Arabia: 1902-1932: Development of a Wahhabi Society' (Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, 1971), pp.10-19.
24. Layish, 'Ulama', p.56; see also: H. Laoust, 'Ibn Taymiyya', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, Vol.III (Leiden, 1960), p.954.
25. Layish, 'Ulama', p.56; see also: H. Laoust, 'Ibn Taymiyya', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, Vol.III (Leiden, 1960), p.954.
26. M.J. Crawford, 'Civil War, Foreign Intervention and the Question of Political Legitimacy: A Nineteenth-Century Saudi Qadi's Dilemma', International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES) Vol.14 (1982), p.228.
27. J.L. Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol.II (London, 1831), pp.145-6, 151-62; Fuad Abd al-Mun'im Ahmad, Usul Nizam al-Hukm fi al-Islam, Ma' Buyan alTatbiq fi al-Mamlaka al-Arahiya al-Sa'udiya (Alexandria, 1991), p.298 (hereafter Fuad Abd al-Mun'im Ahmad).
28. J.L. Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, Vol.II (London, 1831), pp.145-6, 151-62; Fuad Abd al-Mun'im Ahmad, Usul Nizam al-Hukm fi al-Islam, Ma' Buyan alTatbiq fi al-Mamlaka al-Arahiya al-Sa'udiya (Alexandria, 1991), p.298 (hereafter Fuad Abd al-Mun'im Ahmad).
29. On Al-Utaybi's 'letters' to the Saudi people see: Rifat Sayid Ahmad (ed.), Ras'li Juhayman al-' Utaybi: Qa'id al-Muqtahimin lil-Masjid al-Haram bi-Makka (Cairo, 1988); Abd al-Latif al-'Amr, Al-Haraka al-Islamiya fi al-Jazira al-'Arabiya (n.p., 1406 [1985]), p.119 (hereafter Abd al-Latif al-'Amru).
30. On Al-Utaybi's 'letters' to the Saudi people see: Rifat Sayid Ahmad (ed.), Ras'li Juhayman al-' Utaybi: Qa'id al-Muqtahimin lil-Masjid al-Haram bi-Makka (Cairo, 1988); Abd al-Latif al-'Amr, Al-Haraka al-Islamiya fi al-Jazira al-'Arabiya (n.p., 1406 [1985]), p.119 (hereafter Abd al-Latif al-'Amru).
31. R. Hrair Dekmejian, 'The Rise of Political Islam in Saudi Arabia', Middle East Journal, Vol.48, No.4 (Autumn 1994), p.629 (hereafter Dekmejian, 'Political Islam').
32. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
33. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
34. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
35. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
36. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
37. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
38. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
39. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
40. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
41. Dekmejian, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 147; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-4; Atar, p.75; Yassini, p. 123; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.831-3. On the organized opposition groups, particularly the Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights (CDLR: founded in May 1993) and the Committee for Advice and Reform (CAR: founded in April 1994) see Madawi al-Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', Current History, Vol.95, No.957 (January, 1996), pp.16-22 (hereafter Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition'); Middle East Contempory Survey (MECS), Vol.17, 1993 (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp.575, 577-8; Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 1st quarter, 1996, pp.9-10; 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.8-9; 3rd quarter, 1996, pp. 8-9.
42. See for example: Fuad Abd al-Mun'im Ahmad, particularly pp.322 ff.
43. Amin al-Sa'ati, Al-Shura fi al-Mamlaka al-'Arabiya al-Sa'udiya (Cairo, 1992), pp.109-15 (hereafter Amin al-Sa'ati).
44. Al-Sharq al-Awsat 22 Dec. 1992; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.642-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.4, 8.
45. Al-Sharq al-Awsat 22 Dec. 1992; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.642-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.4, 8.
46. Al-Sharq al-Awsat 22 Dec. 1992; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.642-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter, 1996, pp.4, 8.
47. Fandy, pp.32, 39; Yassini, p.XI.
48. Fandy, pp.32, 39; Yassini, p.XI.
49. Layish, 'Ulama', p.29: Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 126.
50. Layish, 'Ulama', p.29: Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 126.
51. Fandy, p.94; Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp.127-9; Layish, 'Ulama', pp.50 51 : Al-Sweel, p.53; Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), p.361 (hereafter Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation'); Clive Jones, 'Saudi Arabia After the Gulf War: The Internal-External Security Dilemma', International Relations, Vol.12. No.6 (December 1995), p. 36.
52. Fandy, p.94; Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp.127-9; Layish, 'Ulama', pp.50 51 : Al-Sweel, p.53; Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), p.361 (hereafter Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation'); Clive Jones, 'Saudi Arabia After the Gulf War: The Internal-External Security Dilemma', International Relations, Vol.12. No.6 (December 1995), p. 36.
53. Fandy, p.94; Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp.127-9; Layish, 'Ulama', pp.50-51 : Al-Sweel, p.53; Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), p.361 (hereafter Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation'); Clive Jones, 'Saudi Arabia After the Gulf War: The Internal-External Security Dilemma', International Relations, Vol.12. No.6 (December 1995), p. 36.
54. Fandy, p.94; Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp.127-9; Layish, 'Ulama', pp.50 51 : Al-Sweel, p.53; Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), p.361 (hereafter Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation'); Clive Jones, 'Saudi Arabia After the Gulf War: The Internal-External Security Dilemma', International Relations, Vol.12. No.6 (December 1995), p. 36.
55. Fandy, p.94; Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp.127-9; Layish, 'Ulama', pp.50 51 : Al-Sweel, p.53; Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), p.361 (hereafter Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation'); Clive Jones, 'Saudi Arabia After the Gulf War: The Internal-External Security Dilemma', International Relations, Vol.12. No.6 (December 1995), p. 36.
56. Fandy, p.94; Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp.127-9; Layish, 'Ulama', pp.50 51 : Al-Sweel, p.53; Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), p.361 (hereafter Rasheed, 'God, The King and the Nation'); Clive Jones, 'Saudi Arabia After the Gulf War: The Internal-External Security Dilemma', International Relations, Vol.12. No.6 (December 1995), p. 36.
57. Fandy, p.62.
58. Yassini, pp.59, 67 8, 71-2; Fandy, pp.52-4.
59. Yassini, pp.59, 67 8, 71-2; Fandy, pp.52-4.
60. Fandy, p.52; The Middle East and North Africa, 1981-82 (London, 1981), pp.678-9; Yassini, pp.68, 98; Atar, pp.73-4.
61. Fandy, p.52; The Middle East and North Africa, 1981-82 (London, 1981), pp.678-9; Yassini, pp.68, 98; Atar, pp.73-4.
62. Fandy, p.52; The Middle East and North Africa, 1981-82 (London, 1981), pp.678-9; Yassini, pp.68, 98; Atar, pp.73-4.
63. Fandy, p.52; The Middle East and North Africa, 1981-82 (London, 1981), pp.678-9; Yassini, pp.68, 98; Atar, pp.73-4.
64. John Demetrios Sotos, 'Principles, Pragmatism, and the Al Saud: The Role of Islamic Ideas in Political Dissent In Saudi Arabia 1919-1982' (MA thesis. The American University, 1982), p. 170.
65. R. Stephen Humphrys, 'Islam and Political Values in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria', Middle East Journal. Vol.33. No.1 (1979), p.4 (hereafter Humphrys). In the last two decades, members of the Al-Sheikh family served, beside their traditional positions as ministers of Justice and of Higher Education, also as Minister for Rural and Municipal affairs and Minister of Water and Agriculture. The last-named, Dr Abd al-Rahman bin Abd al-Aziz bin Hassan Al Sheikh, gained his Ph.D. at a US university. Yassini, pp.99-101; MECS, Vol.17 (1993), p.596; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852.
66. R. Stephen Humphrys, 'Islam and Political Values in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria', Middle East Journal. Vol.33. No.1 (1979), p.4 (hereafter Humphrys). In the last two decades, members of the Al-Sheikh family served, beside their traditional positions as ministers of Justice and of Higher Education, also as Minister for Rural and Municipal affairs and Minister of Water and Agriculture. The last-named, Dr Abd al-Rahman bin Abd al-Aziz bin Hassan Al Sheikh, gained his Ph.D. at a US university. Yassini, pp.99-101; MECS, Vol.17 (1993), p.596; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852.
67. R. Stephen Humphrys, 'Islam and Political Values in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria', Middle East Journal. Vol.33. No.1 (1979), p.4 (hereafter Humphrys). In the last two decades, members of the Al-Sheikh family served, beside their traditional positions as ministers of Justice and of Higher Education, also as Minister for Rural and Municipal affairs and Minister of Water and Agriculture. The last-named, Dr Abd al-Rahman bin Abd al-Aziz bin Hassan Al Sheikh, gained his Ph.D. at a US university. Yassini, pp.99-101; MECS, Vol.17 (1993), p.596; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852.
68. Suleiman Ibrahim Toufic, 'The Emergence of a National Identity in Saudi Arabia' (Ph.D., University of Indiana, 1985), p.237 (hereafter Toufic): Atar, pp.71, 75.
69. Suleiman Ibrahim Toufic, 'The Emergence of a National Identity in Saudi Arabia' (Ph.D., University of Indiana, 1985), p.237 (hereafter Toufic): Atar, pp.71, 75.
70. Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', p. 105.
71. In the mid-1990s 14 out of 23 Saudi cabinet ministers held Ph.Ds., as did five out of the six ministers without portfolio.
72. See, for example, Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-Slates, pp. 123-4.
73. Yassini, pp.73-9, 97-105: Fandy, pp.52-3; Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852. The best analysis of the reform and its meaning is in Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp. 104-37.
74. Yassini, pp.73-9, 97-105: Fandy, pp.52-3; Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852. The best analysis of the reform and its meaning is in Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp. 104-37.
75. Yassini, pp.73-9, 97-105: Fandy, pp.52-3; Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852. The best analysis of the reform and its meaning is in Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp. 104-37.
76. Yassini, pp.73-9, 97-105: Fandy, pp.52-3; Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852. The best analysis of the reform and its meaning is in Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp. 104-37.
77. Yassini, pp.73-9, 97-105: Fandy, pp.52-3; Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), p.852. The best analysis of the reform and its meaning is in Aharon Layish, 'Saudi Arabia', pp. 104-37.
78. Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.832-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter 1996, p.8; Gulf States Newsletter, Vol.20, No.517, 14 Aug. 1995; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.639-40.
79. Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.832-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter 1996, p.8; Gulf States Newsletter, Vol.20, No.517, 14 Aug. 1995; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.639-40.
80. Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.832-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter 1996, p.8; Gulf States Newsletter, Vol.20, No.517, 14 Aug. 1995; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.639-40.
81. Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.832-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter 1996, p.8; Gulf States Newsletter, Vol.20, No.517, 14 Aug. 1995; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.639-40.
82. Al-Sweel, p.53; The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London, 1995), pp.832-3; EIU, Country Report, Saudi Arabia, 2nd quarter 1996, p.8; Gulf States Newsletter, Vol.20, No.517, 14 Aug. 1995; Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.639-40.
83. The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London. 1995), pp.832-3; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.363.
84. The Middle East and North Africa 1996 (London. 1995), pp.832-3; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.363.
85. Yassini, p.XI; William Ochsenwald, 'Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival', IJMES, Vol. 13 (1981), p.274: Abd al-Latif al 'Amru, p. 121.
86. Yassini, p.XI; William Ochsenwald, 'Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival', IJMES, Vol. 13 (1981), p.274: Abd al-Latif al 'Amru, p. 121.
87. Yassini, p.XI; William Ochsenwald, 'Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival', IJMES, Vol. 13 (1981), p.274: Abd al-Latif al 'Amru, p. 121.
88. Humphrys, p.8; Helen Lackner, A House Built on Sand: A Political Economy of Saudi Arabia (London, 1978), p.215 (hereafter Lackner).
89. Humphrys, p.8; Helen Lackner, A House Built on Sand: A Political Economy of Saudi Arabia (London, 1978), p.215 (hereafter Lackner).
90. Farouk A. Sankari, 'Islam and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Ali al-Din Hilal al-Dossouqi (ed.), Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World (New York, 1982), p.181; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.368; Al-Sweel, pp.50-51.
91. Farouk A. Sankari, 'Islam and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Ali al-Din Hilal al-Dossouqi (ed.), Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World (New York, 1982), p.181; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.368; Al-Sweel, pp.50-51.
92. Farouk A. Sankari, 'Islam and Politics in Saudi Arabia', in Ali al-Din Hilal al-Dossouqi (ed.), Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World (New York, 1982), p.181; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.368; Al-Sweel, pp.50-51.
93. Layish, 'Ulama', pp.55-7.
94. Lackner, p.217.
95. Athopaiti, p. 154; see also Atar, p. 156.
96. Athopaiti, p. 154; see also Atar, p. 156.
97. James Piscatori, 'The Formation of the Saudi Identity: A Case Study of the Utility of Transitionalism', in John F. Stach Jr. (ed.), Ethnic Identities in a Transitional World (Westport, CT, 1981), pp.115, 118 (hereafter Piscatori, 'The Formation'); Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States, pp.96, 109-110.
98. James Piscatori, 'The Formation of the Saudi Identity: A Case Study of the Utility of Transitionalism', in John F. Stach Jr. (ed.), Ethnic Identities in a Transitional World (Westport, CT, 1981), pp.115, 118 (hereafter Piscatori, 'The Formation'); Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States, pp.96, 109-110.
99. Piscatori, The Formation', p. 131.
100. Joeph J. Malone, 'Islam in Politics: Saudi Arabia', The Muslim World, Vol.56 (1966), p.294; Atar, p.37.
101. Joeph J. Malone, 'Islam in Politics: Saudi Arabia', The Muslim World, Vol.56 (1966), p.294; Atar, p.37.
102. Atar, pp.37-8; Piscatori, The Formation', pp. 127-8, 131; Toufic, pp.271-3.
103. Atar, pp.37-8; Piscatori, The Formation', pp. 127-8, 131; Toufic, pp.271-3.
104. Atar, pp.37-8; Piscatori, The Formation', pp. 127-8, 131; Toufic, pp.271-3.
105. Al-Sweel, pp.49-50; Amin Sa'ati, pp. 132-45.
106. Al-Sweel, pp.49-50; Amin Sa'ati, pp. 132-45.
107. Salloom, p.6.
108. Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-32; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', pp. 361-3; Michael G. Nehme, 'Political Development in Saudi Arabia: Empty Reforms from Above', International Sociology, Vol.10, No.2 (June 1995), pp. 161-2.
109. Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-32; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', pp. 361-3; Michael G. Nehme, 'Political Development in Saudi Arabia: Empty Reforms from Above', International Sociology, Vol.10, No.2 (June 1995), pp. 161-2.
110. Dekmejian, 'Political Islam', pp.630-32; Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', pp. 361-3; Michael G. Nehme, 'Political Development in Saudi Arabia: Empty Reforms from Above', International Sociology, Vol.10, No.2 (June 1995), pp. 161-2.
111. Basic Law of Government, articles 1-8, 11, 13, 23-6, 55-8, 69; Shura Council Statute, articles, 1-3, 11, 14, 25; Regions' Statute, articles 1, 6, 15, 16.
112. Basic Law of Government, articles 1-8, 11, 13, 23-6, 55-8, 69; Shura Council Statute, articles, 1-3, 11, 14, 25; Regions' Statute, articles 1, 6, 15, 16.
113. Basic Law of Government, articles 1-8, 11, 13, 23-6, 55-8, 69; Shura Council Statute, articles, 1-3, 11, 14, 25; Regions' Statute, articles 1, 6, 15, 16.
114. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd speech); Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.370; Piscatori, 'The Formation', p. 133.
115. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd speech); Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.370; Piscatori, 'The Formation', p. 133.
116. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 22 Aug. 1993 (King Fahd speech); Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.370; Piscatori, 'The Formation', p. 133.
117. Athopaiti, pp.19, 160; Atar, pp.98-9; Salloom, p.29.
118. Athopaiti, pp.19, 160; Atar, pp.98-9; Salloom, p.29.
119. Athopaiti, pp.19, 160; Atar, pp.98-9; Salloom, p.29.
120. Athopaiti, pp.4, 95, 98, 126, 250; Atar, pp.149, 156; Salloom, p.40.
121. Athopaiti, pp.4, 95, 98, 126, 250; Atar, pp.149, 156; Salloom, p.40.
122. Athopaiti, pp.4, 95, 98, 126, 250; Atar, pp.149, 156; Salloom, p.40.
123. An exception to the rule is the Saudi national anthem from the time of King Saud (1953-64). Its refrain goes: 'Long live the King, long live the Homeland' ('Asha al-Malik, 'Asha al-Watan), yet it contains more Arab and pan-Arab motifs than Islamic ones (the King is referred to as 'leader of Arabism'), Salih bin 'Aun bin Hashim al-Ghamadi, Jalalat al-Malik Saud bin Abd al-'Aziz (Qaliyub, 1994), p. 10 (hereafter Ghamadi). It probably reflects the bitter struggle between the Saudi royal family and Jamal Abd Al-Nasser, then the harbinger of pan- Arabism.
124. Norman C. Walpole and others, Area Handbook for Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1971), p.202 (hereafter Area Handbook); Fandy, p.44; Toufic, p.274; Basic Law of Government, articles 3-4.
125. Norman C. Walpole and others, Area Handbook for Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1971), p.202 (hereafter Area Handbook); Fandy, p.44; Toufic, p.274; Basic Law of Government, articles 3-4.
126. Norman C. Walpole and others, Area Handbook for Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1971), p.202 (hereafter Area Handbook); Fandy, p.44; Toufic, p.274; Basic Law of Government, articles 3-4.
127. Norman C. Walpole and others, Area Handbook for Saudi Arabia (Washington, 1971), p.202 (hereafter Area Handbook); Fandy, p.44; Toufic, p.274; Basic Law of Government, articles 3-4.
128. Stanley Gibbons, Stamps of the World (London, 1977), pp. 1203-207; Scott Standard Stamp Catalogue (New York, 1980), pp.450-51; Ghamadi, p.11.
129. Stanley Gibbons, Stamps of the World (London, 1977), pp. 1203-207; Scott Standard Stamp Catalogue (New York, 1980), pp.450-51; Ghamadi, p.11.
130. Stanley Gibbons, Stamps of the World (London, 1977), pp. 1203-207; Scott Standard Stamp Catalogue (New York, 1980), pp.450-51; Ghamadi, p.11.
131. Area Handbook, p.202.
132. Al-Sweel, p.51.
133. See for example: Chesnoff, pp.44; Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', pp. 16ff.
134. See for example: Chesnoff, pp.44; Rasheed, 'Saudi Arabia's Islamic Opposition', pp. 16ff.
135. Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation', p.371.