Evaluation of neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products

Journal of Applied Toxicology

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 409-420

  Olajos, E J ^a,c   Olson, C T ^b   Salem, H ^a   Singer, A W ^b   Hayes, T L ^b   Menton, R G ^b   Miller, T L ^b   Rosso, T ^a   MacIver, B ^a  

^a Edgewood Res Devmt and Eng Center   (United States)

^b BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c U S ARMY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blistering agents; Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS); Chemical neutralization; Dermal toxicity; Guinea pig (hairless); Lewisite (L); Microvesication; Nitrogen mustard (HN); Rapid Response System (RRS); Sulfur mustard (HD)

Indexed keywords

1,3 DICHLORO 5,5 DIMETHYLHYDANTOIN; CHARCOAL; CHEMICAL AGENT; CHLORMETHINE; CHLOROFORM; LEWISITE; MUSTARD GAS; REAGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BLISTER; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEGRADATION; EDEMA; ERYTHEMA; GUINEA PIG; HISTOPATHOLOGY; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN INJURY; SKIN IRRITATION; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TRAINING;

ANIMALS; ARSENIC POISONING; ARSENICALS; BLISTER; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; GUINEA PIGS; HYDANTOINS; IRRITANTS; MALE; MECHLORETHAMINE; MUSTARD GAS; SKIN DISEASES; TIME FACTORS;

ANIMALIA; CAVIA; CAVIA PORCELLUS; SUS SCROFA;

EID: 0031722739     PISSN: 0260437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199811/12)18:6<409::AID-JAT515>3.0.CO;2-Z     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) Information Package (November 1995). US Army Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization (PMCD), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (1995).
2. R. E. Milliard, Chemical demilitarization program. In Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies, NATO ASI Series (1, Vol. 12), ed. by F. W. Holm, pp. 1-18, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1997).
3. R. E. Hilliard, Mobile demilitarization systems. In Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies, NATO ASI Series (1, Vol. 12), ed. by F. W. Holm, pp. 83-102, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1997).
4. S. J. Rosenberg, Detoxification of war gas identification sets containing charcoal impregnated with chemical agent, ARCSL-TR-77014, unclassified report, June 1977. Chemical Systems Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (1977).
5. N. J. Rescigno and M. L. Duggan, Demilitarization and disposal of obsolete identification and training sets: chemical neutralization. ARCSL-CR-77036, unclassified report, August 1977. Chemical Systems Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (1977).
6. E. J. Olajos, K. P. Cameron, R. A. Way, J. H. Manthei, D. H. Heitkamp, D. M. Bona and S. A. Thomson, Dermal toxicity evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) with an overview of the dermal toxicity of vesicant agents and their degradation products. ERDEC-TR-372, unclassified report, October 1996. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (1996).
7. M. D. Chatfield, M. M. Carrabba and B. K. Maclver, Evaluation of fiber optic raman spectroscopy systems for the non-intrusive segregation of chemical agent identification sets. ERDEC-CR-178, unclassified report. May 1995. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (1995).
8. S. V. Lucas, Interim GC-MS for the determination of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (HD), bis(2-chloroethyl) ethylamine (HN-1), and dichloro-(2-chlorovinyl) arsine (L) in neutralization mixture based on 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) - oxidation in organic solvent (RRS neutralization system), draft report, June 1996. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, (1996).
9. D. D. Marlow, M. M. Mershon, L. W. Mitcheltree, J. P. Petrali and G. P. Jaax, Sulfur mustard-induced skin injury in guinea-pigs. J. Toxicol. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 9, 179-192 (1990).
10. M. M. Mershon, L. W. Mitcheltree, J. P. Petrali, E. H. Braue and J. V. Wade, Hairless guinea pig bioassay model for vesicant vapor exposures. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15, 622-630 (1990).
11. E. H. Braue, I. Koplovitz, L. W. Mitcheltree, E. T. Clayson, M. R. Litchfield and C. R. Bangledorf, Characterization of the sulfur mustard vapor-induced cutaneous lesions on hairless guinea pigs. Toxicol. Methods 2, 242-254 (1992).
12. J. J. Yourick, J. S. Dawson and L. W. Mitcheltree, Sulfur mustard-induced microvesication in hairless guinea-pigs: effect of short-term niacinamide administration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 117, 104-109 (1992).
13. B. Papirmeister, C. L. Gross, J. P. Petrali and C. J. Hixson, Pathology produced by sulfur mustard in human skin graft on athymic nude mice: gross and light microscopic changes. J. Toxicol. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 3, 371-391 (1984).
14. J. H. Draize, Appraisal of the safety of chemicals and foods, drugs, and cosmetics. In Dermal Toxicity, pp. 49-52. Association of Food and Drug Officers of the USA, Topeka, KS (1965).
15. A. Agresti, Categorical Data Analysis, pp. 349-350. Wiley, New York (1990).
16. V. N. Aleksandrov, Toxic Agents, JPRS 4874B, September 1969. Joint Publications Research Service, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA (1969).
17. S. Franke, Manual of Military Chemistry, Vol. I, Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents. US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service (AD 849866), Springfield, VA (1967).
18. N. M. Bouder, Vesicant and chemically-related compounds - 1930 summary of data, EATR-332, unclassified report, October 1940. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD (1940).
19. W. P. Anslow and C. R. Houck, Systemic pharmacology and pathology of sulfur and nitrogen mustards. In Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC, Vol. 1, Parts III-VI, Chapt. 22, pp. 440-478 (unclassified). Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (1946).
20. F. S. Philips, Recent contributions to the pharmacology of bis(2-haloethyl) amines and sulfides. Pharmacol. Rev. Vol. 2, 281-323 (1950).
21. M. C. Henry, Literature review of sulfur mustard toxicity, USAMRICD-TR-91-01, unclassified report, January 1991. US Army Medical Research Institutes of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (1991).
22. B. Renshaw, Mechanisms in production of cutaneous injuries by sulfur and nitrogen mustards. In Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC, Vol. 1, Parts III and IV, Chapt. 23, pp. 479-518 (unclassified). Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (1946).
23. A. C. Cope, M. Gates and B. Renshaw, Nitrogen mustards. In Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC, Vol. 1, Parts I-III, Chapt. 6, pp. 59-82, (unclassified). Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (1946).
24. I. Graef, D. A. Karnofsky, V. B. Jager, B. Krichesky and H. W. Smith, The clinical and pathologic effects of the nitrogen and sulfur mustards in laboratory animals. Am. J. Pathol. 24, 1-47 (1948).
25. E. L. Wardell, Lewisite (M-1): 1940 summary of physiologic and toxicologic data, EATR-85, March 1941, unclassified report. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD (1940).
26. M. Gates, J. W. Williams and J. A. Zapp, Arsenicals. In Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC, Vol. 1, Parts I-II, Chapt. 7, pp. 83-114 (unclassified). Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (1946).
27. M. Goldman and J. C. Dacre, Lewisite: its chemistry, toxiocology, and bioiogic effects. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 110, 75-115 (1989).
28. W. R. Kirner, The effect of structure of organic halides on their rate of reaction with inorganic halides. II. The effect of the methylthio group - a new vesicant. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 50, 2446-2447 (1928).
29. T. P. Dawson and E. L. Wardell, A study of certain of the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of bis (β-chloroethyl) sulfide (mustard gas) and twenty one closely related sulfides. EATR 8, unclassified report, June 1930. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgweood Arsenal, MD, (1930).
30. F. G. Mann and W. J. Pope, Production and reactions of β,β′-dichloroethyl sulphide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 594-603 (1922).
31. R. A. Peters and E. Walker, Rate of liberation of acid by β,β′dichlorodiethyl sulfide and its relation to the 'acid' theory of skin vesication. Biochem. J. 17, 260-276 (1923).
32. W. E. Lawson and T. P. Dawson, Chlorination of β,β′-dichloroethyl sulfide I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 50, 3119-3125 (1927).
33. R. C. Fuson, C. S. Marvel, C. C. Price, E. Ginsberg, R. E. Foster, R. D. Lipscomb and B. C. McKusick, A survey of sulfur compounds that have been studied for vesicant activity, OSRD Report No. 1377, unclassified report, April 1943. National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific research and Development, Washington, DC (1943).
34. M. Bergmann, J. S. Fruton, C. Columbic, M. A. Stahmann and J. S. Stein, Chemical reactions of divinyl sulfone, H sulfone, and divinyl sulfoxide, OSRD Report No. 4546, unclassified report, January 1945. National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC (1945).
35. E. K. Marshall and J. W. Williams, The toxicity and skin irritant effect of certain derivatives of dichloroethyl sulfide. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 16, 259-272 (1921).
36. M. Gates and S. Moore, Mustard gas and other sulfur mustards. In Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NRDC, Vol 1, parts I and II, Chapt. 5, pp. 30-58 (unclassified). Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (1946).
37. H. D. Young, E. M. K. Geiling, and R. K. Cannan, Status report on toxicity and vesicant tests of compounds referred to the University of Chicago Toxicity Laboratory, OSRD Report No. 4176, unclassified report, October 1944. Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (1944).
38. J. F. Thomson, H. D. Young, J. Savit, E. Goldwasser, R. G. Murray, and P. DeBruyn, Test for vesicancy on human skin, OSRD Report No. 5194, unclassified report, June 1945. National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC (1945).
39. G. R. Cameron, H. M. Carleton and R. H. D. Short, Pathological changes induced by lewisite and allied compounds, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 58, 411-422 (1946).
40. J. E. Baldwin, W. J. Wells, and W. A. Eldridge, Toxicity of certain compounds on mice by inhalation and subcutaneous injection - vesicant and lachrimatory action on man, EAMRD-26, unclassified report, April 1924. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD (1924).
41. W. E. Lawson and T. P. Dawson, The chlorination of mustard gas, EAMRD-69, unclassified report, November 1926. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Aarsenal, Edgewood, MD (1926).
42. US EPA, Part III EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); Good Laboratory Practice Standards; Final Rule. Fed. Reg. 48 (230), 53922-53944 (1990).