Ethnic Representation in the Current Chinese Leadership

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 153, 1998, Pages 107-127

  Zang, Xiaowei ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031721376     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000003003     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
2. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
3. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
4. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
5. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
6. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
7. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
8. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
9. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
10. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
11. A. Goldstein, "Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (September 1994), pp. 714-730; H. Y. Lee, From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); C. Li, "University networks and the rise of Qinghua graduates in China's leadership," The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1994), pp. 1-30; Cheng Li and D. Bachman, "Localism, elitism, and immobilism," World Politics (October 1989), pp. 64-94; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers," Asian Survey (April 1988), pp. 371-399; Cheng Li and Lynn White, "Elite transformation and modern change in mainland China and Taiwan," The China Quarterly, No. 121 (March 1990), pp. 1-35; W. Mills, "Generational change in China," Problems of Communism (November-December 1983), pp. 16-35; T. Wong, "An analysis of the PRC's future elite: the third echelon," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 2 (1985), pp. 19-37; Xiaowei Zang, "Elite formation and the emergence of the bureaucratic-technocracy in post-Mao China," Studies in Comparative Communism (March 1991), pp. 114-123; Xiaowei Zang, "Provincial elite in post-Mao China," Asian Survey (June 1991), pp. 512-525; Xiaowei Zang, "The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or political technocracy?" Asian Survey (August 1993), pp. 787-803.
12. Who's Who in China - Current Leaders (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989); Who's Who in China - Current Leaders (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994).
13. Who's Who in China - Current Leaders (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989); Who's Who in China - Current Leaders (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994).
14. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
15. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
16. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
17. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
18. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
19. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
20. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
21. The following sources were used to check the data presented in Who's Who: Cai Kaisong and Yu Xinfeng et al., Ershi shiji zhongguo mingren cidian (A Dictionary of 20th-Century Well-Known Chinese Biographies) (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1991); Li Fangshi et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994); Liu Jintian et al., Lijie zhonggong zhongyang weiyuan renming cidian, 1921-1987 (A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1987) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 1992); Wang Xiaopeng et al., Zhongguo yidai zhengjie yaoren (Prominent Politicians in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 1994); Wei Pingyi et al., Gongheguo yaoren lu (A Dictionary of Important Figures in the PRC) (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994); Yong Guiliang, Zhongguo dandai shehui huodongjia cidian (A Dictionary of Social Activists in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Xuewan chubanshe, 1990); Zhang Liqun et al., Zhongguo renwu nianjian (Yearbook of Important Figures in China) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1996); Zhang Shengzuo et al., Dandai Zhongguo shaoshuminzu mingren lu (A Dictionary of Important Minority Figures in Contemporary China) (Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 1992).
22. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
23. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
24. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
25. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
26. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
27. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
28. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
29. See G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1967); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Touchstone, 1983); Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite (New York: Praeger, 1992); Harold Lasswell, Daniel Lerner and E. Easton Rothwell, The Comparative Study of Elites (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Ronald Linden and Bert Rockman (eds.), Elite Studies and Communist Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); R. Scalopino (ed.), Elites in the People's Republic of China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
30. June Dreyer, "Traditional minorities elites and the CPR elite engaged in minority nationalities work" in Scalopino, Elites.
31. Derek J. Waller, "The evolution of the Chinese Communist political elite, 1931-56," in Scalopino, Elites, p. 49. Also see Liu Jintian, A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees.
32. Derek J. Waller, "The evolution of the Chinese Communist political elite, 1931-56," in Scalopino, Elites, p. 49. Also see Liu Jintian, A Dictionary of Members of the Central Committees.
33. Dreyer, "Traditional minorities elites." Also see N. Wales, Red Dust (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Edgar Snow, Red Star over China (New York: Grove Press, 1961).
34. Dreyer, "Traditional minorities elites." Also see N. Wales, Red Dust (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952); Edgar Snow, Red Star over China (New York: Grove Press, 1961).
35. Who's Who in China 1988, pp. 988-89.
36. Ibid. p. 302.
37. Ibid. p. 492.
38. Dreyer, "Traditional minorities elites."
39. Ibid. pp. 442-43.
40. Ibid. pp. 448-49.
41. Li and White, "The Thirteenth Central Committee."
42. A. Walder, "Career mobility and the Communist political order," American Sociological Review, Vol. 60, No. 3 (June 1995), pp. 309-328.
43. Xiaowei Zang, "Elite transformation and recruitment in post-Mao China," Journal of Political and Military Sociology, (Summer 1998).