Origins of homophobia in males: Psychosexual vulnerabilities and defense development

American Journal of Psychotherapy

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 425-436

  Lock, James ^a   Kleis, Brian ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY NEUROSIS; ATTITUDE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; PHOBIA; PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; PSYCHOSEXUAL DISORDER; REVIEW;

EID: 0031703680     PISSN: 00029564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1998.52.4.425     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. Herek, G.M. (1984). Beyond "homophobia": A social psychological perspective on attitudes toward gay and lesbian populations. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 1-21.
2. Isay, R. (1989). Being homosexual: Gay men and their development. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
3. Weinberg, G.H. (1972). Society and the healthy homosexual. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4. Herek, G.M. (1994). Assessing heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbian and gay men. In B. Greene & G.M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues, Vol 1: Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 206-228.
5. O'Hanlan, K.A., Cabaj, R.P., Schatz, B., Lock, J.D., Nemrow, P. (1997). A review of the medical consequences of homophobia with suggestions for resolution. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 1, 25-39.
6. Kite, M. (1994). When perceptions meet reality: Individual differences in relation to lesbians and gay men. In B. Greene & G.M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol 1: Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 25-53.
7. Kite, M. (1992). Individual differences in males' reactions to gay males and lesbians. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 3-18.
8. Innala, S.M., Ernulf, K. (1994). Gay pretty boy syndrome. Psychological Reports, 827-831.
9. Pilkington, N.W., D'Augelli, A.R. (1995). Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings. Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 34-56.
10. Stark, L.P. (1991). Traditional gender role beliefs and individual outcomes: An exploratory analysis. Sex Roles, 24, 639-650.
11. Truman, D.M. (1996). Dimensions of masculinity: Relations to date rape supportive attitudes and sexual aggression in dating situations. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 555-562.
12. Sinn, J.S. (1997). The predictive and discriminant validity of masculinity. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 117-135.
13. Shields, S.A., Harriman, R.E. (1984). Fear of male homosexuality: Cardiac responses of low and high homonegative males. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 53-67.
14. Freund, K., Langevin, R., Gibiri, S., Zajac, Y. (1973) Heterosexual aversion in homosexual males. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 163-169.
15. Langevin, R., Stanford, A., Block, R. (1975). The effects of relaxation instructions on erotic arousal in homosexual and heterosexual males. Behavior Therapy, 6, 453-458.
16. Adams, H.E. (1996). Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 440-445.
17. Vaillant, G., Bond, M., Vaillant, C.O. (1986). An empirically validated hierarchy of defense mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 786-794.
18. Zucker, K.J. (1985). Cross-gender-identified children. In B.W. Steiner (Ed.), Gender dysphoria: Development, research, management, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 75-174.
19. Cabaj, R.P., Stein, T.S. (1996). Textbook of homosexuality and mental health. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Press, 1996.
20. Bailey, J.M., Zucker, K.J. (1995). Childhood Sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43-55.
21. Stoller, R.J., Herdt, G.H. (1982). The development of masculinity: A cross-cultural contribution. Journal of the American Psychiatric Association, 30, 29-59.
22. Fagot, B.I., Hagan, R. (1991). Observations of parent reactions to sex-stereotyped behaviors: Age and sex effects. Child Development, 62, 617-628.
23. Zucker, K.J. (1989). Gender identity disorders. In C.G. Last & M. Hersen, M. (Eds), Handbook of child psychiatric diagnosis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 388-406.
24. Gonsiorek, J.C. (1988). Mental health issues of gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 9, 114-122.
25. Remafedi, G. (1988). Preventing the sexual transmission of AIDS during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 9, 139-143.
26. Maccoby, E.E. (1990). Gender and relationships. American Psychologist, 45, 513-520.
27. Maccoby, E.E., Jacklin, C.N. (1987). Gender segregation in childhood. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 20, 239-287.
28. Thorne, B., Luria, Z. (1986). Sexuality and gender in children's daily worlds. Social Problems, 33, 176-190.
29. Kleis, B., Lock, J. (1995). The public discussion of homosexuality, (letter). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 6.
30. Remschmidt, H. (1994) Psychosocial milestones in normal puberty and adolescence. Hormone Research, 41 (suppl.), 19-29.
31. Goff, J.L. (1990) Sexual confusion among certain college males. Adolescence, 25, 599-614.
32. Coleman, E. (1992) Male cross-gender behavior in Myanmar (Burma): A description of the acault. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21, 313-321.
33. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.