Directional characteristics of sea-wave scattering observed at low-grazing angles

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 41-44

  Werle, Benjamin O ^a  

^a Swerling Manasse and Smith Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Sea surface electromagnetic scattering; Wave groups

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; RADAR CROSS SECTION; RADAR IMAGING; SEAWATER; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; WATER WAVES;

WAVE GROUPS;

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING;

EID: 0031700985     PISSN: 0018926X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/8.655449     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. J. R. Apel An improved model of the ocean surface wave spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter J. Geophys. Res. vol. 99 no. C8 pp. 16269-16291 Aug. 1994.
2. R. Manasse Pencil beam radar selectivity of ocean wave spectra Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. Tech. Rep. UCRL-ID-118533 Aug. 1994.
3. B. O. Werle Sea backscatter spikes and wave group observations at low grazing angles in Proc. IEEE Int. Radar Conf. Alexandria VA May 1995 pp. 187-194.
4. M. A. Sletten D. B. Trizna and J. P. Hansen Ultrawide-band radar observations of multipath propagation over the sea surface IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 646-651 May 1996.
5. P. H. Y. Lee J. D. Barter K. L. Beach C. L. Hindman B. M. Lake H. Rungaldier J. C. Shelton A. B. Williams R. Yee and H. C. Yuen X-band microwave backscatter from ocean waves J. Geophys. Res. vol. 100 no. C2 pp. 2591-2611 Feb. 1995
6. S. J. Frasier Y. Liu D. Moller R. E. Mclntosh and C. Long Directional ocean wave measurements in a coastal setting using a focused array imaging radar IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing vol. 33 pp. 428-40 Mar. 1995.
7. K. D. Ward Low grazing angle radar measurements of ship generated internal waves in Scotland 1989-1991 Malvern Wore. U.K. Defense Res. Agency Memo. 4589 Mar. 1992.
8. S. K. Lehman B. Johnston R. Twogood M. Wieting T. Yorkey H. Robey D. Whelan and R. Nagele Selected results from LLNL-Hughes RAR for west coast Scotland experiment 1991 UCRL-ID-112755 Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. Livermore CA Jan. 1993.
9. Selected results from LLNL-Hughes RAR for west coast Scotland experiment 1992 UCRL-ID-112756 Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. Livermore CA Jan. 1993.
10. S. K. Lehman C. J. Mullenhoff H. E. Jones G. Berry M. J. Newman T. Lamont-Smith P. Hirst and K. Ward Radar imagery from the 1994 Loch Linnhe trials UCRL-ID-119071 Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. Livermore CA Oct. 1994.
11. M. P. Tulin Breaking of ocean waves and downshifting in Waves and Nonlinear Processes in Hydrodynamics J. Grue B. Gjevik and J. E. Weber Eds. Norwell MA: Kluwer 1996 pp. 177-190.
12. D. E. Barrick J. M. Headrick R. W. Bogle and D. D. Crombie Sea backscatter at HF: Interpretation and utilization of the echo Proc. IEEE vol. 62 pp. 673-680 June 1974.
13. S. R. Shurman Radar characterization of ship wake signatures and ambient ocean clutter features in Proc. IEEE Nat. Radar Conf. Dallas TX Mar. 1989 pp. 182-187.
14. A. V. Ivanov and V. E. Gershenzon Sea surface investigation with a stationary pulse doppler radar R&D Ctr. SCAN Moscow Russia 1993.
15. M. J. Smith E. M. Poulter and J. A. McGregor Doppler radar measurements of wave groups and breaking waves J. Geophys. Res. vol. 101 no. C6 pp. 14269-14282 Jun. 1996.
16. T. Lamont-Smith The estimation of ocean current from w -k analysis of radar data Int. Geosci. Remote Sensing Symp. Conf. Record Lincoln NE May 1996 vol. 3 pp. 1724-1744
17. J. Fuchs M. P. Tulin S. Welch and T. Waseda Inside the sea-spike: Low grazing angle radar imaging of laboratory waves repeatedly breaking in wave groups in Int. Geosci. Remote Sensing Symp. Conf. Record Singapore Aug. 1997 pp. 714-718.
18. M. W. Long Radar Reflectivity of Land and Sea 2nd ed. Norwood MA: Artech 1983.