DCC and netrins

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 609-613

  Culotti, Joseph G ^b   Merz, David C ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NETRIN; PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL MIGRATION; FLY; GROWTH CONE; NERVE FIBER; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WORM;

EID: 0031698580     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80036-7     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ishii N, Wadsworth WG, Stern BD, Culotti JG, Hedgecock EM. UNC-6, a laminin-related protein, guides cell and pioneer axon migrations in C. elegans. Neuron. 9:1992;873-881.
2. Wadsworth WG, Bhatt H, Hedgecock EM. Neuroglia and pioneer neurons express UNC-6 to provide global and local netrin cues for guiding migrations in C. elegans. Neuron. 16:1996;35-46.
3. Wadsworth WG, Hedgecock EM. Hierarchical guidance cues in the developing nervous system of C. elegans. BioEssays. 18:1996;355-362.
4. Serafini T, Kennedy TE, Galko MJ, Mirzayan C, Jessell TM, Tessier-Lavigne M. The netrins define a family of axon outgrowth-promoting proteins homologous to C. elegans UNC-6. Cell. 78:1994;409-424.
5. Kennedy TE, Serafini T, De la Torre JR, Tessier-Lavigne M. Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord. Cell. 78:1994;425-435.
6. Colamarino SA, Tessier-Lavigne M. The axonal chemoattractant netrin-1 is also a chemorepellent for trochlear motor axons. Cell. 81:1995;621-629.
7. Serafini T, Colamarino SA, Leonardo ED, Wang H, Beddington R, Skarnes WC, Tessier-Lavigne M. Netrin-1 is required for commissural axon guidance in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Cell. 87:1996;1001-1014.
8. Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG, Hall DH. The unc-5, unc-6, and unc-40 genes guide circumferential migrations of pioneer axons and mesodermal cells on the epidermis of C. elegans. Neuron. 4:1990;61-85.
9. Leung-Hagesteijn C, Spence AM, Stern BD, Zhou Y, Su M-W, Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG. Unc-5, a transmembrane protein with immunoglobulin and thrombospondin type 1 domains, guides cell and pioneer axon migrations in C. elegans. Cell. 71:1992;289-299.
10. Chan SS-Y, Zheng H, Su M-W, Wilk R, Killeen MT, Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG. UNC-40, a C. elegans homolog of DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer), is required in motile cells responding to UNC-6 netrin cues. Cell. 87:1996;187-195.
11. Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Hinck L, Leonardo ED, Chan SS-Y, Culotti JG, Tessier-Lavigne M. Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) encodes a netrin receptor. Cell. 87:1996;175-185.
12. Leonardo ED, Hinck L, Masu M, Keino-Masu K, Ackerman SL, Tessier-Lavigne M. Vertebrate homologues of C. elegans UNC-5 are candidate netrin receptors. Nature. 386:1997;833-838.
13. Fazeli A, Dickinson SL, Hermiston ML, Tighe RV, Steen RG, Small CG, Stoeckli ET, Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Rayburn H, et al. Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene. of special interest Nature. 386:1997;796-804 The creation of a mouse Dcc mutant by homologous recombination showed that, despite exhaustive analysis, no evidence could be found for a tumour suppressor role of DCC in the mouse. Severe axon guidance defects were observed, however, and these were very similar to those found in the netrin-1 mouse mutant.
14. Ackerman SL, Kozak LP, Przyborski SA, Rund LA, Boyer BB, Knowles BB. The mouse rostral cerebellar malformation gene encodes an UNC-5-like protein. of special interest Nature. 386:1997;838-842 The rcm (now called Unc5h3) gene was cloned and found to encode a homolog of C. elegans UNC-5. The rcm defect is one of a failure of cerebellar granule and Purkinje cell precursors to respect the boundary between the rostral cerebellum and more anterior brain regions. These results demonstrate the role of the UNC-5/netrin system in cell as well as growth cone migrations.
15. Przyborski SA, Knowles BB, Ackerman SL. Embryonic phenotype of Unc5h3 mutant mice suggests chemorepulsion during the formation of the rostral cerebellar boundary. Development. 125:1998;41-50.
16. Nobes CD, Hall A. Rho, rac, and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Cell. 81:1995;53-62.
17. Colavita A, Culotti JG. Suppressors of ectopic UNC-5 growth cone steering identify eight genes involved in axon guidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. of outstanding interest Dev Biol. 194:1998;72-85 Ectopic expression is used to create a gain-of-function system to which suppressor genetics may be applied. Eight genes were identified, including both known and novel mutants, whose products are required for UNC-5 and UNC-6/netrin function in axon guidance.
18. Otsuka AJ, Franco R, Yang B, Shim K-H, Tang LZ, Zhang YY, Boontrakulpoontawee P, Jeyaprakash A, Hedgecock E, Wheaton VI, Sobery A. An ankyrin-related gene (unc-44) is necessary for proper axonal guidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Biol. 129:1995;1081-1092.
19. McIntire SL, Garriga G, White J, Jacobson D, Horvitz HR. Genes necessary for directed axonal elongation or fasciculation in C. elegans. Neuron. 8:1992;307-322.
20. Forrester WC, Garriga G. Genes necessary for C. elegans cell and growth cone migrations. Development. 124:1997;1831-1843.
21. Shirasaki R, Katsumata R, Murakami F. Change in chemoattractant responsiveness of developing axons at an intermediate target. of outstanding interest Science. 279:1998;105-107 In a very clever series of in vitro studies of CNS explants, the authors demonstrate that DCC-expressing growth cones of metencephalic commissural axons lose their attractive response to floor plate and to netrins after passing through the floor plate.
22. De le Torre JR, Hopker VH, Ming GL, Song H-J, Poo MM, Tessier-Lavigne M, Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Holt CE. Turning of retinal growth cones in a Netrin-1 gradient mediated by the netrin receptor DCC. of special interest Neuron. 19:1997;1211-1224 Growth cones of Xenopus embryonic RGCs reorient toward a point source of Netrin-1. An antibody against DCC blocks the response.
23. Ming G, Song H, Beminger B, Holt CE, Tessier-Lavigne M, Poo M. cAMP-dependent growth cone guidance by Netrin-1. of outstanding interest Neuron. 19:1997;1225-1235 Using the in vitro assay described in [22], the authors take a pharmacological approach to netrin function. Remarkably, pre-incubation of Xenopus RGCs with a PKA inhibitor not only blocks reorientation toward a Netrin-1 source, but causes repulsion. Equally important, both repulsion and attraction are blocked by an antibody against DCC.
24. Song H-J, Ming G-L, Poo M-M. cAMP-induced switching in turning direction of nerve growth cones. Nature. 388:1997;275-279.
25. Daaka Y, Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ. Switching of the coupling of the β2-adrenergic receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A. Nature. 390:1998;88-91.
26. 2+ flux through promiscuous cardiac Na+ channels: slip-mode conductance. Science. 279:1998;1027-1033.
27. Hamelin M, Zhou Y, Su M-W, Scott IM, Culotti JG. Expression of the UNC-5 guidance receptor in the touch neurons of C. elegans steers their axons dorsally. Nature. 364:1993;327-330.
28. Kolodziej PA, Timpe LC, Mitchell KJ, Fried SR, Goodman CS, Jan LY, Jan YN. Frazzled encodes a Drosophila member of the DCC immunoglobulin subfamily and is required for CNS and motor axon guidance. Cell. 87:1996;197-204.
29. Winberg ML, Mitchell KJ, Goodman CS. Genetic analysis of the mechanisms controlling target selection: complementary and combinatorial functions of netrins, semaphorins, and IgCAMs. of outstanding interest Cell. 93:1998;581-591 The authors vary the level of activity of axon guidance and cell adhesion systems using loss-of-function mutations and ectopic expression in the Drosophila neuromuscular system. They propose that no single input is sufficient for target recognition, but that growth cones integrate multiple signals; furthermore, whereas some cues, such as the netrins, provide specific signals, others, such as the semaphorins, play general repulsive or attractive roles.
30. Harris R, Sabatelli LM, Seeger MA. Guidance cues at the Drosophila CNS midline: identification and characterization of two Drosophila netrin/UNC-6 homologs. Neuron. 17:1996;217-228.
31. Mitchell KJ, Doyle JL, Serafini T, Kennedy TE, Tessier-Lavigne M, Goodman CS, Dickson BJ. Genetic analysis of Netrin genes in Drosophila: netrins guide CNS commissural axons and peripheral motor axons. Neuron. 17:1996;203-215.
32. Deiner MS, Kennedy TE, Fazeli A, Serafini T, Tessier-Lavigne M, Sretavan DW. Netrin-1 and DCC mediate axon guidance locally at the optic disc: loss of function leads to optic nerve hypoplasia. of outstanding interest Neuron. 19:1997;575-589 This study uses a powerful combination of in vitro and in vivo strategies to examine the role of Netrin-1 in optic nerve formation, and demonstrates the local rather than long-range effects of Netrin-1 in the retina. The authors neglected to acknowledge the model for local effects described in [2].
33. MacLennan AJ, McLaurin DL, Marks L, Vinson EN, Pfeifer M, Szulc SV, Heaton MB, Lee N. Immunohistochemical localization of Netrin-1 in the embryonic chick nervous system. of special interest J Neurosci. 17:1997;5466-5479 This is the first comprehensive examination of the distribution of Netrin-1 protein in the chick nervous system. Rather than the gradient that would be predicted from earlier work in vitro, Netrin-1 is concentrated along axonal pathways. The authors suggest that netrins are more haptotactic than chemotactic in vivo.
34. Bennett KL, Bradshaw J, Youngman T, Rodgers J, Greenfield B, Aruffo A, Linsley PS. Deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) binds heparin via its fifth fibronectin III domain. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;26940-26946.
35. Shirasaki R, Mirzayan C, Tessier-Lavigne M, Murakami F. Guidance of circumferentially growing axons by netrin-dependent and - independent floor plate chemotropism in the vertebrate brain. Neuron. 17:1996;1079-1088.
36. Desai CJ, Krueger NX, Saito H, Zinn K. Competition and cooperation among receptor tyrosine phosphatases control motoneuron growth cone guidance in Drosophila. Development. 124:1997;1941-1952.
37. Speicher S, Garcia-Alonso L, Carmena A, Martin-Bermudo MD, De la Escalera S, Jimenez F. Neurotactin functions in concert with other identified CAMs in growth cone guidance in Drosophila. Neuron. 20:1998;221-233.
38. Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG, Hall DH, Stern BD. Genetics of cell and axon migrations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development. 100:1987;365-382.
39. Antebi A, Culotti JG, Hedgecock EM. daf-12 regulates developmental age and the dauer alternative in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development. 125:1998;1191-1205.