Caste and class in historical north-west Ethiopia: the Beta Israel (Falasha) and Kemant, 1300-1900

Journal of African History

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 195-220

  Quirin, James ^a  

^a FISK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL HISTORY; CULTURAL IDENTITY; IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION;

ETHIOPIA;

EID: 0031696962     PISSN: 00218537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002185379800721X     Document Type: Article

References (387)

1. For 'Beta Israel' terminology and my previous formulations of this research see: J. Quirin, 'The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopian history: caste formation and culture change' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1977); The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jeivs (Philadelphia, 1992); and 'Ethnicity, caste, class, and state in Ethiopian history: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)', in C. Young (ed.), The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism (Madison, 1993), 200-21.
2. For 'Beta Israel' terminology and my previous formulations of this research see: J. Quirin, 'The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopian history: caste formation and culture change' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1977); The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jeivs (Philadelphia, 1992); and 'Ethnicity, caste, class, and state in Ethiopian history: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)', in C. Young (ed.), The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism (Madison, 1993), 200-21.
3. For 'Beta Israel' terminology and my previous formulations of this research see: J. Quirin, 'The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopian history: caste formation and culture change' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1977); The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jeivs (Philadelphia, 1992); and 'Ethnicity, caste, class, and state in Ethiopian history: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)', in C. Young (ed.), The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism (Madison, 1993), 200-21.
4. For traditional Ethiopian historiography, see Zewde Gabre-Sellassie, Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (London, 1975), I. The paradigm of Ethiopia as an outpost of Semitic civilization' is analysed by D. Levine, Greater Ethiopia (Chicago, 1974), 17-19- More recent approaches are described in an overview by D. Crummey, 'Society, state and nationality in the recent historiography of Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xxxi (1990), 103-19.
5. For traditional Ethiopian historiography, see Zewde Gabre-Sellassie, Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (London, 1975), I. The paradigm of Ethiopia as an outpost of Semitic civilization' is analysed by D. Levine, Greater Ethiopia (Chicago, 1974), 17-19- More recent approaches are described in an overview by D. Crummey, 'Society, state and nationality in the recent historiography of Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xxxi (1990), 103-19.
6. For traditional Ethiopian historiography, see Zewde Gabre-Sellassie, Yohannes IV of Ethiopia (London, 1975), I. The paradigm of Ethiopia as an outpost of Semitic civilization' is analysed by D. Levine, Greater Ethiopia (Chicago, 1974), 17-19- More recent approaches are described in an overview by D. Crummey, 'Society, state and nationality in the recent historiography of Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xxxi (1990), 103-19.
7. On the use of 'Abyssinian', see D. Crummey, 'Abyssinian Feudalism', Past and Present, LXXXIX (1980), 115-38. On 'caste' and 'class' definitions, see below and fn. 77-8. The sources were written and oral. Interviews collecting oral traditions among the Beta Israel, Kemant and Amhara were carried out in 1975-6; copies of the tapes are deposited in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa.
8. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
9. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
10. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
11. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
12. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
13. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
14. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
15. The quotation is from C. Young, 'The dialectics of cultural pluralism: concept and reality', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 23. Young's formulation of 'constructivism' usefully supplements the way Spear uses 'instrumentalist': T. Spear, 'Introduction', in T. Spear and R. Waller (eds.), Being Maasai (London, 1993), 14-16. See also the other case studies in Spear and Waller, as well as several in Young, Rising Tide, such as Nader Entessar on the Azeri and Alan LaBaron on the Maya. My own views on the 'constructivist' approach have been especially influenced by: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983); Jean-Loup Amselle and E. M'bokolo (eds.), Au coeur de l' ethnie (Paris, 1985); B. Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987); T. Ranger, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa', in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 211-62; and L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley, 1989).
16. F. Gamst, The Qemant : A Pagan-Hebraic peasantry of Ethiopia (New York, 1969). On their locations, see maps in Quirin, Evolution, 42; Gamst, Qemant, frontispiece.
17. F. Gamst, The Qemant : A Pagan-Hebraic peasantry of Ethiopia (New York, 1969). On their locations, see maps in Quirin, Evolution, 42; Gamst, Qemant, frontispiece.
18. F. Gamst, The Qemant : A Pagan-Hebraic peasantry of Ethiopia (New York, 1969). On their locations, see maps in Quirin, Evolution, 42; Gamst, Qemant, frontispiece.
19. For various perspectives, see: C. Ehret,'On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xx (1979), 161-77; S. Brandt, 'New perspectives on the origins of food production in Ethiopia', in J. D. Clark and S. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers (Berkeley, 1984), 173-90; Ephraim Isaac and C. Felder, 'Reflections on the origins of the Ethiopian civilization', in Tadesse Beyene (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa, 1988), 1 : 71-83; J. McCann, People of the Plow (Madison, 1995), 39-83; D. Crummey, 'Ethiopian plow agriculture in the nineteenth century', J. Ethiopian Studies, XVI (1983), 1-23.
20. For various perspectives, see: C. Ehret,'On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xx (1979), 161-77; S. Brandt, 'New perspectives on the origins of food production in Ethiopia', in J. D. Clark and S. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers (Berkeley, 1984), 173-90; Ephraim Isaac and C. Felder, 'Reflections on the origins of the Ethiopian civilization', in Tadesse Beyene (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa, 1988), 1 : 71-83; J. McCann, People of the Plow (Madison, 1995), 39-83; D. Crummey, 'Ethiopian plow agriculture in the nineteenth century', J. Ethiopian Studies, XVI (1983), 1-23.
21. For various perspectives, see: C. Ehret,'On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xx (1979), 161-77; S. Brandt, 'New perspectives on the origins of food production in Ethiopia', in J. D. Clark and S. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers (Berkeley, 1984), 173-90; Ephraim Isaac and C. Felder, 'Reflections on the origins of the Ethiopian civilization', in Tadesse Beyene (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa, 1988), 1 : 71-83; J. McCann, People of the Plow (Madison, 1995), 39-83; D. Crummey, 'Ethiopian plow agriculture in the nineteenth century', J. Ethiopian Studies, XVI (1983), 1-23.
22. For various perspectives, see: C. Ehret,'On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xx (1979), 161-77; S. Brandt, 'New perspectives on the origins of food production in Ethiopia', in J. D. Clark and S. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers (Berkeley, 1984), 173-90; Ephraim Isaac and C. Felder, 'Reflections on the origins of the Ethiopian civilization', in Tadesse Beyene (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa, 1988), 1 : 71-83; J. McCann, People of the Plow (Madison, 1995), 39-83; D. Crummey, 'Ethiopian plow agriculture in the nineteenth century', J. Ethiopian Studies, XVI (1983), 1-23.
23. For various perspectives, see: C. Ehret,'On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia', J. Afr. Hist., xx (1979), 161-77; S. Brandt, 'New perspectives on the origins of food production in Ethiopia', in J. D. Clark and S. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers (Berkeley, 1984), 173-90; Ephraim Isaac and C. Felder, 'Reflections on the origins of the Ethiopian civilization', in Tadesse Beyene (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa, 1988), 1 : 71-83; J. McCann, People of the Plow (Madison, 1995), 39-83; D. Crummey, 'Ethiopian plow agriculture in the nineteenth century', J. Ethiopian Studies, XVI (1983), 1-23.
24. For the quotation see: Taddesse Tamrat, 'Processes of ethnic interaction and integration in Ethiopian history: the case of the Agaw', J. Afr. Hist., XXIX (1988), 6-7. See also: Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (London, 1972), 34-8; W. Leslau, 'The influence of Cushitic on the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: a problem of substratum', Word, 1 (1945), 59-82; E. UllendorfT, The Ethiopians, 2nd ed. (London, 1965), 129-32.
25. For the quotation see: Taddesse Tamrat, 'Processes of ethnic interaction and integration in Ethiopian history: the case of the Agaw', J. Afr. Hist., XXIX (1988), 6-7. See also: Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (London, 1972), 34-8; W. Leslau, 'The influence of Cushitic on the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: a problem of substratum', Word, 1 (1945), 59-82; E. UllendorfT, The Ethiopians, 2nd ed. (London, 1965), 129-32.
26. For the quotation see: Taddesse Tamrat, 'Processes of ethnic interaction and integration in Ethiopian history: the case of the Agaw', J. Afr. Hist., XXIX (1988), 6-7. See also: Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (London, 1972), 34-8; W. Leslau, 'The influence of Cushitic on the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: a problem of substratum', Word, 1 (1945), 59-82; E. UllendorfT, The Ethiopians, 2nd ed. (London, 1965), 129-32.
27. For the quotation see: Taddesse Tamrat, 'Processes of ethnic interaction and integration in Ethiopian history: the case of the Agaw', J. Afr. Hist., XXIX (1988), 6-7. See also: Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (London, 1972), 34-8; W. Leslau, 'The influence of Cushitic on the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: a problem of substratum', Word, 1 (1945), 59-82; E. UllendorfT, The Ethiopians, 2nd ed. (London, 1965), 129-32.
28. Quirin, Evolution, 7-27. See also: S. Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia (New York, 1992), 13-32; J. Abbink, 'Mytho-légendes et histoire: l'enigme de l'ethnogenése des Beta Esra'el ', Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaine, III (1991), I-92. A vigorous defense of the 'convert' perspective, though not based on sufficient evidence is D. Kessler, The Falashas, 3rd ed. (London, 1996), preface, XV-XXXI. See my review in Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, forthcoming, 1998.
29. Quirin, Evolution, 7-27. See also: S. Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia (New York, 1992), 13-32; J. Abbink, 'Mytho-légendes et histoire: l'enigme de l'ethnogenése des Beta Esra'el ', Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaine, III (1991), I-92. A vigorous defense of the 'convert' perspective, though not based on sufficient evidence is D. Kessler, The Falashas, 3rd ed. (London, 1996), preface, XV-XXXI. See my review in Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, forthcoming, 1998.
30. Quirin, Evolution, 7-27. See also: S. Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia (New York, 1992), 13-32; J. Abbink, 'Mytho-légendes et histoire: l'enigme de l'ethnogenése des Beta Esra'el ', Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaine, III (1991), I-92. A vigorous defense of the 'convert' perspective, though not based on sufficient evidence is D. Kessler, The Falashas, 3rd ed. (London, 1996), preface, XV-XXXI. See my review in Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, forthcoming, 1998.
31. Quirin, Evolution, 7-27. See also: S. Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia (New York, 1992), 13-32; J. Abbink, 'Mytho-légendes et histoire: l'enigme de l'ethnogenése des Beta Esra'el ', Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaine, III (1991), I-92. A vigorous defense of the 'convert' perspective, though not based on sufficient evidence is D. Kessler, The Falashas, 3rd ed. (London, 1996), preface, XV-XXXI. See my review in Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, forthcoming, 1998.
32. Quirin, Evolution, 7-27. See also: S. Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia (New York, 1992), 13-32; J. Abbink, 'Mytho-légendes et histoire: l'enigme de l'ethnogenése des Beta Esra'el ', Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaine, III (1991), I-92. A vigorous defense of the 'convert' perspective, though not based on sufficient evidence is D. Kessler, The Falashas, 3rd ed. (London, 1996), preface, XV-XXXI. See my review in Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, forthcoming, 1998.
33. H. J. Polotsky, 'Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge'ez', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 1-10; E. UllendorfT, 'The Hebraic-Judaic elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity', Journal of Semitic Studies, 1 (1956), 216-56 and Ethiopia and the Bible (London, 1968), 36-52; E. Hammerschmidt, 'Jewish elements in the cult of the Ethiopian church', J. Ethiopian Studies, III (1965), 1-12; M. Rodinson, 'Sur la question des "influences juives" en Ethiopie', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 11-19; Getatchew Haile, 'The forty-nine hour sabbath of the Ethiopian church', Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIII (1988), 233-54.
34. H. J. Polotsky, 'Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge'ez', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 1-10; E. UllendorfT, 'The Hebraic-Judaic elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity', Journal of Semitic Studies, 1 (1956), 216-56 and Ethiopia and the Bible (London, 1968), 36-52; E. Hammerschmidt, 'Jewish elements in the cult of the Ethiopian church', J. Ethiopian Studies, III (1965), 1-12; M. Rodinson, 'Sur la question des "influences juives" en Ethiopie', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 11-19; Getatchew Haile, 'The forty-nine hour sabbath of the Ethiopian church', Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIII (1988), 233-54.
35. H. J. Polotsky, 'Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge'ez', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 1-10; E. UllendorfT, 'The Hebraic-Judaic elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity', Journal of Semitic Studies, 1 (1956), 216-56 and Ethiopia and the Bible (London, 1968), 36-52; E. Hammerschmidt, 'Jewish elements in the cult of the Ethiopian church', J. Ethiopian Studies, III (1965), 1-12; M. Rodinson, 'Sur la question des "influences juives" en Ethiopie', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 11-19; Getatchew Haile, 'The forty-nine hour sabbath of the Ethiopian church', Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIII (1988), 233-54.
36. H. J. Polotsky, 'Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge'ez', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 1-10; E. UllendorfT, 'The Hebraic-Judaic elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity', Journal of Semitic Studies, 1 (1956), 216-56 and Ethiopia and the Bible (London, 1968), 36-52; E. Hammerschmidt, 'Jewish elements in the cult of the Ethiopian church', J. Ethiopian Studies, III (1965), 1-12; M. Rodinson, 'Sur la question des "influences juives" en Ethiopie', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 11-19; Getatchew Haile, 'The forty-nine hour sabbath of the Ethiopian church', Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIII (1988), 233-54.
37. H. J. Polotsky, 'Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge'ez', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 1-10; E. UllendorfT, 'The Hebraic-Judaic elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity', Journal of Semitic Studies, 1 (1956), 216-56 and Ethiopia and the Bible (London, 1968), 36-52; E. Hammerschmidt, 'Jewish elements in the cult of the Ethiopian church', J. Ethiopian Studies, III (1965), 1-12; M. Rodinson, 'Sur la question des "influences juives" en Ethiopie', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 11-19; Getatchew Haile, 'The forty-nine hour sabbath of the Ethiopian church', Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIII (1988), 233-54.
38. H. J. Polotsky, 'Aramaic, Syriac, and Ge'ez', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 1-10; E. UllendorfT, 'The Hebraic-Judaic elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity', Journal of Semitic Studies, 1 (1956), 216-56 and Ethiopia and the Bible (London, 1968), 36-52; E. Hammerschmidt, 'Jewish elements in the cult of the Ethiopian church', J. Ethiopian Studies, III (1965), 1-12; M. Rodinson, 'Sur la question des "influences juives" en Ethiopie', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 11-19; Getatchew Haile, 'The forty-nine hour sabbath of the Ethiopian church', Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIII (1988), 233-54.
39. Ephraim Isaac, 'An obscure component in Ethiopian church history', Le Muséon, LXXXV (1972), 225-58; J. Danielou, The Theology of Jewish Christianity (Chicago, 1964).
40. Ephraim Isaac, 'An obscure component in Ethiopian church history', Le Muséon, LXXXV (1972), 225-58; J. Danielou, The Theology of Jewish Christianity (Chicago, 1964).
41. M. Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism, sacred geography and the Ethiopian church', Journal of Religion in Africa, XXII (1992), 222-41.
42. S. Kaplan, The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia (Wiesbaden, 1984); Y. Kobishchanov, Axum (University Park, 1979), 234-40; Sergew Hable-Sellassie, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa, 1972), 89-113; S. Munro-Hay, Aksum (Edinburgh, 1991), 196-213; Getatchew Haile, 'An anonymous homily in honor of King 3wlla Asbaha of Axum', Northeast African Studies, in (1981), 25-37; Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism', 225-9.
43. S. Kaplan, The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia (Wiesbaden, 1984); Y. Kobishchanov, Axum (University Park, 1979), 234-40; Sergew Hable-Sellassie, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa, 1972), 89-113; S. Munro-Hay, Aksum (Edinburgh, 1991), 196-213; Getatchew Haile, 'An anonymous homily in honor of King 3wlla Asbaha of Axum', Northeast African Studies, in (1981), 25-37; Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism', 225-9.
44. S. Kaplan, The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia (Wiesbaden, 1984); Y. Kobishchanov, Axum (University Park, 1979), 234-40; Sergew Hable-Sellassie, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa, 1972), 89-113; S. Munro-Hay, Aksum (Edinburgh, 1991), 196-213; Getatchew Haile, 'An anonymous homily in honor of King 3wlla Asbaha of Axum', Northeast African Studies, in (1981), 25-37; Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism', 225-9.
45. S. Kaplan, The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia (Wiesbaden, 1984); Y. Kobishchanov, Axum (University Park, 1979), 234-40; Sergew Hable-Sellassie, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa, 1972), 89-113; S. Munro-Hay, Aksum (Edinburgh, 1991), 196-213; Getatchew Haile, 'An anonymous homily in honor of King 3wlla Asbaha of Axum', Northeast African Studies, in (1981), 25-37; Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism', 225-9.
46. S. Kaplan, The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia (Wiesbaden, 1984); Y. Kobishchanov, Axum (University Park, 1979), 234-40; Sergew Hable-Sellassie, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa, 1972), 89-113; S. Munro-Hay, Aksum (Edinburgh, 1991), 196-213; Getatchew Haile, 'An anonymous homily in honor of King 3wlla Asbaha of Axum', Northeast African Studies, in (1981), 25-37; Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism', 225-9.
47. S. Kaplan, The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia (Wiesbaden, 1984); Y. Kobishchanov, Axum (University Park, 1979), 234-40; Sergew Hable-Sellassie, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa, 1972), 89-113; S. Munro-Hay, Aksum (Edinburgh, 1991), 196-213; Getatchew Haile, 'An anonymous homily in honor of King 3wlla Asbaha of Axum', Northeast African Studies, in (1981), 25-37; Heldman, 'Architectural symbolism', 225-9.
48. Ayhud had many meanings, including as a derogatory epithet for those who were clearly Christians; not all ayhud became 'Falasha', and the specifie content of ayhud society is unclear: Quirin, Evolution, 14, 63-4, 202-3 and passim; Kaplan, Beta Israel, 53-73.
49. Ayhud had many meanings, including as a derogatory epithet for those who were clearly Christians; not all ayhud became 'Falasha', and the specifie content of ayhud society is unclear: Quirin, Evolution, 14, 63-4, 202-3 and passim; Kaplan, Beta Israel, 53-73.
50. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
51. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
52. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
53. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
54. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
55. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
56. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
57. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
58. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
59. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; K. Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha History (East Lansing, 1986), 39-154; Shelemay, ' Jewish liturgical forms in the Falasha liturgy? A comparative study', Yuval, v (1986), 372-404; W. Leslau, Falasha Anthology (New Haven, 1951); S. Kaplan, 'Te'ezaza Sanbat: A Beta Israel work reconsidered', Studies in the History of Religions, 1 (1987), 107-24; M. Gaugine, 'The Falasha version of the Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1965); Joseph Halévy, Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandements du Sabbat) (Paris, 1902).
60. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
61. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
62. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
63. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
64. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
65. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
66. For Beta Israel primarily as rebels see: Veronika Krempel, 'Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Stellung der Falascha in der christlich-amharischen Gesellschaft von Nordwest Aethiopien' (Ph.D. dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 1972); Krempel, 'Eine berufskaste in Nordwest-Aethiopien - die Kayla (Falascha)', Sociologus (NS) XXIV (1974), 37-55. For the pre-existence of ayhud communities, see: Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi', in I. Wajnberg (ed.), ' Das Leben des H1. Jafqerena "Egzi ", Orientalia Cristiana Anaiecta, CVI (1936), 56; EMML [Ethiopian Monastic Microfilm Library] 2058; Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter of the established church of Ethiopia', in G. Goldenberg (ed.), Ethiopian Studies : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Tel-Aviv, 1980 (Boston, 1986), 193-203; J. Quirin, 'The Bẽta 'Esrã'ẽl-Falãsha and 'Ayhud in fifteenth-century Ethiopia: oral and written traditions', Northeast African Studies, X (1988), 89-104; Quirin, Evolution, 51, 66-7.
67. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
68. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
69. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
70. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
71. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
72. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
73. Carl Bezold (ed.), Kebra Nagast (Munich, 1909); E, A. Wallis Budge (ed.), The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek ...A Complete Translation of the Kebra Nagast (London, 1922); D. A. Hubbard, 'The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast' (Ph.D. dissertation, St Andrew's University, 1956); E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible; Irfan Shahid, 'The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research', Le Muséon, LXXXIX (1976), 133e78; D. Levine, 'Menilek and Oedipus: further observations on the Ethiopian national epic', in H. Marcus (ed.), Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 1973 (East Lansing, 1975), 11-23 ; L. Ricci, ' Edipo e storia', Paideuma, XXIV (1978), 169-77.
74. C. Conti Rossini, 'Note di agiografia etiopica (Abiya-Egzi) Arkaledes e Gabra Iyesus', Rivista degli studi orientait, XVII (1938), 409-52.
75. Gadla Yafqeranna-Egzi , 56.
76. Gadla Giyorgis: Gérard Colin (ed.), Vie de Georges de Sagla, in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorurn Orientalium. Script. Aeth., LXXXI (1987), 27-30 [text], LXXXII (1987), 20-2 [trans.] ; Getatchew Haile, ' A study of the issues raised in two homilies of Emperor Zär'a Ya'aqob of Ethiopia', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, CXXXI (1981), 102-3, and ' Fakkare Haymanot or the faith of Abba Giyorgis Säglawi', Le Muséon, XCIV (1981), 254; C. Conti Rossini, 'Due capitoli del Libro del Mistero di Giyorgis da Sagla', Rassegna di studi Etiopici, VII (1948), 39-53.
77. Gadla Giyorgis: Gérard Colin (ed.), Vie de Georges de Sagla, in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorurn Orientalium. Script. Aeth., LXXXI (1987), 27-30 [text], LXXXII (1987), 20-2 [trans.] ; Getatchew Haile, ' A study of the issues raised in two homilies of Emperor Zär'a Ya'aqob of Ethiopia', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, CXXXI (1981), 102-3, and ' Fakkare Haymanot or the faith of Abba Giyorgis Säglawi', Le Muséon, XCIV (1981), 254; C. Conti Rossini, 'Due capitoli del Libro del Mistero di Giyorgis da Sagla', Rassegna di studi Etiopici, VII (1948), 39-53.
78. Gadla Giyorgis: Gérard Colin (ed.), Vie de Georges de Sagla, in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorurn Orientalium. Script. Aeth., LXXXI (1987), 27-30 [text], LXXXII (1987), 20-2 [trans.] ; Getatchew Haile, ' A study of the issues raised in two homilies of Emperor Zär'a Ya'aqob of Ethiopia', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, CXXXI (1981), 102-3, and ' Fakkare Haymanot or the faith of Abba Giyorgis Säglawi', Le Muséon, XCIV (1981), 254; C. Conti Rossini, 'Due capitoli del Libro del Mistero di Giyorgis da Sagla', Rassegna di studi Etiopici, VII (1948), 39-53.
79. Gadla Giyorgis: Gérard Colin (ed.), Vie de Georges de Sagla, in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorurn Orientalium. Script. Aeth., LXXXI (1987), 27-30 [text], LXXXII (1987), 20-2 [trans.] ; Getatchew Haile, ' A study of the issues raised in two homilies of Emperor Zär'a Ya'aqob of Ethiopia', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, CXXXI (1981), 102-3, and ' Fakkare Haymanot or the faith of Abba Giyorgis Säglawi', Le Muséon, XCIV (1981), 254; C. Conti Rossini, 'Due capitoli del Libro del Mistero di Giyorgis da Sagla', Rassegna di studi Etiopici, VII (1948), 39-53.
80. Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter', 193-5. For an example of Zar'a Ya'eqob's polemical literature, see Getatchew Haile (ed.), The Epistle of Humanity of Emperor Zar'a Ya'dqob (Tomarä Tasba't), in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorurn Orientalium, Script. Aeth., XCV (1991) [text], XCVI (1991) [trans.].
81. Getatchew Haile, 'The end of a deserter', 193-5. For an example of Zar'a Ya'eqob's polemical literature, see Getatchew Haile (ed.), The Epistle of Humanity of Emperor Zar'a Ya'dqob (Tomarä Tasba't), in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorurn Orientalium, Script. Aeth., XCV (1991) [text], XCVI (1991) [trans.].
82. R. Bassett (ed.), 'Etudes sur l'histoire d'Ethiopie', Journal asiatique, ser. 7, XVII (1881), 325-6 [text]; XVIII (1881), 95 [trans.]; interview with Berhãn Beruk on 20 Aug, 1975. 22 EMML 7334: F. 28b.
83. R. Bassett (ed.), 'Etudes sur l'histoire d'Ethiopie', Journal asiatique, ser. 7, XVII (1881), 325-6 [text]; XVIII (1881), 95 [trans.]; interview with Berhãn Beruk on 20 Aug, 1975. 22 EMML 7334: F. 28b.
84. Interview with G̃tẽ Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975. In my reconstruction of several traditions, I argue that men first became blacksmiths (and probably weavers), and only later added carpentry and masonry: Evolution, 64-5, 99-102, 134-7. Rest land means inherited land-use rights passed down ambilineally. For the best description, based on field work, see Allan Hoben, Land Tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia (Chicago, 1973), 130-43.
85. Interview with G̃tẽ Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975. In my reconstruction of several traditions, I argue that men first became blacksmiths (and probably weavers), and only later added carpentry and masonry: Evolution, 64-5, 99-102, 134-7. Rest land means inherited land-use rights passed down ambilineally. For the best description, based on field work, see Allan Hoben, Land Tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia (Chicago, 1973), 130-43.
86. Interview with Berhãn Beruk on 20 Aug. 1975, See also the analysis of other oral traditions in Quirin, l Ayhud and Falasha: oral and written traditions concerning the reign of King Yeshaq in fifteenth-century Ethiopia', in Steven Kaplan et al. (eds.), Between Africa and Zion : Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry (Jerusalem, 1995), 55-71, and 'Oral traditions as historical sources in Ethiopia: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)', History in Africa, XX (1993), 297-312. For a slightly different emphasis, see Kaplan, Beta Israel, 65-9.
87. Interview with Berhãn Beruk on 20 Aug. 1975, See also the analysis of other oral traditions in Quirin, l Ayhud and Falasha: oral and written traditions concerning the reign of King Yeshaq in fifteenth-century Ethiopia', in Steven Kaplan et al. (eds.), Between Africa and Zion : Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry (Jerusalem, 1995), 55-71, and 'Oral traditions as historical sources in Ethiopia: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)', History in Africa, XX (1993), 297-312. For a slightly different emphasis, see Kaplan, Beta Israel, 65-9.
88. Interview with Berhãn Beruk on 20 Aug. 1975, See also the analysis of other oral traditions in Quirin, l Ayhud and Falasha: oral and written traditions concerning the reign of King Yeshaq in fifteenth-century Ethiopia', in Steven Kaplan et al. (eds.), Between Africa and Zion : Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry (Jerusalem, 1995), 55-71, and 'Oral traditions as historical sources in Ethiopia: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)', History in Africa, XX (1993), 297-312. For a slightly different emphasis, see Kaplan, Beta Israel, 65-9.
89. Quirin, Evolution, 12. An alternative etymology finds 'Falasha' to mean simply the language of the people of Qwara: Robert Hetzron, 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, in (1976), 4. For another view of j'alasyan, see Kaplan, Beta Israel, 69-73.
90. Quirin, Evolution, 12. An alternative etymology finds 'Falasha' to mean simply the language of the people of Qwara: Robert Hetzron, 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, in (1976), 4. For another view of j'alasyan, see Kaplan, Beta Israel, 69-73.
91. Quirin, Evolution, 12. An alternative etymology finds 'Falasha' to mean simply the language of the people of Qwara: Robert Hetzron, 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, in (1976), 4. For another view of j'alasyan, see Kaplan, Beta Israel, 69-73.
92. Interview with Berhan Beruk on 3 July 1975; Quirin, Evolution, 64-5.
93. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; Shelemay, Music, Ritual, 197-216; Kaplan, Beta Israel, 69-78.
94. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; Shelemay, Music, Ritual, 197-216; Kaplan, Beta Israel, 69-78.
95. Quirin, Evolution, 65-72; Shelemay, Music, Ritual, 197-216; Kaplan, Beta Israel, 69-78.
96. ' Sabrã ' has been written several ways ; see references in Quirin, ' Ayhud in fifteenthcentury Ethiopia', 89, 100, n I; W. Leslau, 'Taamrat Emmanuel's notes of Falasha monks and holy places', Salo Wittmayer Barron Jubilee Volume, American Academy for Jewish Research (1975), 624-5 ; Jacques Faitlovitch, Quer durch Abessinien (Berlin, 1910), 88-9; P. Luzzatto, Mémoire sur les juifs d'Abyssinie ou Falashas (Paris: Extrait des archives Israelites, 1852-3), 96-7; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Reponses des Falasha dits juifs d'Abyssinie', Archives Israelites, XII (1851), 237; d'Abbadie, 'Journal et melanges', France Nouvelle Acquisition 21300, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 464, 473.
97. ' Sabrã ' has been written several ways ; see references in Quirin, ' Ayhud in fifteenthcentury Ethiopia', 89, 100, n I; W. Leslau, 'Taamrat Emmanuel's notes of Falasha monks and holy places', Salo Wittmayer Barron Jubilee Volume, American Academy for Jewish Research (1975), 624-5 ; Jacques Faitlovitch, Quer durch Abessinien (Berlin, 1910), 88-9; P. Luzzatto, Mémoire sur les juifs d'Abyssinie ou Falashas (Paris: Extrait des archives Israelites, 1852-3), 96-7; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Reponses des Falasha dits juifs d'Abyssinie', Archives Israelites, XII (1851), 237; d'Abbadie, 'Journal et melanges', France Nouvelle Acquisition 21300, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 464, 473.
98. ' Sabrã ' has been written several ways ; see references in Quirin, ' Ayhud in fifteenthcentury Ethiopia', 89, 100, n I; W. Leslau, 'Taamrat Emmanuel's notes of Falasha monks and holy places', Salo Wittmayer Barron Jubilee Volume, American Academy for Jewish Research (1975), 624-5 ; Jacques Faitlovitch, Quer durch Abessinien (Berlin, 1910), 88-9; P. Luzzatto, Mémoire sur les juifs d'Abyssinie ou Falashas (Paris: Extrait des archives Israelites, 1852-3), 96-7; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Reponses des Falasha dits juifs d'Abyssinie', Archives Israelites, XII (1851), 237; d'Abbadie, 'Journal et melanges', France Nouvelle Acquisition 21300, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 464, 473.
99. ' Sabrã ' has been written several ways ; see references in Quirin, ' Ayhud in fifteenthcentury Ethiopia', 89, 100, n I; W. Leslau, 'Taamrat Emmanuel's notes of Falasha monks and holy places', Salo Wittmayer Barron Jubilee Volume, American Academy for Jewish Research (1975), 624-5 ; Jacques Faitlovitch, Quer durch Abessinien (Berlin, 1910), 88-9; P. Luzzatto, Mémoire sur les juifs d'Abyssinie ou Falashas (Paris: Extrait des archives Israelites, 1852-3), 96-7; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Reponses des Falasha dits juifs d'Abyssinie', Archives Israelites, XII (1851), 237; d'Abbadie, 'Journal et melanges', France Nouvelle Acquisition 21300, Bibliothèque
100. ' Sabrã ' has been written several ways ; see references in Quirin, ' Ayhud in fifteenthcentury Ethiopia', 89, 100, n I; W. Leslau, 'Taamrat Emmanuel's notes of Falasha monks and holy places', Salo Wittmayer Barron Jubilee Volume, American Academy for Jewish Research (1975), 624-5 ; Jacques Faitlovitch, Quer durch Abessinien (Berlin, 1910), 88-9; P. Luzzatto, Mémoire sur les juifs d'Abyssinie ou Falashas (Paris: Extrait des archives Israelites, 1852-3), 96-7; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Reponses des Falasha dits juifs d'Abyssinie', Archives Israelites, XII (1851), 237; d'Abbadie, 'Journal et melanges', France Nouvelle Acquisition 21300, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 464, 473.
101. ' Sabrã ' has been written several ways ; see references in Quirin, ' Ayhud in fifteenthcentury Ethiopia', 89, 100, n I; W. Leslau, 'Taamrat Emmanuel's notes of Falasha monks and holy places', Salo Wittmayer Barron Jubilee Volume, American Academy for Jewish Research (1975), 624-5 ; Jacques Faitlovitch, Quer durch Abessinien (Berlin, 1910), 88-9; P. Luzzatto, Mémoire sur les juifs d'Abyssinie ou Falashas (Paris: Extrait des archives Israelites, 1852-3), 96-7; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Reponses des Falasha dits juifs d'Abyssinie', Archives Israelites, XII (1851), 237; d'Abbadie, 'Journal et melanges', France Nouvelle Acquisition 21300, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 464, 473.
102. Getatchew Haile, 'End of a deserter.
103. S. Kaplan, 'The Falasha and the Stephanite: an episode from the Gadla Gabra Masih', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXVIII (1985), 278-82; Chihab Ed-Din Ahmed ben 'Abd el-Qader (Arab Faqih), Histoire de la conquete de VAbyssinie (XVI siécle), (2 vols.), ed. R. Basset (Paris, 1897-1901), ii, 456-9; Abraham Levi in A. Neubauer, 'Where are the ten tribes?', Jewish Quarterly Review, 1 (1889), 196-7. F. M. Esteves Pereira (ed.), Chronica de Susneyos, Rei de Ethiopia (2 vols.) (Lisbon, 1892-1900), i, 155, 282; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales lohannis I, Iyasu I, Bakaffa : Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ser. alt., Script Aeth. V (1903), 8.
104. S. Kaplan, 'The Falasha and the Stephanite: an episode from the Gadla Gabra Masih', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXVIII (1985), 278-82; Chihab Ed-Din Ahmed ben 'Abd el-Qader (Arab Faqih), Histoire de la conquete de VAbyssinie (XVI siécle), (2 vols.), ed. R. Basset (Paris, 1897-1901), ii, 456-9; Abraham Levi in A. Neubauer, 'Where are the ten tribes?', Jewish Quarterly Review, 1 (1889), 196-7. F. M. Esteves Pereira (ed.), Chronica de Susneyos, Rei de Ethiopia (2 vols.) (Lisbon, 1892-1900), i, 155, 282; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales lohannis I, Iyasu I, Bakaffa : Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ser. alt., Script Aeth. V (1903), 8.
105. S. Kaplan, 'The Falasha and the Stephanite: an episode from the Gadla Gabra Masih', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXVIII (1985), 278-82; Chihab Ed-Din Ahmed ben 'Abd el-Qader (Arab Faqih), Histoire de la conquete de VAbyssinie (XVI siécle), (2 vols.), ed. R. Basset (Paris, 1897-1901), ii, 456-9; Abraham Levi in A. Neubauer, 'Where are the ten tribes?', Jewish Quarterly Review, 1 (1889), 196-7. F. M. Esteves Pereira (ed.), Chronica de Susneyos, Rei de Ethiopia (2 vols.) (Lisbon, 1892-1900), i, 155, 282; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales lohannis I, Iyasu I, Bakaffa : Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ser. alt., Script Aeth. V (1903), 8.
106. S. Kaplan, 'The Falasha and the Stephanite: an episode from the Gadla Gabra Masih', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXVIII (1985), 278-82; Chihab Ed-Din Ahmed ben 'Abd el-Qader (Arab Faqih), Histoire de la conquete de VAbyssinie (XVI siécle), (2 vols.), ed. R. Basset (Paris, 1897-1901), ii, 456-9; Abraham Levi in A. Neubauer, 'Where are the ten tribes?', Jewish Quarterly Review, 1 (1889), 196-7. F. M. Esteves Pereira (ed.), Chronica de Susneyos, Rei de Ethiopia (2 vols.) (Lisbon, 1892-1900), i, 155, 282; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales lohannis I, Iyasu I, Bakaffa : Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ser. alt., Script Aeth. V (1903), 8.
107. S. Kaplan, 'The Falasha and the Stephanite: an episode from the Gadla Gabra Masih', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXVIII (1985), 278-82; Chihab Ed-Din Ahmed ben 'Abd el-Qader (Arab Faqih), Histoire de la conquete de VAbyssinie (XVI siécle), (2 vols.), ed. R. Basset (Paris, 1897-1901), ii, 456-9; Abraham Levi in A. Neubauer, 'Where are the ten tribes?', Jewish Quarterly Review, 1 (1889), 196-7. F. M. Esteves Pereira (ed.), Chronica de Susneyos, Rei de Ethiopia (2 vols.) (Lisbon, 1892-1900), i, 155, 282; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales lohannis I, Iyasu I, Bakaffa : Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ser. alt., Script Aeth. V (1903), 8.
108. The first mention of 'Kemant' in written sources is 'Liberate da San Lorenzo, 28 May 1714', in Camillo Beccari (ed.), Rerum Aethiopicarum : Scriptures Occidentales inediti a saeculo XVI ad XIX (15 vols.) (Rome, 1903-1917), i, 470. The name of the people has often been written 'Qemant' which is the way it is pronounced in Amharic, but since Agaw languages do not have the glottalized sound, the spelling 'Kemant' is linguistically more accurate (see Appleyard, Bender and Conti Rossini below).
109. The first mention of 'Kemant' in written sources is 'Liberate da San Lorenzo, 28 May 1714', in Camillo Beccari (ed.), Rerum Aethiopicarum : Scriptures Occidentales inediti a saeculo XVI ad XIX (15 vols.) (Rome, 1903-1917), i, 470. The name of the people has often been written 'Qemant' which is the way it is pronounced in Amharic, but since Agaw languages do not have the glottalized sound, the spelling 'Kemant' is linguistically more accurate (see Appleyard, Bender and Conti Rossini below).
110. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
111. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
112. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
113. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
114. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
115. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
116. The Beta Israel quotation is from d'Abbadie, 'Réponses des Falasha', 263. For linguistic analyses of the Cushitic and Agaw group of the Kemant language see: A. Zaborski, 'Cushitic overview', in M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, 1976), 67-84; C. Ehret, 'Cushitic prehistory', in Bender, Non-Semitic, 85-96; Robert Hetzron, The Verbal System of Southern Agaw (Berkeley, 1969), and 'The Agaw languages', Afroasiatic Linguistics, III (1976), 1-45; Joseph Tubiana, 'Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes Agaw', Mer rouge, Afrique orientale : Cahiers de l'Afrique et de Asie, V (1959), 297-306; C. Conti Rossini, La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie (Vienna, 1912); D. L. Appleyard, 'A descriptive outline of Kemant', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XXXVIII (1975), 316-50.
117. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
118. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
119. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
120. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
121. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
122. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
123. On religious terminological Agaw similarities, such as adara, qeddus and zār, see: Shelemay, Music, 39-41, 60, n. 4; Gamst, Qemant, 34-49; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum T. Acta Santi Abakerazzun, II. Acta Santi Takla Hawaryat. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scrip. Aeth., XXV (1954), 104 [text]. On zār, in particular, see: W. Leslau, 'An Ethiopian argot of a people possessed by a spirit', Africa, XIX (1949), 204-12; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', Aethiopica, II (1934), 126; E. F. Torrey, 'The zar cult in Ethiopia', Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, 1996, III (Addis Ababa, 1969), 51-9. Zār may have originated in Amhara-Oromo culture contact and spread to many places in the Islamic world through the slave trade from the Ethiopian region : R. Natvig, 'Oromos, slaves, and the zar spirits: a contribution to the history of the zar cult', Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, XX (1987), 669-89.
124. Gamst, Qemant, 73, 75, 80, 99-101; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464; A. Z. Aescoly, 'Notices sur les Falacha ou Juifs d'Abyssinie, d'après le "Journal de voyage" d'Antoine d'Abbadie', Cahiers d'études africaines, II (1961), 110. As mentioned below, tazkār was an Ethiopian Christian memorial service as well. For a more detailed comparison, which suggests the practice originated with Christians, see Quirin, Evolution, 152 and the references there (p. 275, no. 204).
125. Gamst, Qemant, 73, 75, 80, 99-101; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464; A. Z. Aescoly, 'Notices sur les Falacha ou Juifs d'Abyssinie, d'après le "Journal de voyage" d'Antoine d'Abbadie', Cahiers d'études africaines, II (1961), 110. As mentioned below, tazkār was an Ethiopian Christian memorial service as well. For a more detailed comparison, which suggests the practice originated with Christians, see Quirin, Evolution, 152 and the references there (p. 275, no. 204).
126. Gamst, Qemant, 73, 75, 80, 99-101; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464; A. Z. Aescoly, 'Notices sur les Falacha ou Juifs d'Abyssinie, d'après le "Journal de voyage" d'Antoine d'Abbadie', Cahiers d'études africaines, II (1961), 110. As mentioned below, tazkār was an Ethiopian Christian memorial service as well. For a more detailed comparison, which suggests the practice originated with Christians, see Quirin, Evolution, 152 and the references there (p. 275, no. 204).
127. Gamst, Qemant, 73, 75, 80, 99-101; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464; A. Z. Aescoly, 'Notices sur les Falacha ou Juifs d'Abyssinie, d'après le "Journal de voyage" d'Antoine d'Abbadie', Cahiers d'études africaines, II (1961), 110. As mentioned below, tazkār was an Ethiopian Christian memorial service as well. For a more detailed comparison, which suggests the practice originated with Christians, see Quirin, Evolution, 152 and the references there (p. 275, no. 204).
128. The Ethiopian chronicles do not mention any wars against Kemant; Kemant oral traditions agree: interviews with Mulunah Marshā, Qanu Ayyalaw and Tafari Negusē on 22 Nov. 1975; Negusē Warqu on 25 Nov. 1975. See also, Gamst, Qemant, 57.
129. For Kemant views on wambar, see: Gamst, Qemant, 34-43, 57-64, and map in frontispiece ; interview with Mulunah Marshā", Qanu Ayyalaw and Tafari Negusē on 22 Nov. 1975. For the Amharic use, see: G. W. B. Huntingford, The Land Charters of Northern Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1965), 59; Francisco Alvares, The Prester John of the Indies, trans. Lord Stanley of Alderley [1881], ed. C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (2 vols.) (Cambridge, 1961), ii, 439 and n. 4.
130. For Kemant views on wambar, see: Gamst, Qemant, 34-43, 57-64, and map in frontispiece ; interview with Mulunah Marshā", Qanu Ayyalaw and Tafari Negusē on 22 Nov. 1975. For the Amharic use, see: G. W. B. Huntingford, The Land Charters of Northern Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1965), 59; Francisco Alvares, The Prester John of the Indies, trans. Lord Stanley of Alderley [1881], ed. C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (2 vols.) (Cambridge, 1961), ii, 439 and n. 4.
131. For Kemant views on wambar, see: Gamst, Qemant, 34-43, 57-64, and map in frontispiece ; interview with Mulunah Marshā", Qanu Ayyalaw and Tafari Negusē on 22 Nov. 1975. For the Amharic use, see: G. W. B. Huntingford, The Land Charters of Northern Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1965), 59; Francisco Alvares, The Prester John of the Indies, trans. Lord Stanley of Alderley [1881], ed. C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (2 vols.) (Cambridge, 1961), ii, 439 and n. 4.
132. Jules Perruchon, 'Histoire des guerres d'Amda Syon', Journal asiatique, ser. 8, XIV (1889), 339-40; Huntingford, The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon King of Ethiopia (Oxford, 1965), 61-2.
133. Jules Perruchon, 'Histoire des guerres d'Amda Syon', Journal asiatique, ser. 8, XIV (1889), 339-40; Huntingford, The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon King of Ethiopia (Oxford, 1965), 61-2.
134. The apparent title of an Agaw ruler at the time of Amda Seyon was 'Abēt-Azar' : I. Guidi, 'Le canonzi Ge'ez-Amarina in onore di re abissini', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, ser. 4, V (1880), 62.
135. For Gondar's founding traditions, see Quirin, Evolution, 990-2. For the kings' campaigns, see the lists in Richard Pankhurst, 'Notes for a history of Gondar', Ethiopia Observer, XXII (1969), 183-4, 189-90.
136. For Gondar's founding traditions, see Quirin, Evolution, 990-2. For the kings' campaigns, see the lists in Richard Pankhurst, 'Notes for a history of Gondar', Ethiopia Observer, XXII (1969), 183-4, 189-90.
137. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
138. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
139. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
140. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
141. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
142. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
143. Job Ludolphus, A New History of Ethiopia (London, 1682), 73, 390-1; Balthazar Telles, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London, 1710 [original 1660]), 38; Manoel de Almeida, 'The history of high Ethiopia or Abassia', in C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (eds.), Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 (London, 1954), 54-5; James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols.) (Edinburgh, 1790), ii, 634; iii, 123, 195; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Regum lyasu II et Iyo'as. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (2 vols.), ser. alt., VI (1910-12), 98; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Gētē Asrass on 3 June 1975, 11 June 1975, 9 Nov. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; LaVerle Berry, 'The Solomonic monarchy at Gonder, 1630-1755: an institutional analysis of kingship in the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1976), 172-81.
144. In Beccari (ed.), Rerum Aethiopicarum, xiv, 32, 43; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Iohannis I, 19, 21-22; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975.
145. In Beccari (ed.), Rerum Aethiopicarum, xiv, 32, 43; Ignazio Guidi (ed.), Annales Iohannis I, 19, 21-22; interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975.
146. Interview with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975.
147. Interviews with Berhān Beruk on 3 July 1975 and 14 Aug. 1975, Dassē Yeshaq on 8 Jan. 1976, Garima Tāffara on 25 Aug. 1975, Getē Asrass on 11 June 1975 and 9 Nov. 1975, Jammara Wandē on 21 July 1975 and 26 Aug. 1975, Menasē Zammaru and Wandē Iyyasu on 13 Oct. 1975, Rattā Zawdē, 10 Aug. 1975, Webē Akāla, 27 Dec. 1975, Yeshaq Iyyāsu on 15 Dec. 1975, Zallaqa Damozē on 28 Nov. 1975; Quirin, Evolution, 102-9.
148. For a discussion of roles of the state, see John Harbeson, The Ethiopian Transformation (Boulder, 1988), 22.
149. According to the only Beta Israel written historical chronicle: Wolf Leslau, 'A Falasha religious dispute', Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, XVI (1947), 80.
150. Kemant, Beta Israel and Amhara traditions all agree: interviews with Jammara Wandē on 31 July 1975 and 16 Aug. 1975, Yebbābē Zawdē on 2 Aug. 1975, Negusē Eshate on 6 Oct. 1975, Getē Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975, Webē Akāla on 27 Dec. 1975, Negusē Warqu on 25 Nov. 1975, Walda Sellāsē Aggadaw on 5 Aug. 1975, Garima Tāffara on 4 Aug. 1975 and 25 Aug. 1975, Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Malunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975.
151. Interviews with Jammara Wandē on 21 July 1975, Adugna Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqayahu Radda on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqayahu Radda and Yelma Yalaw on 26 Dec. 1975, Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Negusē Warqu on 25 Nov. 1975. On the Feqer Gemb, and an official called the Feqer Gemb azāj, see: Guidi, Annales Iohannis, 172; Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 256-7. Quirin, Evolution, 95-9 and map 3.
152. Interviews with Jammara Wandē on 21 July 1975, Adugna Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqayahu Radda on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqayahu Radda and Yelma Yalaw on 26 Dec. 1975, Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Negusē Warqu on 25 Nov. 1975. On the Feqer Gemb, and an official called the Feqer Gemb azāj, see: Guidi, Annales Iohannis, 172; Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 256-7. Quirin, Evolution, 95-9 and map 3.
153. Interviews with Jammara Wandē on 21 July 1975, Adugna Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqayahu Radda on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqayahu Radda and Yelma Yalaw on 26 Dec. 1975, Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Negusē Warqu on 25 Nov. 1975. On the Feqer Gemb, and an official called the Feqer Gemb azāj, see: Guidi, Annales Iohannis, 172; Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 256-7. Quirin, Evolution, 95-9 and map 3.
154. Guidi, Annales Iohannis, 8, 37.
155. Interviews with Walda Sellase Aggadaw on 5 Aug. 1975, Jammara Wandē on 26 Aug. 1975, Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975.
156. Interviews with Malunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975, Berhān Beruk on 14 Aug. 1975 and 20 Aug. 1975.
157. Bruce, Travels, iv, 275.
158. Beccari, Rerum Aethiopicarum, i, 470.
159. Interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Malunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant' (unpublished manuscript, 1975), 11.
160. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
161. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
162. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
163. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
164. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
165. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
166. The earrings were called enhue in Kemant: Conti Rossini, Langue Kemant, 167. On the earrings see also: Eduard Rüppell, Reise in Abyssinien (2 vols.) (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1838-40), ii, 149; C. T. Lefebvre, 'Aperçu général de l' Abyssinie', Bulletin de la société de géographie, 2nd ser., XIV (1840), 140; Samuel Gobat, Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinie (New York, 1850 [orig. ed. 1834]), 469 (Gobat said they were made of brass, but that appears to be simply a mistake since all other sources mention only wooden earrings); Henry Stern, Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1968 [original 1862]), 44; Walter Plowden, in Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (P.P.). Correspondence respecting Abyssinia, 1846-1868 (London, 1868), 110; Dimoteos Sabrijian, Deux ans de séjour en Abyssinie (Jerusalem, 1871), 133.
167. On royal policies and ethnie relations with regard to all peoples in Gondar, see Quirin, Evolution, 109-17.
168. Guidi, Annales Iyasu II, 180.
169. Quirin, Evolution, 127-34.
170. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
171. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
172. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
173. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
174. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
175. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
176. Nathaniel Pearce, Life and Adventures (2 vols.) (London, 1831), i, 287; ii, 340-1; Gobat, Journal, 332; A. Ferret and M. Galinier, Voyages en Abyssinie (3 vols.) (Paris, 1847), ii, 123; Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (2nd ed., London, 1868), 300-13; Joseph Halévy, 'Travels in Abyssinia', in A. L, Lowy (ed.), Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, ser. 2, 11 (London, 1877), 194-5; William Winstanley, A Visit to Abyssinia (2 vols.) (London, 1881), i, 278-82.
177. Simon Messing, 'The highland-plateau Amhara of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 677; Allan Young, 'Medical beliefs and practices of Begemder Amhara' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), 244-50; Ronald Reminick, 'The evil-eye belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia', Ethnology, XIII (1974), 279-92; Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible (2nd ed., Chicago, 1978 [original edition, 1956]); Robert Eisler, Man into Wolf (London, 1951); Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976).
178. Simon Messing, 'The highland-plateau Amhara of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 677; Allan Young, 'Medical beliefs and practices of Begemder Amhara' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), 244-50; Ronald Reminick, 'The evil-eye belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia', Ethnology, XIII (1974), 279-92; Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible (2nd ed., Chicago, 1978 [original edition, 1956]); Robert Eisler, Man into Wolf (London, 1951); Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976).
179. Simon Messing, 'The highland-plateau Amhara of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 677; Allan Young, 'Medical beliefs and practices of Begemder Amhara' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), 244-50; Ronald Reminick, 'The evil-eye belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia', Ethnology, XIII (1974), 279-92; Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible (2nd ed., Chicago, 1978 [original edition, 1956]); Robert Eisler, Man into Wolf (London, 1951); Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976).
180. Simon Messing, 'The highland-plateau Amhara of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 677; Allan Young, 'Medical beliefs and practices of Begemder Amhara' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), 244-50; Ronald Reminick, 'The evil-eye belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia', Ethnology, XIII (1974), 279-92; Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible (2nd ed., Chicago, 1978 [original edition, 1956]); Robert Eisler, Man into Wolf (London, 1951); Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976).
181. Simon Messing, 'The highland-plateau Amhara of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 677; Allan Young, 'Medical beliefs and practices of Begemder Amhara' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), 244-50; Ronald Reminick, 'The evil-eye belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia', Ethnology, XIII (1974), 279-92; Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible (2nd ed., Chicago, 1978 [original edition, 1956]); Robert Eisler, Man into Wolf (London, 1951); Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976).
182. Simon Messing, 'The highland-plateau Amhara of Ethiopia' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 677; Allan Young, 'Medical beliefs and practices of Begemder Amhara' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), 244-50; Ronald Reminick, 'The evil-eye belief among the Amhara of Ethiopia', Ethnology, XIII (1974), 279-92; Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible (2nd ed., Chicago, 1978 [original edition, 1956]); Robert Eisler, Man into Wolf (London, 1951); Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976).
183. See the summary in Quirin, Evolution, 41-5.
184. Sylvain Grébaut, 'Catalogue des manuscrits éthiopien (Ge'ez) de la mission Griaule', Aethiopica, 111 (1935), 83.
185. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
186. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
187. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
188. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
189. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
190. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
191. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
192. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
193. Ibid. 159. See also: S. Strelcyn, 'Les écrits médicaux Ethiopiens', J. Ethiopian Studies, in (1965), 88-97, and 'Les nouveaux manuscrits éthiopiens de la Bibliothèque Royale de Bruxelles', J. Ethiopian Studies, XI (1973), 171-2; Aescoly, 'Les noms magiques dans les apocryphes chrétiens des Ethiopiens', Journal asiatique, CCXX (1932), 130; W. H. Worrell, 'Studien zum abessinischen Zauberwesen', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XXIII (1909), 149-83; XXIX (1910), 56-96; XXIX (1914), 85-141; M. Leiris, 'Le culte des zars à Gondar', 126; S. Strelcyn, 'Prières magiques éthiopiennes pour délier les charmes', Rocznik Orientalistyczny, XVIII (1955), 331-2.
194. J. M. Flad, Notes from a Journal of J. M. Flad, ed. W. Douglas Veitch (London, 1860), 43.
195. Gobat in Jewish Intelligence, IV (1838), 139.
196. Gobat, Journal, 468.
197. Halévy, 'Travels', 237. On buda, see also: Michele Schoenberger, 'The Falashas of Ethiopia: an ethnographie study' (Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1975), 244-7.
198. Halévy, 'Travels', 237. On buda, see also: Michele Schoenberger, 'The Falashas of Ethiopia: an ethnographie study' (Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1975), 244-7.
199. Leslau, 'Falasha religious dispute', 80.
200. Ibid.; Flad, 'Journal', Jewish Records, XXVIII-XXIX (April-May, 1863), 13-15; Flad, 'Twelve years in Abyssinia', Jewish Intelligence, IX (1869), 244-5; Staiger, 'Journal', The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Church of Scotland, N.S., 11 (1863), 80-1; interviews with Ayyallegne Adgwachaw and Kebrate Samu'el on 26 Oct. 1975, Berhan Beruk on 3 July 1975, Menase Zammaru on 15 Oct. 1975, Webe Akala on 27 Dec. 1975; Quirin, Evolution, 155-60.
201. Ibid.; Flad, 'Journal', Jewish Records, XXVIII-XXIX (April-May, 1863), 13-15; Flad, 'Twelve years in Abyssinia', Jewish Intelligence, IX (1869), 244-5; Staiger, 'Journal', The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Church of Scotland, N.S., 11 (1863), 80-1; interviews with Ayyallegne Adgwachaw and Kebrate Samu'el on 26 Oct. 1975, Berhan Beruk on 3 July 1975, Menase Zammaru on 15 Oct. 1975, Webe Akala on 27 Dec. 1975; Quirin, Evolution, 155-60.
202. Ibid.; Flad, 'Journal', Jewish Records, XXVIII-XXIX (April-May, 1863), 13-15; Flad, 'Twelve years in Abyssinia', Jewish Intelligence, IX (1869), 244-5; Staiger, 'Journal', The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Church of Scotland, N.S., 11 (1863), 80-1; interviews with Ayyallegne Adgwachaw and Kebrate Samu'el on 26 Oct. 1975, Berhan Beruk on 3 July 1975, Menase Zammaru on 15 Oct. 1975, Webe Akala on 27 Dec. 1975; Quirin, Evolution, 155-60.
203. Ibid.; Flad, 'Journal', Jewish Records, XXVIII-XXIX (April-May, 1863), 13-15; Flad, 'Twelve years in Abyssinia', Jewish Intelligence, IX (1869), 244-5; Staiger, 'Journal', The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Church of Scotland, N.S., 11 (1863), 80-1; interviews with Ayyallegne Adgwachaw and Kebrate Samu'el on 26 Oct. 1975, Berhan Beruk on 3 July 1975, Menase Zammaru on
204. Ibid.; Flad, 'Journal', Jewish Records, XXVIII-XXIX (April-May, 1863), 13-15; Flad, 'Twelve years in Abyssinia', Jewish Intelligence, IX (1869), 244-5; Staiger, 'Journal', The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Church of Scotland, N.S., 11 (1863), 80-1; interviews with Ayyallegne Adgwachaw and Kebrate Samu'el on 26 Oct. 1975, Berhan Beruk on 3 July 1975, Menase Zammaru on 15 Oct. 1975, Webe Akala on 27 Dec. 1975; Quirin, Evolution, 155-60.
205. Halévy, 'Travels', 219.
206. Flad, The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia (London, 1869), 27; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464-70; Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia, 331-2.
207. Flad, The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia (London, 1869), 27; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464-70; Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia, 331-2.
208. Flad, The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia (London, 1869), 27; Antoine d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 464-70; Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia, 331-2.
209. V. Sapiro, 'Engendering cultural differences', in C. Young (ed.), Rising Tide, 3-43.
210. d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 460, 467-78; Flad, Journal, 86; Dillion in Lefebvre, Voyage, i, 165-6.
211. d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 460, 467-78; Flad, Journal, 86; Dillion in Lefebvre, Voyage, i, 165-6.
212. d'Abbadie, 'Journal et mélanges', 460, 467-78; Flad, Journal, 86; Dillion in Lefebvre, Voyage, i, 165-6.
213. Stern, Wanderings, 187.
214. S. Bronkhorst, in Jewish Records, XII (1862), 3.
215. Gobat, Journal, 279, 468; Halévy, 'Travels', 217, 219; C. Beke, 'Abyssinia - being a continuation of routes in that country", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XJV (1844), 8; H. Steudner, 'Reise von Adoa nach Gondar, Dezember 26, 1861-Januar 1862', Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, XV (1863), 129.
216. Gobat, Journal, 279, 468; Halévy, 'Travels', 217, 219; C. Beke, 'Abyssinia - being a continuation of routes in that country", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XJV (1844), 8; H. Steudner, 'Reise von Adoa nach Gondar, Dezember 26, 1861-Januar 1862', Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, XV (1863), 129.
217. Gobat, Journal, 279, 468; Halévy, 'Travels', 217, 219; C. Beke, 'Abyssinia - being a continuation of routes in that country', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, X1V (1844), 8; H. Steudner, 'Reise von Adoa nach Gondar, Dezember 26, 1861-Januar 1862', Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, XV (1863), 129.
218. Gobat, Journal, 279, 468; Halévy, 'Travels', 217, 219; C. Beke, 'Abyssinia - being a continuation of routes in that country", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XJV (1844), 8; H. Steudner, 'Reise von Adoa nach Gondar, Dezember 26, 1861-Januar 1862', Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, XV (1863), 129.
219. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
220. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
221. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
222. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
223. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
224. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
225. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
226. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
227. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
228. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
229. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
230. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
231. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
232. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
233. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
234. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
235. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
236. On 'caste' usage see: Quirin, Evolution, 30-1, 160-4 and further references there. The following have been the most useful to my analysis: Max Weber, 'The development of caste', in R. Bendix and S. Lipset (eds.), Class, Status and Power (New York, 1966), 28-36; Gerald Berreman, 'Caste: the concept of caste', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11 (1968), 33-9; Edmund Leach, 'Introduction: what should we mean by caste ? ', in Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan (London, 1960), 1-10; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchus (Chicago, 1970); McKim Marriott, ' Interactional and attributional theories of caste ranking', Man in India, XXXIX (1959), 92-107. For African castes, see: P. McNaughton, Mande Blacksmiths (Bloomington, 1988), 5-21 ; M. Sidibé, 'Les gens de caste ou Nyamakala au Soudan Français, Notes africaines, LXXXI (1959), 13-17; James Vaughn, 'Caste systems in the western Sudan', in A. Tuden and L. Plotnicov (eds.), Social Stratification in Africa (New York, 1970), 59-92; Tal Tamari, 'The development of caste systems in west Africa', J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 221-50. On various types of Ethiopian castes see the summary in Levine, Greater Ethiopia, Appendix, 196-7; H. S. Lewis, 'Historical problems in Ethiopia and the horn of Africa', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, XCVI (1962), 504-11; William Shack, 'Notes on occupational castes among the Gurage of south-west Ethiopia', Man, LIV (1964), 50-2; C, Hallpike, 'The status of craftsmen among the Konso of south-west Ethiopia', Africa, XXXVIII (1968), 258-69; Enrico Cerulli, 'The folk-literature of the Galla of southern Abyssinia', in E. A. Hooton and P. Bates (eds.), Harvard African Studies, Varia Africana (Cambridge, MA, 1922), iii, Appendix: 'The Watta: alow caste of hunters', 200-14. For a critique of my caste usage and the use of 'quasi-caste', see John Abbink, 'The irrevocable past: history and image of the Beta Esra'el', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIV (1994), 693-700. Some prefer the terminology, 'caste-like' or 'semi-caste': Kaplan, Beta Israel, 122, 154.
237. D. Crummey, 'State and society: nineteenth-century Ethiopia', in D. Crummey and C. C. Stewart (eds.), Modes of Production in Africa (Beverly Hills, 1981), 228, and 'Abyssinian feudalism', 134; Quirin, 'Ethnicity, caste, class and state', 210.
238. D. Crummey, 'State and society: nineteenth-century Ethiopia', in D. Crummey and C. C. Stewart (eds.), Modes of Production in Africa (Beverly Hills, 1981), 228, and 'Abyssinian feudalism', 134; Quirin, 'Ethnicity, caste, class and state', 210.
239. D. Crummey, 'State and society: nineteenth-century Ethiopia', in D. Crummey and C. C. Stewart (eds.), Modes of Production in Africa (Beverly Hills, 1981), 228, and 'Abyssinian feudalism', 134; Quirin, 'Ethnicity, caste, class and state', 210.
240. Gobat, Journal, 469;
241. Plowden, in Parliamentary Papers, no;
242. Guillaume Lejean, Voyage en Abyssinie (Paris, 1872), 2;
243. Stern, Wanderings, 44-5;
244. E. A. de Cosson, The Cradle of the Blue Nile (2 vols.) (London, 1877), ii, 144-5;
245. Halevy, 'Travels', 243;
246. Hormuzd Rassam, Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore (2 vols.) (London, 1869), i, 209;
247. Theodor Von HeugJin, 'Bruchstucke aus einer Reise in Abyssinien', Das Ausland, xxvi (1853), 813-14;
248. Steudner, 'Reise', 130, 135;
249. C. Conti Rossini, Etiopia e Genti di Etiopia (Florence, 1937), 202.
250. Quotation from Rüppell, Reise, ii, 179; see also: C. T. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie (6 vols.) (Paris, 1845-51), vi, 178. For overviews on trade see: R. Pankhurst, 'The trade of northern Ethiopia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', J. Ethiopian Studies, ii (1964), 49-159; Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden, 1982), 260-1, 264, and History of Ethiopian Towns from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1935 (Wiesbaden, 1985), 41-56; M. Abir, Era of the Princes (New York, 1968), 44-72 and map, p. 45.
251. Quotation from Rüppell, Reise, ii, 179; see also: C. T. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie (6 vols.) (Paris, 1845-51), vi, 178. For overviews on trade see: R. Pankhurst, 'The trade of northern Ethiopia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', J. Ethiopian Studies, ii (1964), 49-159; Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden, 1982), 260-1, 264, and History of Ethiopian Towns from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1935 (Wiesbaden, 1985), 41-56; M. Abir, Era of the Princes (New York, 1968), 44-72 and map, p. 45.
252. Quotation from Rüppell, Reise, ii, 179; see also: C. T. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie (6 vols.) (Paris, 1845-51), vi, 178. For overviews on trade see: R. Pankhurst, 'The trade of northern Ethiopia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', J. Ethiopian Studies, ii (1964), 49-159; Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden, 1982), 260-1, 264, and History of Ethiopian Towns from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1935 (Wiesbaden, 1985), 41-56; M. Abir, Era of the Princes (New York, 1968), 44-72 and map, p. 45.
253. Quotation from Rüppell, Reise, ii, 179; see also: C. T. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie (6 vols.) (Paris, 1845-51), vi, 178. For overviews on trade see: R. Pankhurst, 'The trade of northern Ethiopia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', J. Ethiopian Studies, ii (1964), 49-159; Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden, 1982), 260-1, 264, and History of Ethiopian Towns from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1935 (Wiesbaden, 1985), 41-56; M. Abir, Era of the Princes (New York, 1968), 44-72 and map, p. 45.
254. Quotation from Rüppell, Reise, ii, 179; see also: C. T. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie (6 vols.) (Paris, 1845-51), vi, 178. For overviews on trade see: R. Pankhurst, 'The trade of northern Ethiopia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', J. Ethiopian Studies, ii (1964), 49-159; Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden, 1982), 260-1, 264, and History of Ethiopian Towns from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1935 (Wiesbaden, 1985), 41-56; M. Abir, Era of the Princes (New York, 1968), 44-72 and map, p. 45.
255. Quotation from Rüppell, Reise, ii, 179; see also: C. T. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie (6 vols.) (Paris, 1845-51), vi, 178. For overviews on trade see: R. Pankhurst, 'The trade of northern Ethiopia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries', J. Ethiopian Studies, ii (1964), 49-159; Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden, 1982), 260-1, 264, and History of Ethiopian Towns from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1935 (Wiesbaden, 1985), 41-56; M. Abir, Era of the Princes (New York, 1968), 44-72 and map, p. 45.
256. Stern, Wanderings, 40-3, 237-8; G. Lejean, Théodore II (Paris, 1867), 1-2, 274;
257. Stern, Wanderings, 40-3, 237-8; G. Lejean, Théodore II (Paris, 1867), 1-2, 274;
258. Lejean, 'Rapport addressé à son excellence
259. M. le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères1, Bulletin de la société de géographie, III (1862), 205-21;
260. Achille RafTray, Afrique orientale (Paris, 1876), 297, 313;
261. Samuel Baker, 'Journey to Abyssinia in 1862',
262. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIII (1863), 240;
263. Samuel Baker, Exploration of the Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (Hartford, 1868), 522;
264. Winstanley, Visit to Abyssinia, ii, 292;
265. Lefebvre, Voyage, i, 172-3;
266. Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800-1935 (Addis Ababa, 1968), 346-55.
267. Estimates vary widely: Ralph Austen, 'The Islamic Red Sea trade: an effort at quantification', in Robert Hess (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, Chicago, 1978 (Chicago, 1979), 443-67, especially Table IV, p. 461; Pankhurst, 'The Ethiopian slave trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: a statistical inquiry', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 220-8;
268. Estimates vary widely: Ralph Austen, 'The Islamic Red Sea trade: an effort at quantification', in Robert Hess (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, Chicago, 1978 (Chicago, 1979), 443-67, especially Table IV, p. 461; Pankhurst, 'The Ethiopian slave trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: a statistical inquiry', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 220-8;
269. Estimates vary widely: Ralph Austen, 'The Islamic Red Sea trade: an effort at quantification', in Robert Hess (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, Chicago, 1978 (Chicago, 1979), 443-67, especially Table IV, p. 461; Pankhurst, 'The Ethiopian slave trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: a statistical inquiry', Journal of Semitic Studies, IX (1964), 220-8;
270. M. Abir, 'The Ethiopian slave trade and its relation to the Islamic world', in Ralph John Willis (ed.), Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa (2 vols.) (London, 1985), ii, 130-4. Much more work is needed on the analysis and quantification of the slave trade from Ethiopia.
271. Abir, 'Ethiopian slave trade', 127-8, and Era of the Princes, 95-116.
272. Abir, 'Ethiopian slave trade', 127-8, and Era of the Princes, 95-116.
273. 5/016, 63.
274. Interview with Denqāyahu Radda on 7 Oct. 1975; Lejean, Voyage, 8, and 'Notes d'un voyage en Abyssinie', Le tour du monde, ix (1864), 72
275. Interview with Denqāyahu Radda on 7 Oct. 1975; Lejean, Voyage, 8, and 'Notes d'un voyage en Abyssinie', Le tour du monde, ix (1864), 72
276. Interview with Denqāyahu Radda on 7 Oct. 1975; Lejean, Voyage, 8, and 'Notes d'un voyage en Abyssinie', Le tour du monde, ix (1864), 72
277. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
278. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
279. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
280. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
281. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
282. 86 Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
283. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
284. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
285. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
286. Stern, Wanderings, 38-51, and ' Journal', Jewish Intelligence (NS) 1 (1861), 172; Lejean, 'Notes d'un voyage', IX (1865), 70, XII (1865), 221, 233, 236, and Théodore, 58-9, 112; C. Conti Rossini (ed.), 'Nuovi documenti per la storia d'Abissinia nel secolo XIX', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale del Lincei, ser. 7, II (1947), 411, and 'Vicende dell'Etiopia, e delle missioni cattoliche ai tempi di ras Ali, deggiac Ubie e re Teodoro secondo, un documente abissino', Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, ser. 5, XXV (1916), 519-20; H. Weld Blundell, 'History of King Theodore', Journal of the African Society, VI (1906), 13; see also Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1966), 68; and for literary remembrances: Sahle Sellassie Berhane Mariam, Warrior King (London, 1974), and Tsegaye Gabre Medhin, 'Tewodros, a play', Ethiopia Observer, ix, iii, Pt. 2 (1965), 209-26.
287. Halevy, 'Travels', 243; Antoine d'Abbadie, L'Abyssinie et le roi Théodore (Paris, 1868), 14
288. Halevy, 'Travels', 243; Antoine d'Abbadie, L'Abyssinie et le roi Théodore (Paris, 1868), 14
289. Interview with Garima Tāffara on 25 Aug. 1975.
290. Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 98-114; Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, 114-15; Stern, Wanderings, 42; Lejean, Théodore, 7; Henry Blanc, A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia (London, 1868), facing p. 329;
291. Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 98-114; Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, 114-15; Stern, Wanderings, 42; Lejean, Théodore, 7; Henry Blanc, A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia (London, 1868), facing p. 329;
292. Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 98-114; Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, 114-15; Stern, Wanderings, 42; Lejean, Théodore, 7; Henry Blanc, A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia (London, 1868), facing p. 329;
293. Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 98-114; Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, 114-15; Stern, Wanderings, 42; Lejean, Théodore, 7; Henry Blanc, A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia (London, 1868), facing p. 329;
294. Berry, 'Solomonic monarchy', 98-114; Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, 114-15; Stern, Wanderings, 42; Lejean, Théodore, 7; Henry Blanc, A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia (London, 1868), facing p. 329;
295. Rassam, Narrative, i, 196-7, 205-6. Today, wahni bēt means 'jail'.
296. On the escort see: W. F. Prideaux, 'The mission and captivity of Mr. Rassam and his companions', in Clements Markham, A History of the Abyssinian Expedition (London, 1869), 95;
297. Rassam, Narrative, i, 196-7.
298. General Walda-Gabra-Māryām was called Wald-Māryām or Wald-Gabra in various sources: Halévy, 'Travels', 239-40;
299. Markham, History, 350-2.
300. A recent account calls him 'Wald Gabri' and says he was only the Emperor's 'gun-bearer': Darrell Bates, The Abyssinian Difficulty (Oxford, 1979), 194.
301. On Tāshu, see also: de Cosson, Blue Nile, ii, 116.
302. Rassam, Narrative, i, 221-2, ii, 177-9; Halévy, 'Travels', 238-40. Oral traditions remember some of these prominent Kemant: interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Getē Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975.
303. Rassam, Narrative, i, 221-2, ii, 177-9; Halévy, 'Travels', 238-40. Oral traditions remember some of these prominent Kemant: interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Getē Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975.
304. Rassam, Narrative, i, 221-2, ii, 177-9; Halévy, 'Travels', 238-40. Oral traditions remember some of these prominent Kemant: interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Getē Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975.
305. Rassam, Narrative, i, 221-2, ii, 177-9; Halévy, 'Travels', 238-40. Oral traditions remember some of these prominent Kemant: interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Getē Asrass on 9 Nov. 1975.
306. Interview with Garima Tāffara on 25 Aug. 1975.
307. Lejean, Théodore, 7; Halévy, 'Travels', 239-40; de Cosson, Blue Nile, ii, 116; Winstanley, Visit, i, 157; quotation from Alaca Workie, letter of 22 July 1895, in Reports of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, LXXXVIII (1896), 136.
308. Lejean, Théodore, 7; Halévy, 'Travels', 239-40; de Cosson, Blue Nile, ii, 116; Winstanley, Visit, i, 157; quotation from Alaca Workie, letter of 22 July 1895, in Reports of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, LXXXVIII (1896), 136.
309. Lejean, Théodore, 7; Halévy, 'Travels', 239-40; de Cosson, Blue Nile, ii, 116; Winstanley, Visit, i, 157; quotation from Alaca Workie, letter of 22 July 1895, in Reports of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, LXXXVIII (1896), 136.
310. Lejean, Théodore, 7; Halévy, 'Travels', 239-40; de Cosson, Blue Nile, ii, 116; Winstanley, Visit, i, 157; quotation from Alaca Workie, letter of 22 July 1895, in Reports of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, LXXXVIII (1896), 136.
311. Lejean, Théodore, 7; Halévy, 'Travels', 239-40; de Cosson, Blue Nile, ii, 116; Winstanley, Visit, i, 157; quotation from Alaca Workie, letter of 22 July 1895, in Reports of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, LXXXVIII (1896), 136.
312. Blanc, Narrative, 321.
313. Rassam, Narrative, i, 209.
314. Halévy, 'Travels', 241. All the following asserted they kept their own language among themselves: Arnauld d'Abbadie, Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute-Ethiopie (Abyssinie) (3 vols.) (Paris, 1868 [new ed.: Vatican, 1980]), i, 96; Stern, Wanderings, 44; Steudner, 'Reise', 109.
315. Halévy, 'Travels', 241. All the following asserted they kept their own language among themselves: Arnauld d'Abbadie, Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute-Ethiopie (Abyssinie) (3 vols.) (Paris, 1868 [new ed.: Vatican, 1980]), i, 96; Stern, Wanderings, 44; Steudner, 'Reise', 109.
316. Halévy, 'Travels', 241. All the following asserted they kept their own language among themselves: Arnauld d'Abbadie, Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute-Ethiopie (Abyssinie) (3 vols.) (Paris, 1868 [new ed.: Vatican, 1980]), i, 96; Stern, Wanderings, 44; Steudner, 'Reise', 109.
317. Halévy, 'Travels', 241. All the following asserted they kept their own language among themselves: Arnauld d'Abbadie, Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute-Ethiopie (Abyssinie) (3 vols.) (Paris, 1868 [new ed.: Vatican, 1980]), i, 96; Stern, Wanderings, 44; Steudner, 'Reise', 109.
318. Interview with Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Gamst, Qemant, 41.
319. Interview with Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Gamst, Qemant, 41.
320. Stern, Wanderings, 44.
321. Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6.
322. Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6.
323. Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149.
324. Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110 for both quotations.
325. Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 11; 'interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975. On dajāzmāch Betewa, see also: Guebre Sellassie, Chronique du règne de Menelik II (2 vols.) (Paris, 1930-1), ii, 311-13; Paul Grimalac, 'Le Vicariat apostolique d'Abyssinie (1839-1931)', Revue d'histoire des missions, IX (1932), 182.
326. Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 11; 'interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975. On dajāzmāch Betewa, see also: Guebre Sellassie, Chronique du règne de Menelik II (2 vols.) (Paris, 1930-1), ii, 311-13; Paul Grimalac, 'Le Vicariat apostolique d'Abyssinie (1839-1931)', Revue d'histoire des missions, IX (1932), 182.
327. Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 11; 'interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975. On dajāzmāch Betewa, see also: Guebre Sellassie, Chronique du règne de Menelik II (2 vols.) (Paris, 1930-1), ii, 311-13; Paul Grimalac, 'Le Vicariat apostolique d'Abyssinie (1839-1931)', Revue d'histoire des missions, IX (1932), 182.
328. Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 11; 'interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975. On dajāzmāch Betewa, see also: Guebre Sellassie, Chronique du règne de Menelik II (2 vols.) (Paris, 1930-1), ii, 311-13; Paul Grimalac, 'Le Vicariat apostolique d'Abyssinie (1839-1931)', Revue d'histoire des missions, IX (1932), 182.
329. Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 11; 'interviews with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975, Adugnā Gabreyya on 7 Oct. 1975, Denqāyahu Raddā on 7 Oct. 1975. On dajāzmāch Betewa, see also: Guebre Sellassie, Chronique du règne de Menelik II (2 vols.) (Paris, 1930-1), ii, 311-13; Paul Grimalac, 'Le Vicariat apostolique d'Abyssinie (1839-1931)', Revue d'histoire des missions, IX (1932), 182.
330. Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110.
331. Dimeotos Sabrijian, Deux ans, 132.
332. Stern, Wanderings, 44-5; Lejean, Théodore, 93.
333. Stern, Wanderings, 44-5; Lejean, Théodore, 93.
334. Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, VII, 115, and Travels, 465-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-7; Rassam, Narrative, i, 209. See also Parkyns, Life, 267.
335. Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, VII, 115, and Travels, 465-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-7; Rassam, Narrative, i, 209. See also Parkyns, Life, 267.
336. Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, VII, 115, and Travels, 465-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-7; Rassam, Narrative, i, 209. See also Parkyns, Life, 267.
337. Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, VII, 115, and Travels, 465-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-7; Rassam, Narrative, i, 209. See also Parkyns, Life, 267.
338. Krapf, 'Journal', Church Missionary Intelligencer, VII, 115, and Travels, 465-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-7; Rassam, Narrative, i, 209. See also Parkyns, Life, 267.
339. Halévy, 'Travels', 243-4.
340. Interview with Kāsagne Alamāyahu on 31 Aug. 1975.
341. Steudner, 'Reise', 130.
342. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
343. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
344. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
345. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
346. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
347. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
348. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
349. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
350. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
351. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
352. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
353. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
354. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
355. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
356. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
357. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
358. Many distortions and contradictions exist in the literature, but see: Bruce, Travels, iv, 275-6; Halévy, 'Travels', 244; Krapf, Travels, 465-6; J. M. Flad, A Short Description of the Falashas and Kamants in Abyssinia (Basle, 1866), 18-21; Henry Blanc, 'From Metemma to Damot along the Western Shores of the Tana Sea', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XXXIX (1869), 40; de Cosson, Cradle, ii, 121, 144-5; Gobat, Journal, 469; Lejean, Voyage, 1-2; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; D. Sabrijian, Deux ans, 133; Plowden, Parliamentary Papers, 110; d'Abbadie, 'Journal', 464; Steudner, 'Reise', 130. The most complete anthropological work has been by Gamst, Qemant, 29-56; Gamst, 'The Qemant domestic cycle, ambilineality, and time', in C. Lepage (ed.), Etudes éthiopiennes: Actes de la X conférence internationale des études éthiopiennes, Paris, 24-28 août 1988 (Paris, 1994), i, 411-18, and 'The religious world view of the Qemant of Ethiopia', in M. W. Coy, Jnr. and L. Plotnicov (eds.), African and African-American Sensibility (Pittsburgh, 1995), 91-106.
359. Gobat, Journal, 469; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-4; Flad, Description, 20. Gamst points out, however, they may have maintained more rigid boundaries than some of the travellers felt (pers. comm.).
360. Gobat, Journal, 469; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-4; Flad, Description, 20. Gamst points out, however, they may have maintained more rigid boundaries than some of the travellers felt (pers. comm.).
361. Gobat, Journal, 469; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-4; Flad, Description, 20. Gamst points out, however, they may have maintained more rigid boundaries than some of the travellers felt (pers. comm.).
362. Gobat, Journal, 469; Rüppell, Reise, ii, 149; Halévy, 'Travels', 243-4; Flad, Description, 20. Gamst points out, however, they may have maintained more rigid boundaries than some of the travellers felt (pers. comm.).
363. Alaqa Tayya Gabra Maryam, History of the People of Ethiopia, trans. by Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash (Uppsala, 1987), 10-11; Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 3; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9
364. Alaqa Tayya Gabra Maryam, History of the People of Ethiopia, trans. by Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash (Uppsala, 1987), 10-11; Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 3; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9
365. Alaqa Tayya Gabra Maryam, History of the People of Ethiopia, trans. by Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash (Uppsala, 1987), 10-11; Kāsagne Alamāyahu, 'The Kemant', 3; Rassam, Narrative, i, 208-9
366. Quirin, Evolution, 174-8. See also: Waldmeier, Autobiography, 33-4; Jewish Intelligence, xx (July 1880), 185
367. Quirin, Evolution, 174-8. See also: Waldmeier, Autobiography, 33-4; Jewish Intelligence, xx (July 1880), 185
368. Quirin, Evolution, 174-8. See also: Waldmeier, Autobiography, 33-4; Jewish Intelligence, xx (July 1880), 185
369. Quirin, Evolution, 176-7.
370. Interview with Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Halévy, 'Travels', 247; Gamst, Qemant, 71-2
371. Interview with Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Halévy, 'Travels', 247; Gamst, Qemant, 71-2
372. Interview with Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Halévy, 'Travels', 247; Gamst, Qemant, 71-2
373. Interview with Mulunah Marshā, Tafari Negusē and Qanu Ayyalaw on 22 Nov. 1975; Halévy, 'Travels', 247; Gamst, Qemant, 71-2
374. Grimalac, 'Vicariat apostolique', 181-4;
375. Gamst, Qemant, 119-24;
376. David Talbot, Contemporary Ethiopia (New York, 1952), 101
377. Quirin, Evolution, 170-200.
378. For a sample of the vast literature on these migrations, see; Tudor Parfitt, Operation Moses (New York, 1985); Louis Rapoport, Redemption Song (New York, 1986); Claire Safran, Secret Exodus (New York, 1987); Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul (Detroit, 1993), 53-71.
379. For a sample of the vast literature on these migrations, see; Tudor Parfitt, Operation Moses (New York, 1985); Louis Rapoport, Redemption Song (New York, 1986); Claire Safran, Secret Exodus (New York, 1987); Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul (Detroit, 1993), 53-71.
380. For a sample of the vast literature on these migrations, see; Tudor Parfitt, Operation Moses (New York, 1985); Louis Rapoport, Redemption Song (New York, 1986); Claire Safran, Secret Exodus (New York, 1987); Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul (Detroit, 1993), 53-71.
381. For a sample of the vast literature on these migrations, see; Tudor Parfitt, Operation Moses (New York, 1985); Louis Rapoport, Redemption Song (New York, 1986); Claire Safran, Secret Exodus (New York, 1987); Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul (Detroit, 1993), 53-71.
382. For various analyses of identity formation in Ethiopia and Israel, see: Quirin, 'Emigration and integration: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha) of Ethiopia and Israel', Paper presented at a conference on Emigration and Integration in Jewish History, Memphis State University, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 1993 (to be published in proceedings edited by Stephen Benin); S. Kaplan and Ruth Westheimer, Surviving Salvation (New York, 1992); S. Kaplan and Chaim Rosen, 'Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: between preservation of culture and invention of tradition', Jewish Journal of Sociology, XXXV (1993), 35-48; S. Kaplan, 'The invention of Ethiopian Jews: three models', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIII (1993), 645-58; Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul; Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, Creating an Underclass (Jerusalem, 1995); Lisa Anteby, 'Alimentation, différenciation sexuelle et identité ethnique chez les Juifs éthiopiens en Israel', Information sur les sciences sociales, XXXIV (1995), 633-62.
383. For various analyses of identity formation in Ethiopia and Israel, see: Quirin, 'Emigration and integration: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha) of Ethiopia and Israel', Paper presented at a conference on Emigration and Integration in Jewish History, Memphis State University, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 1993 (to be published in proceedings edited by Stephen Benin); S. Kaplan and Ruth Westheimer, Surviving Salvation (New York, 1992); S. Kaplan and Chaim Rosen, 'Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: between preservation of culture and invention of tradition', Jewish Journal of Sociology, XXXV (1993), 35-48; S. Kaplan, 'The invention of Ethiopian Jews: three models', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIII (1993), 645-58; Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul; Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, Creating an Underclass (Jerusalem, 1995); Lisa Anteby, 'Alimentation, différenciation sexuelle et identité ethnique chez les Juifs éthiopiens en Israel', Information sur les sciences sociales, XXXIV (1995), 633-62.
384. For various analyses of identity formation in Ethiopia and Israel, see: Quirin, 'Emigration and integration: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha) of Ethiopia and Israel', Paper presented at a conference on Emigration and Integration in Jewish History, Memphis State University, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 1993 (to be published in proceedings edited by Stephen Benin); S. Kaplan and Ruth Westheimer, Surviving Salvation (New York, 1992); S. Kaplan and Chaim Rosen, 'Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: between preservation of culture and invention of tradition', Jewish Journal of Sociology, XXXV (1993), 35-48; S. Kaplan, 'The invention of Ethiopian Jews: three models', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIII (1993), 645-58; Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul; Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, Creating an Underclass (Jerusalem, 1995); Lisa Anteby, 'Alimentation, différenciation sexuelle et identité ethnique chez les Juifs éthiopiens en Israel', Information sur les sciences sociales, XXXIV (1995), 633-62.
385. For various analyses of identity formation in Ethiopia and Israel, see: Quirin, 'Emigration and integration: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha) of Ethiopia and Israel', Paper presented at a conference on Emigration and Integration in Jewish History, Memphis State University, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 1993 (to be published in proceedings edited by Stephen Benin); S. Kaplan and Ruth Westheimer, Surviving Salvation (New York, 1992); S. Kaplan and Chaim Rosen, 'Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: between preservation of culture and invention of tradition', Jewish Journal of Sociology, XXXV (1993), 35-48; S. Kaplan, 'The invention of Ethiopian Jews: three models', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIII (1993), 645-58; Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul; Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, Creating an Underclass (Jerusalem, 1995); Lisa Anteby, 'Alimentation, différenciation sexuelle et identité ethnique chez les Juifs éthiopiens en Israel', Information sur les sciences sociales, XXXIV (1995), 633-62.
386. For various analyses of identity formation in Ethiopia and Israel, see: Quirin, 'Emigration and integration: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha) of Ethiopia and Israel', Paper presented at a conference on Emigration and Integration in Jewish History, Memphis State University, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 1993 (to be published in proceedings edited by Stephen Benin); S. Kaplan and Ruth Westheimer, Surviving Salvation (New York, 1992); S. Kaplan and Chaim Rosen, 'Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: between preservation of culture and invention of tradition', Jewish Journal of Sociology, XXXV (1993), 35-48; S. Kaplan, 'The invention of Ethiopian Jews: three models', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIII (1993), 645-58; Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul; Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, Creating an Underclass (Jerusalem, 1995); Lisa Anteby, 'Alimentation, différenciation sexuelle et identité ethnique chez les Juifs éthiopiens en Israel', Information sur les sciences sociales, XXXIV (1995), 633-62.
387. For various analyses of identity formation in Ethiopia and Israel, see: Quirin, 'Emigration and integration: the case of the Beta Israel (Falasha) of Ethiopia and Israel', Paper presented at a conference on Emigration and Integration in Jewish History, Memphis State University, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 1993 (to be published in proceedings edited by Stephen Benin); S. Kaplan and Ruth Westheimer, Surviving Salvation (New York, 1992); S. Kaplan and Chaim Rosen, 'Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: between preservation of culture and invention of tradition', Jewish Journal of Sociology, XXXV (1993), 35-48; S. Kaplan, 'The invention of Ethiopian Jews: three models', Cahiers d'études africaines, XXXIII (1993), 645-58; Teshome Wagaw, For Our Soul; Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, Creating an Underclass (Jerusalem, 1995); Lisa Anteby, 'Alimentation, différenciation sexuelle et identité ethnique chez les Juifs éthiopiens en Israel', Information sur les sciences sociales, XXXIV (1995), 633-62