Protonation and deprotonation of polyaniline films and powders: Effects of acid and base concentrations on the surface intrinsic oxidation states

Synthetic Metals

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 167-171

  Kang, E T ^a   Li, Z F ^a   Neoh, K G ^a   Dong, Y Q ^a   Tan, K L ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Acid base concentrations; Emeraldine; Films; Oxidation states; Powders; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

CONDUCTIVE FILMS; DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS; HYDROLYSIS; PH EFFECTS; REDOX REACTIONS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

ACID BASE CONCENTRATIONS; EMERALDINE BASE FILMS; POLYANILINE; PROTONATION DEPROTONATION CYCLE;

AROMATIC POLYMERS;

EID: 0031675912     PISSN: 03796779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)80107-0     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. C.K. Chiang, C.R. Fincher, Jr., Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, S.C. Gau and A.J. MacDiarmid, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (1997) 1098.
2. T. Skotheim (ed.), Handbook of Conducting Polymers, Vols. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986.
3. N.C. Billingham and P.D. Calvert, Adv. Polym. Sci., 90 (1989) 2.
4. H.S. Nalwa (ed.), Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers, Vols. I-IV, Wiley, Chichester, 1997.
5. A.G. Green and A.E. Woodhead, J. Chem. Soc., (1910) 1117.
6. A.G. Green and A.E. Woodland, J. Chem. Soc., (1910) 2388.
7. K. Amano, H. Ishikawa, A. Kobayashi, M. Satoh and E. Hasegawa, Synth. Met., 62 (1994) 229.
8. M. Pyo, J.R. Reynolds, L.F.O. Warren and H.O. Marcy, Synth. Met., 68 (1994) 71.
9. J.C. Thieblemount, M.F. Plache, C. Petrescu, J.M. Bouvier and G. Bidan, Synth. Met., 59 (1993) 81.
10. K.G. Neoh, E.T. Kang, S.H. Khor and K.L. Tan, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 27 (1990) 107.
11. A. Ray, G.E. Asturias, D.L. Kershner, A.F. Richter, A.G. MacDiarmid and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 27-29 (1989) E141.
12. G.E. Asturias, A.G. MacDiarmid, R.P. McCall and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 27-29 (1989) E157.
13. E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh and K.L. Tan, Surf. Interface Anal., 19 (1992) 33.
14. A. Hugot-Le Goff and M.C. Bernar, Synth. Met., 60 (1993) 115.
15. K.L. Tan, E.T. Kang and K.G. Neoh, Polym. Adv. Technol., 5 (1994) 171.
16. J.P. Pouget, M.E. Jozefowicz, A.J. Epstein, X. Tang and A.G. MacDiarmid, Macromolecules, 24 (1991) 779.
17. Y.F. Nicolau and D. Djurado, Synth. Met., 55-57 (1993) 394.
18. M. Angelopoulous, G.E. Asturias, S.P. Ermer, A. Ray, E.M. Scherr, A.C. MacDiarmid, M. Akhtar, Z. Kiss and A.J. Epstein, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 160 (1988) 151.
19. Y. Cao, P. Smith and A.J. Heeger, Synth. Met., 48 (1992) 91.
20. G. Beyer and B. Steckenbiegler, Synth. Met., 60 (1993) 169.
21. J-E. Österholm, Y. Cao, F. Klaveffer and P. Smith, Synth. Met., 35 (1994) 2901.
22. E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh and K.L. Tan, Polymer, 35 (1994) 3139.
23. S.A. Chen and G.W. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116 (1994) 7939.
24. Y.Z. Wang, J. Joo, C.H. Hsu and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 68 (1995) 207.
25. N. Ahmad and A.G. MacDiarmid, Synth. Met., 78 (1996) 103.
26. W.K. Lu, R.L. Elsenbaumer and B. Wessling, Synth. Met., 69-71 (1995) 2163.
27. H.L. Wang, A.G. MacDiarmid, Y.Z. Wang, D.D. Gebler and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 78 (1996) 33.
28. Y.Z Wang, D.D. Gebler, L.B. Lin, J.W. Blatchford, S.W. Jessen, H.L. Wang and A.J. Epstein, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68 (1996) 894.
29. S.A. Chen, K.R. Chuang, C.I. Chao and H.T. Lee, Synth. Met., 82 (1996) 207.
30. A.J. Heeger, Y. Yang, E. Westerweele, C. Zhang, Y. Cao and P. Smith, in J.C. Salamone (ed.), Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, Synthesis, Properties and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, p. 5500.
31. A.G. MacDiarmid, L.S. Yang, W.S. Huang and B.D. Humphrey, Synth. Met., 18 (1987) 393.
32. A.J. Epstein and J. Yue (assigned to Ohio State University Research Fund), US Patent No. 5 208 301 (1993).
33. R. Lazzaroni, C. Gregoire, M. Chtaib and J.J. Pireaux, in J.J. Pireaux, P. Bertraud and J.L. Brédas (eds.), Polymer-Solid Interfaces, IOP, Bristol, UK, 1992, p. 213.
34. E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh, Y.L. Woo, K.L. Tan, C.H.A. Huan and A.T.S. Wee, Synth. Met., 53 (1993) 333.
35. E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh and K.L. Tan, in H.S. Nalwa (ed.), Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers, Vol. 3, Wiley, Chichester, 1997, Ch. 3.
36. E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh and K.L. Tan, Polymer, 37 (1996) 925.
37. E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh and K.L. Tan, Synth. Met., 68 (1995) 141.
38. K.G. Neoh, E.T. Kang and K.L. Tan, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem., A29 (1992) 401.
39. K. Tzou and R.V. Gregory, Synth. Met, 55-57 (1993) 983.
40. Z. Li, E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh, K.L. Tan and D.J. Liaw, Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 3354.
41. Z. Li, E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh and K.L. Tan, Synth. Met., 87 (1997) 45.
42. M. Angelopoulos, Y.H. Liao, A.G. MacDiarmid, W.G. Zheng, A.J. Epstein, S. Long and G. Arbuckle, Proc. ICSM'96, Snowbird, UT, USA, 28 July-2 Aug. 1996, p. 150.
43. S.A. Chen and H.T. Lee, Macromolecules, 26 (1993) 3254.
44. T.L. Porter, K. Caple and G. Caple, Synth. Met, 60 (1993) 211.
45. A.G. MacDiarmid, S.K. Manohar, J.G. Masters, Y. Sun, H. Weiss and A.J. Epstein, Synth. Met., 41-43 (1991) 62.
46. K.G. Neoh, E.T. Kang and K.L. Tan, Polymer, 34 (1993) 1630.