메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 79, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 2193-2209

Complex population dynamics in the real world: Modeling the influence of time-varying parameters and time lags

Author keywords

Complex population dynamics; Density dependence; Gompertz model; Information criterion; Kalman filter; Maximum likelihood function; Nonlinear density dependence; Nonlinear time series; Population regulation; Ricker model; Second order model; Time varying parameters

Indexed keywords

POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION MODELING; TIME SERIES;

EID: 0031670568     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2193:CPDITR]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (81)

References (93)
  • 2
    • 0005112282 scopus 로고
    • Population cycles of the douglas-fir tussock moth (lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): The time delay hypothesis
    • Berryman, A. A. 1978. Population cycles of the douglas-fir tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): the time delay hypothesis. Canadian Entomologist 110:513-518.
    • (1978) Canadian Entomologist , vol.110 , pp. 513-518
    • Berryman, A.A.1
  • 4
    • 0001738095 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence in insect host-parasitoid systems: A comment
    • Brown, M. W. 1989. Density dependence in insect host-parasitoid systems: a comment. Ecology 70:776-779.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 776-779
    • Brown, M.W.1
  • 5
    • 0016790944 scopus 로고
    • The statistical analysis of density dependence
    • Bulmer, M. G. 1975. The statistical analysis of density dependence. Biometrics 31:901-911.
    • (1975) Biometrics , vol.31 , pp. 901-911
    • Bulmer, M.G.1
  • 6
    • 0000740204 scopus 로고
    • Data-based selection of an appropriate biological model: The key to modern data analysis
    • D. R. McCullough, and H. R. Barrett, editors. Elsevier Science, London, UK
    • Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 1992. Data-based selection of an appropriate biological model: the key to modern data analysis. Pages 16-30 in D. R. McCullough, and H. R. Barrett, editors. Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Science, London, UK.
    • (1992) Wildlife 2001: Populations , pp. 16-30
    • Burnham, K.P.1    Anderson, D.R.2
  • 7
    • 1942422934 scopus 로고
    • Model uncertainty, data mining, and statistical inference
    • Chatfield, C. 1995. Model uncertainty, data mining, and statistical inference. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 158A:419-466.
    • (1995) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , vol.158 A , pp. 419-466
    • Chatfield, C.1
  • 8
    • 0027042183 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, boundedness, and attraction: Detecting stability in stochastic systems
    • Crowley, P. H. 1992. Density dependence, boundedness, and attraction: detecting stability in stochastic systems. Oecologia 90:246-254.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.90 , pp. 246-254
    • Crowley, P.H.1
  • 9
    • 0000850638 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuations in resource availability and insect populations
    • Dempster, J. P., and E. Pollard. 1981. Fluctuations in resource availability and insect populations. Oecologia 50:412-426.
    • (1981) Oecologia , vol.50 , pp. 412-426
    • Dempster, J.P.1    Pollard, E.2
  • 10
    • 0001145721 scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneity, stochasticity, and the detection of density dependence in animal population
    • _. 1986. Spatial heterogeneity, stochasticity, and the detection of density dependence in animal population. Oikos 46:413-416.
    • (1986) Oikos , vol.46 , pp. 413-416
  • 11
    • 0022824378 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence and the stabilization of animal numbers. 1. The winter moth
    • Den Boer, P. J. 1986. Density dependence and the stabilization of animal numbers. 1. The winter moth. Oecologia 69:507-512.
    • (1986) Oecologia , vol.69 , pp. 507-512
    • Den Boer, P.J.1
  • 12
    • 0023581232 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence and the stabilization of animal numbers. 2. The pine looper
    • _. 1987. Density dependence and the stabilization of animal numbers. 2. The pine looper. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 37:220-237.
    • (1987) Netherlands Journal of Zoology , vol.37 , pp. 220-237
  • 13
    • 0024180669 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence and the stabilization of animal numbers. 3. The winter moth reconsidered
    • _. 1988. Density dependence and the stabilization of animal numbers. 3. The winter moth reconsidered. Oecologia 69:161-168.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.69 , pp. 161-168
  • 14
    • 0024926086 scopus 로고
    • On the stabilization of animal numbers. Problems of testing. 2. Confrontation with data from the field
    • Den Boer, P. J., and J. Reddingius. 1989. On the stabilization of animal numbers. Problems of testing. 2. Confrontation with data from the field. Oecologia 79:143-149.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.79 , pp. 143-149
    • Den Boer, P.J.1    Reddingius, J.2
  • 15
    • 0000604313 scopus 로고
    • Allee effects: Population growth, critical density, and the chance of extinction
    • Dennis, B. 1989. Allee effects: population growth, critical density, and the chance of extinction. Natural Resource Modeling 3:481-537.
    • (1989) Natural Resource Modeling , vol.3 , pp. 481-537
    • Dennis, B.1
  • 16
    • 0028180186 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: Estimation and testing
    • Dennis, B., and M. L. Taper. 1994. Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: estimation and testing. Ecological Monographs 64:205-224.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 205-224
    • Dennis, B.1    Taper, M.L.2
  • 17
    • 0000208838 scopus 로고
    • The kalman filter from the perspective of goldberger-theil estimators
    • Diderrich, G. T. 1985. The Kalman filter from the perspective of Goldberger-Theil estimators. American Statistician 39: 193-198.
    • (1985) American Statistician , vol.39 , pp. 193-198
    • Diderrich, G.T.1
  • 18
    • 0000950107 scopus 로고
    • The ten year cycle in numbers of the lynx in canada
    • Elton, C., and M. Nicholson. 1942. The ten year cycle in numbers of the lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 11:215-244.
    • (1942) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 215-244
    • Elton, C.1    Nicholson, M.2
  • 19
    • 0028978860 scopus 로고
    • Tests for density dependence revisited
    • Fox, D. R., and J. Ridsdill-Smith. 1995. Tests for density dependence revisited. Oecologia 103:435-443.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.103 , pp. 435-443
    • Fox, D.R.1    Ridsdill-Smith, J.2
  • 20
    • 0023527975 scopus 로고
    • A test of statistical techniques for detecting density dependence in sequential censuses of animal populations
    • Gaston, K. J., and J. H. Lawton. 1987. A test of statistical techniques for detecting density dependence in sequential censuses of animal populations. Oecologia 74:404-410.
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.74 , pp. 404-410
    • Gaston, K.J.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 22
    • 0001099657 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, population persistence, and largely futile arguments
    • Hanski, I., I. Woiwod, and J. Perry. 1993. Density dependence, population persistence, and largely futile arguments. Oecologia 91:595-598.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.91 , pp. 595-598
    • Hanski, I.1    Woiwod, I.2    Perry, J.3
  • 25
    • 0003528128 scopus 로고
    • Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
    • _. 1989b. The econometric analysis of time series. Second edition. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1989) The Econometric Analysis of Time Series. Second Edition
  • 26
    • 0022244877 scopus 로고
    • Insect natural enemies as regulation factors
    • Hassell, M. P. 1985. Insect natural enemies as regulation factors. Journal of Animal Ecology 54:323-334.
    • (1985) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 323-334
    • Hassell, M.P.1
  • 27
    • 0023496642 scopus 로고
    • Detecting regulation in patchily distributed animal population
    • _. 1987. Detecting regulation in patchily distributed animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:705-713.
    • (1987) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.56 , pp. 705-713
  • 28
    • 0023500984 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of the viburnum whitefly (aleurotrachelus jelinekii): A case study of population regulation
    • Hassell, M. P., T. R. E. Southwood, and P. M. Reader. 1987. The dynamics of the viburnum whitefly (Aleurotrachelus jelinekii): a case study of population regulation. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:283-300.
    • (1987) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.56 , pp. 283-300
    • Hassell, M.P.1    Southwood, T.R.E.2    Reader, P.M.3
  • 29
    • 0024885351 scopus 로고
    • Seeing the wood for the trees: Detecting density dependence from existing life table studies
    • Hassell, M. P., J. Latto, and R. M. May. 1989. Seeing the wood for the trees: detecting density dependence from existing life table studies. Journal of Animal Ecology 58:883-892.
    • (1989) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 883-892
    • Hassell, M.P.1    Latto, J.2    May, R.M.3
  • 30
    • 0027802879 scopus 로고
    • New insights into testing for density dependence
    • Holyoak, M. 1993a. New insights into testing for density dependence. Oecologia 93:435-444.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.93 , pp. 435-444
    • Holyoak, M.1
  • 31
    • 0027332613 scopus 로고
    • The frequency of detection of density dependence in insect orders
    • _. 1993b. The frequency of detection of density dependence in insect orders. Ecological Entomology 18:339-347.
    • (1993) Ecological Entomology , vol.18 , pp. 339-347
  • 32
    • 0028175214 scopus 로고
    • Identifying delayed density dependence in time series data
    • _. 1994. Identifying delayed density dependence in time series data. Oikos 70:296-304.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.70 , pp. 296-304
  • 33
    • 0001236975 scopus 로고
    • Comments arising from a paper by wolda and dennis: Using and interpreting the results of tests for density dependence
    • Holyoak, M., and J. H. Lawton. 1993. Comments arising from a paper by Wolda and Dennis: using and interpreting the results of tests for density dependence. Oecologia 95: 592-594.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.95 , pp. 592-594
    • Holyoak, M.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 36
    • 0003593428 scopus 로고
    • University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Keith, L. B. 1963. Wildlife's ten-year cycle. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1963) Wildlife's Ten-year Cycle
    • Keith, L.B.1
  • 37
    • 0027798161 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence in rangeland grasshoppers (orthoptera: Acrididae)
    • Kemp, W. P., and B. Dennis. 1993. Density dependence in rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Oecologia 96:1-8.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.96 , pp. 1-8
    • Kemp, W.P.1    Dennis, B.2
  • 38
    • 77956852476 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of a field population of pine looper, Bupalus piniarius L (Lep. Geom.)
    • Klomp, H. 1966. The dynamics of a field population of pine looper, Bupalus piniarius L (Lep. Geom.). Advances in Ecological Research 3:207-305.
    • (1966) Advances in Ecological Research , vol.3 , pp. 207-305
    • Klomp, H.1
  • 39
    • 0001748304 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the akaike and schwarz criteria for selecting model order
    • Koehler, A. B., and E. S. Murphree. 1988. A comparison of the Akaike and Schwarz criteria for selecting model order. Applied Statistics 37:187-195.
    • (1988) Applied Statistics , vol.37 , pp. 187-195
    • Koehler, A.B.1    Murphree, E.S.2
  • 40
    • 84991170404 scopus 로고
    • The experimental paradigm and long-term population studies
    • Krebs, C. J. 1991. The experimental paradigm and long-term population studies. Ibis (supplement) 133:3-8.
    • (1991) Ibis (Supplement) , vol.133 , pp. 3-8
    • Krebs, C.J.1
  • 41
    • 0006270059 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation revisited
    • _. 1992. Population regulation revisited. Ecology 73: 714-715.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 714-715
  • 42
    • 0037968557 scopus 로고
    • Do pupal predators regulate the winter moth?
    • Latto, J., and M. P. Hassell. 1987. Do pupal predators regulate the winter moth? Oecologia 74:153-155.
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.74 , pp. 153-155
    • Latto, J.1    Hassell, M.P.2
  • 43
    • 0017846358 scopus 로고
    • On a measure of lack of fit in time series models
    • Ljung, G. M., and G. E. P. Box. 1978. On a measure of lack of fit in time series models. Biometrika 65:297-303.
    • (1978) Biometrika , vol.65 , pp. 297-303
    • Ljung, G.M.1    Box, G.E.P.2
  • 44
    • 84970599878 scopus 로고
    • The statistical analysis of the canadian lynx cycle. I. Structure and prediction. Australian
    • Moran, P. A. P. 1953. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. I. Structure and prediction. Australian Journal of Zoology 1:163-173.
    • (1953) Journal of Zoology , vol.1 , pp. 163-173
    • Moran, P.A.P.1
  • 45
    • 0000646498 scopus 로고
    • Single-factor analysis in population dynamics
    • Morris, R. F. 1959. Single-factor analysis in population dynamics. Ecology 40:580-588.
    • (1959) Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 580-588
    • Morris, R.F.1
  • 46
    • 0028176025 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in theory and practice
    • Murdoch, W. W. 1994. Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology 75:271-287.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 271-287
    • Murdoch, W.W.1
  • 47
    • 0001525575 scopus 로고
    • Varying coefficient regression
    • E. J. Hannan, P. R. Krishnaiah, and M. N. Rao, editors. Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific, The Netherlands
    • Nicholls, D. F., and A. R. Pagan. 1985. Varying coefficient regression. Pages 413-450 in E. J. Hannan, P. R. Krishnaiah, and M. N. Rao, editors. Handbook of statistics. Volume 5. Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific, The Netherlands.
    • (1985) Handbook of Statistics , vol.5 , pp. 413-450
    • Nicholls, D.F.1    Pagan, A.R.2
  • 49
    • 0028763687 scopus 로고
    • Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences
    • Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette, and K. Belitz. 1994. Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences. Science 263:641-646.
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 641-646
    • Oreskes, N.1    Shrader-Frechette, K.2    Belitz, K.3
  • 50
    • 84995059529 scopus 로고
    • The discrete kalman filter applied to linear regression models: Statistical consideration and an application
    • Otter, P. W. 1978. The discrete Kalman filter applied to linear regression models: statistical consideration and an application. Statistica Neerlandica 32:41-56.
    • (1978) Statistica Neerlandica , vol.32 , pp. 41-56
    • Otter, P.W.1
  • 51
    • 0023483935 scopus 로고
    • The detection of density dependence from a series of annual censuses
    • Pollard, E., K. H. Lakhani, and P. Rothery. 1987. The detection of density dependence from a series of annual censuses. Ecology 68:2046-2055.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 2046-2055
    • Pollard, E.1    Lakhani, K.H.2    Rothery, P.3
  • 52
    • 0022224930 scopus 로고
    • Competition among immatures affects their adult fertility: Population dynamics
    • Prout, T., and F. McChesney. 1985. Competition among immatures affects their adult fertility: population dynamics. American Naturalist 126:521-558.
    • (1985) American Naturalist , vol.126 , pp. 521-558
    • Prout, T.1    McChesney, F.2
  • 53
    • 0024476163 scopus 로고
    • On the stabilization of animal numbers. Problems of testing. 1. Power estimates and estimation errors
    • Reddingius, J., and P. J. Den Boer. 1989. On the stabilization of animal numbers. Problems of testing. 1. Power estimates and estimation errors. Oecologia 78:1-8.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.78 , pp. 1-8
    • Reddingius, J.1    Boer, P.J.D.2
  • 55
    • 0000722180 scopus 로고
    • Stock and recruitment
    • Research Board of Canada
    • Ricker, W. E. 1954. Stock and recruitment. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11:559-623.
    • (1954) Journal of Fisheries , vol.11 , pp. 559-623
    • Ricker, W.E.1
  • 57
    • 0001900112 scopus 로고
    • Population persistence and density dependence
    • Royama, T. 1977. Population persistence and density dependence. Ecological Monographs 47:1-35.
    • (1977) Ecological Monographs , vol.47 , pp. 1-35
    • Royama, T.1
  • 58
    • 0000765275 scopus 로고
    • Fundamental concepts and methodology for the analysis of population dynamics, with particular reference to univoltine species
    • _. 1981. Fundamental concepts and methodology for the analysis of population dynamics, with particular reference to univoltine species. Ecological Monographs 51: 473-493.
    • (1981) Ecological Monographs , vol.51 , pp. 473-493
  • 62
    • 0022180873 scopus 로고
    • Order and chaos in ecological systems
    • Schaffer, W. M. 1985. Order and chaos in ecological systems. Ecology 66:93-106.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 93-106
    • Schaffer, W.M.1
  • 63
    • 0000568062 scopus 로고
    • Are ecological systems governed by strange attractors?
    • Schaffer, W. M., and M. Kot. 1985. Are ecological systems governed by strange attractors? BioScience 35:342-350.
    • (1985) Bioscience , vol.35 , pp. 342-350
    • Schaffer, W.M.1    Kot, M.2
  • 64
    • 0000120766 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the dimension of a model
    • Schwarz, G. 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics 6:461-464.
    • (1978) The Annals of Statistics , vol.6 , pp. 461-464
    • Schwarz, G.1
  • 65
    • 84939734910 scopus 로고
    • Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Transactions on Information Theory
    • Schweppe, F. 1965. Evaluation of likelihood functions for Gaussian signals. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Transactions on Information Theory 11:61-70.
    • (1965) Evaluation of Likelihood Functions for Gaussian Signals , vol.11 , pp. 61-70
    • Schweppe, F.1
  • 67
    • 0000386489 scopus 로고
    • Application of model selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis
    • Sclove, S. L. 1987. Application of model selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika 52:333-343.
    • (1987) Psychometrika , vol.52 , pp. 333-343
    • Sclove, S.L.1
  • 68
    • 0001314395 scopus 로고
    • An optimal selection of regression variables
    • Shibata, R. 1981. An optimal selection of regression variables. Biometrika 8:147-164.
    • (1981) Biometrika , vol.8 , pp. 147-164
    • Shibata, R.1
  • 70
    • 0024773434 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in animals
    • J. M. Cherrett, editor. Blackwell, Oxford, UK
    • Sinclair, A. R. E. 1989. Population regulation in animals. Pages 197-241 in J. M. Cherrett, editor. Ecology concepts. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
    • (1989) Ecology Concepts , pp. 197-241
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 71
    • 0001032495 scopus 로고
    • Statistical detection of density dependence from a series of sequential censuses
    • Slade, N. A. 1977. Statistical detection of density dependence from a series of sequential censuses. Ecology 58: 1094-1102.
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 1094-1102
    • Slade, N.A.1
  • 72
    • 0004821325 scopus 로고
    • Population census data and key factor analysis for the viburnum whitefly, aleurotrachelus jelinekii (fauenf.) on three bushes
    • Southwood, T. R. E., and P. M. Reader. 1976. Population census data and key factor analysis for the Viburnum whitefly, Aleurotrachelus jelinekii (Fauenf.) on three bushes. Journal of Animal Ecology 45:313-325.
    • (1976) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 313-325
    • Southwood, T.R.E.1    Reader, P.M.2
  • 73
    • 0024185618 scopus 로고
    • The impact of predation on the viburnum whitefly (aleurotrachelus jelinekii)
    • Southwood, T. R. E., and P. M. Reader. 1988. The impact of predation on the Viburnum whitefly (Aleurotrachelus jelinekii). Oecologia 74:566-570.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.74 , pp. 566-570
    • Southwood, T.R.E.1    Reader, P.M.2
  • 74
    • 0023477586 scopus 로고
    • The frequency of density dependence in insect host-parasitoid systems
    • Stiling, P. 1987. The frequency of density dependence in insect host-parasitoid systems. Ecology 68:844-856.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 844-856
    • Stiling, P.1
  • 75
    • 0024220763 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent processes and key factors in insect populations
    • _. 1988. Density-dependent processes and key factors in insect populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:581-594.
    • (1988) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 581-594
  • 76
    • 0001592901 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence - A reply to brown
    • _. 1989. Density dependence - a reply to Brown. Ecology 70:779-783.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 779-783
  • 77
    • 0000859675 scopus 로고
    • An asymptotic equivalence of choice of model by cross-validation and akaike's criterion
    • Stone, M. 1977. An asymptotic equivalence of choice of model by cross-validation and Akaike's criterion. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 41B:44-47.
    • (1977) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , vol.41 B , pp. 44-47
    • Stone, M.1
  • 79
    • 3543085881 scopus 로고
    • Introduction to special section
    • Takane, Y. 1987. Introduction to special section. Psychometrika 52:316.
    • (1987) Psychometrika , vol.52 , pp. 316
    • Takane, Y.1
  • 80
    • 0003566072 scopus 로고
    • Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Tong, H. 1990. Nonlinear time series: a dynamic system approach. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1990) Nonlinear Time Series: A Dynamic System Approach
    • Tong, H.1
  • 81
    • 0025250821 scopus 로고
    • Rarity of density dependence or population regulation with lag?
    • Turchin, P. 1990. Rarity of density dependence or population regulation with lag? Nature 344:660-663.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.344 , pp. 660-663
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 82
    • 0003215456 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation: Old arguments and a new synthesis
    • N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price, editors. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA
    • _. 1995. Population regulation: old arguments and a new synthesis. Pages 19-40 in N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price, editors. Population dynamics: new approach and synthesis. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1995) Population Dynamics: New Approach and Synthesis , pp. 19-40
  • 83
    • 0026447445 scopus 로고
    • Complex dynamics in ecological time series
    • Turchin, P., and A. D. Taylor. 1992. Complex dynamics in ecological time series. Ecology 73:289-305.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 289-305
    • Turchin, P.1    Taylor, A.D.2
  • 84
    • 0000177358 scopus 로고
    • Why do populations of southern pine beetles (coleoptera: Scolytidae) fluctuate?
    • Turchin, P., P. L. Lorio, A., A. D. Taylor, and R. F. Billings. 1991. Why do populations of southern pine beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) fluctuate? Environment Entomology 20:401-409.
    • (1991) Environment Entomology , vol.20 , pp. 401-409
    • Turchin, P.1    Lorio, P.L.A.2    Taylor, A.D.3    Billings, R.F.4
  • 86
    • 0025956957 scopus 로고
    • Testing for density-dependent effects in sequential censuses
    • Vickery, W. L., and T. D. Nudds. 1991. Testing for density-dependent effects in sequential censuses. Oecologia 85: 419-423.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 419-423
    • Vickery, W.L.1    Nudds, T.D.2
  • 87
    • 0027061081 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of density dependence in moths and aphids
    • Woiwod, I. P., and I. Hanski. 1992. Patterns of density dependence in moths and aphids. Journal of Animal Ecology 611:619-629.
    • (1992) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.611 , pp. 619-629
    • Woiwod, I.P.1    Hanski, I.2
  • 88
    • 0024885195 scopus 로고
    • The equilibrium concept and density dependence tests. What does it all mean?
    • Wolda, H. 1989. The equilibrium concept and density dependence tests. What does it all mean? Oecologia 81:430-432.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.81 , pp. 430-432
    • Wolda, H.1
  • 89
    • 0002997533 scopus 로고
    • The usefulness of the equilibrium concept in population dynamics a reply to berryman
    • _. 1991. The usefulness of the equilibrium concept in population dynamics a reply to Berryman. Oecologia 86: 144-145.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.86 , pp. 144-145
  • 90
    • 0001416729 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence tests, are they?
    • Wolda, H., and B. Dennis. 1993. Density dependence tests, are they? Oecologia 95:581-591.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.95 , pp. 581-591
    • Wolda, H.1    Dennis, B.2
  • 91
    • 0027950720 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence tests and largely futile comments: Answers to holyoak and lawton (1993) and hanski, woiwod, and perry (1993)
    • Wolda, H., B. Dennis, and M. L. Taper. 1994. Density dependence tests and largely futile comments: answers to Holyoak and Lawton (1993) and Hanski, Woiwod, and Perry (1993). Oecologia 98:229-234.
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.98 , pp. 229-234
    • Wolda, H.1    Dennis, B.2    Taper, M.L.3
  • 92
    • 84979406592 scopus 로고
    • Time-variable parameter and trend estimation in nonstationary economic time series
    • Young, P. C. 1994. Time-variable parameter and trend estimation in nonstationary economic time series. Journal of Forecasting 13:179-210.
    • (1994) Journal of Forecasting , vol.13 , pp. 179-210
    • Young, P.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.