A habitat matrix conceptual model for stream periphyton

Archiv fur Hydrobiologie

Volumn 143, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 21-56

  Biggs, Barry J F ^a,b   Stevenson, R Jan ^b,c   Lowe, Rex L ^b,d  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

^d BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; HABITAT STRUCTURE; PERIPHYTON; STREAM;

INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 0031670094     PISSN: 00039136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/143/1998/21     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. AUER, M. T. & CANALE, R. P. (1982): Ecological studies and mathematical modelling of Cladophora in Lake Huron. 3. The dependence of growth rates on internal phosphorus pool size. - J. Great Lakes Res. 8: 93-99.
2. AUER, M. T., GRAHAM, J. M., GRAHAM, L. E. & KRANZFELDER, J. A. (1983): Factors regulating the spatial and temporal distribution of Cladophora and Ulothrix in the Laurentian Great Lakes. - In: WETZEL, R. G. (ed.): Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems. - Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 135-145.
3. BERGEY, E. A. (1995): Local effects of a sedentary grazer on stream algae. - Freshwat. Biol. 33: 401-409.
4. BERGEY, E. A., BOETTIGER, C. A. & RESH, V. H. (1995): Effects of water velocity on the architecture and epiphytes of Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta). - J. Phycol. 31: 264-271.
5. BERGEY, E. A. & RESH, V. H. (1994): Effects of burrowing by a stream caddisfly on case-associated algae. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 13: 379-390.
6. BIGGS, B. J. (1990a): Periphyton communities and their environments in New Zealand rivers - N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24: 367-386.
7. _ (1990b): Use of relative specific growth rates of periphytic diatoms to assess enrichment of a stream. - N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24: 9-18.
8. _ (1995): The contribution of disturbance, catchment geology and landuse to the habitat template of periphyton in stream ecosystems. - Freshwat. Biol. 33: 419-438.
9. _ (1996): Patterns in benthic algae of streams. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems. -Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 31-56.
10. BIGGS, B. J. F. & CLOSE, M. E. (1989): Periphyton biomass dynamics in gravel bed rivers: the relative effects of flows and nutrients. - Freshwat. Biol. 22: 209-231.
11. BIGGS, B. J. F. & GERBEAUX, P. (1993): Periphyton development in relation to macro-scale (geology) and micro-scale (velocity) limiters in two gravel-bed rivers, New Zealand. - N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 27: 39-53.
12. BIGGS, B. J. F. & HICKEY, C. W. (1994): Periphyton responses to a hydraulic gradient in a regulated river, New Zealand. - Freshwat. Biol. 32: 49-59.
13. BIGGS, B. J. F., KILROY, C. & LOWE, R. L. (1998): Periphyton development in three valley segments of a New Zealand grassland river: test of a habitat matrix conceptual model within a catchment. - Arch. Hydrobiol. (in press).
14. BIGGS, B. J. F. & LOWE, R. L. (1994): Responses of two trophic levels to patch enrichment along a New Zealand stream continuum. - N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 28: 119-134.
15. BIGGS, B. J. F. & PRICE, G. M. (1987): A survey of filamentous algal proliferations in New Zealand rivers. - N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 21: 175-191.
16. BIGGS, B. J. F. & SHAND, B. I. (1987): Biological communities and their potential effects of power developments in the Lower Clutha River, Otago. - Ministry of Works and Development, Christchurch, NZ.
17. BIGGS, B. J. F. & STOKSETH, S. (1996): Hydraulic habitat preferences for periphyton in rivers. - Regul. Riv. 12: 251-261.
18. BIGGS, B. J. F. & THOMSEN, H. A. (1995): Disturbance in stream periphyton by perturbations in shear stress: time to structural failure and differences in community resistance. - J. Phycol. 31: 233-241. .
19. BLENKINSOPP, S. A. & LOCK, M. A. (1994): The impact of storm-flow on river biofilm architecture. - J. Phycol. 30: 807-818.
20. BLUM, J. L. (1956): The ecology of river algae. - Bot. Rev. 2: 291-341.
21. _ (1957): An ecological study of the algae of the Saline River, Michigan. - Hydrbiologia 9: 361-408.
22. BOLD, H. C. & WYNNE, M. J. (1985): Introduction to the algae. - Prentice-Hall, Englewood, NJ.
23. BORCHARDT, M. A. (1994). Effects of flowing water on nitrogen- and phosphorous limited photosynthesis and optimum N : P ratios by Spirogyra fluviatilis (Charophyceae). - J. Phycol. 30: 418-430.
24. BORCHARDT, M. A., HOFFMANN, J. P. & COOK, P. W. (1994): Phosphorus uptake kinetics of Spirogyra fluviatilis (Charophyceae) in flowing water. - J. Phycol. 30: 403-147.
25. BOTHWELL, M. L. (1985): Phosphorus limitation of lotic periphyton growth rates: an intersite comparison using continuous-flow troughs (Thompsen River system: British Columbia). - Limnol. Oceanogr. 30: 527-542.
26. _ (1988): Growth rate responses of lotie periphytic diatoms to experimental phosphorus enrichment: the influence of temperature and light. - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 261-270.
27. BREZEZIECKI, B. & KIENAST, F. (1994): Classifying the life-history strategies of trees on the basis of the Grimian model. - For. Ecol. Manag. 69: 167-187.
28. BURKHOLDER, J. M. (1996): Interactions of benthic algae with their substrata. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems. - Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 253-297.
29. CANTER-LUND, H. & LUND, J. W. G. (1995): Freshwater Algae: their microscopic world explored. - Biopress Limited, Bristol.
30. CARRICK, H. J., LOWE, R. L. & ROTENBERRY, J. T. (1988): Guilds of benthic algae along nutrient gradients: relationships to algal community diversity. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7: 117-128.
31. CHESSMAN, B. C., HUTTON, P. E. & BURCH, J. M. (1992): Limiting nutrients for periphyton growth in sub-alpine, forest, agricultural and urban streams. - Freshwat. Biol. 28: 349-361.
32. CHRISTIE, C. E. & SMOL, J. P. (1993): Diatom assemblages as indicators of lake trophic status in southeastern Ontario lakes. - J. Phycol. 29: 575-586.
33. CLEMENTS, F. E. (1916): Plant Succession. - Carnegie Institute Washington Publ., 242.
34. CRAWLEY, M. J. (1986): Plant Ecology. - Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 496.
35. DEATH, R. G. (1995): Spatial patterns in benthic invertebrate community structure: products of habitat stability or are they habitat specific? - Freshwat. Biol. 33: 455-467.
36. DELL'UOMO, A. (1991): Use of macroalgae for monitoring rivers in Italy. - In: WHITTON, B. A., ROTT, E. & FRIEDRICH, G. (eds.): Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers. - Dr. E. Rott, Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, pp. 129-138.
37. _ (1996): Assessment of water quality of an Apennine river as a pilot study for diatom-based monitoring of Italian watercourses. - In: WHITTON, B. A. & ROTT, E. (eds.): Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers II. - Dr. E. Rott. Institut für Botanik. Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, pp. 65-72.
38. DENICOLA, D. M. & McINTIRE, C. D. (1991): Effects of hydraulic refuge and irradiance on grazer-periphyton interactions in laboratory streams. - J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 10: 251-262.
39. DODDS, W. K. (1991): Factors associated with dominance of the filamentous green algal Cladophora glomerata. - Water Resour. Res. 25: 1325-1332.
40. DODDS, W. K. & GUDDER, D. A. (1992): The ecology of Cladophora. - J. Phycol. 28: 415-427.
41. DUDLEY, T. L., COOPER, S. D. & HEMPHILL, N. (1986): Effects of macroalgae on a stream invertebrtae community. - J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 5: 93-106.
42. DUDLEY, T. L. & D'ANTONIO, C. M. (1991): The effects of substrate texture, grazing, and disturbance on macroalgal establishment in streams. - Ecology 72: 297-309.
43. ELORANTA, P. & KWANDRANS, J. (1996): Testing the use of diatoms and macroalgae for monitoring in Finland. - In: WHITTON, B. A. & ROTT, E. (eds.): Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers II. - Dr. E. Rott, Institut für Botanik. Universität Innsbruck. Innsbruck, pp. 119-124.
44. FAIRCHILD, G. W. & EVERETT, A. C. (1988): Effects of nutrient (N. P. C) enrichment upon periphyton standing crop, species composition and primary production in an oligotrophic softwater lake. - Freshwat. Biol. 19: 57-70.
45. FAIRCHILD, G. W., LOWE, R. L. & RICHARDSON, W. B. (1985): Algal periphyton growth on nutrient-diffusing substrata: An in-situ bioassay. - Ecology 66: 465-472.
46. FEMINELLA, J. W. & HAWKINS, C. P. (1995): Interactions between stream herbivores and periphyton: A quantitative analysis of past experiments. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 14: 465-509.
47. FEMINELLA, J. W. & RESH, J. W. (1991): Herbivorous caddisflies, macroalgae, and epilithic microalgae: Dynamic interactions in a stream grazing system. - Oecologia 87: 247-256.
48. FISHER, S. G., GRAY, L. J., GRIMM, N. B. & BUSCH, D. E. (1982): Temporal succession in a desert stream ecosystem following flash flooding. - Ecol. Monogr. 52: 93-110.
49. GREGORY, S. V. (1983): Plant - herbivore interactions within stream populations and communities. - In: BARNES, J. R. & MINSHALL, G. W. (eds.): Stream ecology: application and testing of general ecological theory. - Plenum. New York. pp. 157-189.
50. GRIME, J. P. (1977): Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. - Amer. Natural. 111: 1169-1194.
51. _ (1979): Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. - John Wiley and Sons.
52. GRIME, J. P. & HUNT, R. (1975): Relative growth rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora. - J. Ecology 63: 393-422.
53. GRIME, J. P. & 34 others (1997): Integrated screening validates primary axes of specialisation in plants. - Oikos 79: 259-281.
54. GRIMM, N. B. & FISHER, S. G. (1986): Nitrogen limitation in a Sonoran Desert stream. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 5: 2-15.
55. GRIMM, N. B. & FISHER, S. G. (1989): Stability of periphyton and macroinvertebrates to disturbance by flash floods in a desert stream. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 8: 292-307.
56. HART, D. D. (1985): Causes and consequences of territoriality in a grazing stream insect. - Ecology 66: 404-414.
57. _ (1992): Community organization in streams: the importance of species interactions physical factors, and chance. - Oecologia 91: 220-228.
58. HAWKINS, C. P. & FURNISH, J. K. (1987): Are snails important competitors in stream ecosystems? - Oikos 49: 209-220.
59. HILDREW, A. G. & TOWNSEND, C. R. (1987): Organisation in freshwater benthic communities. - In: GEE, J. H. R. & GILLER, P. S. (eds.): Organisation of Communities Past and Present. - Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 347-371.
60. HILL, W. R. (1992): Food limitation and interspecific competition in snail-dominated streams. - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 1257-1267.
61. HILL, W. R. & KNIGHT, A. W. (1988): Nutrient and light limitation of algae in two northern California streams. - J. Phycol. 24: 125-132.
62. HILL, W. R. WEBER, S. C. & STEWART, A. J. (1992): Food limitation of two lotic grazers: quantity, quality, and size-specificity. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 11: 492-432.
63. HOLOMUZKI, J. R. & BIGGS, B. J. F. (1998): Distributional responses to flow disturbance by a stream-dwelling snail. - Submitted manuscript.
64. HORNER, R. R., WELCH, E. B., SEELEY, M. R. & JACOBY, J. M. (1990): Responses of periphyton to changes in current velocity, suspended sediment and phosphorus concentration. - Freshwat. Biol. 24: 215-232.
65. HORNER, R. R., WELCH, E. B. & VEENSTRA, R. B. (1983): Development of nuisance periphytic algae in laboratory streams in relation to enrichment and velocity - In: WETZEL, R. G. (ed.): Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems. - Junk, The Hague, pp. 121-134.
66. HUMPPHREY, K. P. & STEVENSON, R. J. (1992): Responses of benthic algae to pulses in current and nutrients during simulations of subscouring spates. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 11: 37-48.
67. HUSTON, M. A. (1979): A general hypothesis of species diversity. - Amer. Natural. 113: 81-101.
68. _ (1994): Biological Diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. -Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 681.
69. HUSTON, M. A. & SMITH, T. (1987): Plant succession: life-history and competition. -Amer. Natural. 130: 168-198.
70. JACOBY, J. M. (1985): Grazing effects on periphyton by Theodoxus fluviatilis (Gastropoda) in a lowland stream. - J. Freshwat. Ecol. 3: 265-274.
71. _ (1987): Alterations in periphyton characteristics due to grazing in a Cascade foothills stream. - Freshwat. Biol. 18: 495-508.
72. JOHNSON, P. D. & BROWN, K. M. (1997): The role of current and light in explaining the habitat distribution of the lotie snail Elimia semicarinata (SAY). - J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 16: 545-561.
73. KAWECKA, B. (1977): Biocensis of a high mountain stream under the influence of tourism. 3. Attached algae communities in the stream Rybi Potok (the High Tatra Mts, Poland) polluted with domestic sewage. - Acta Hydrobiology 19: 271-292.
74. KEDDY, P. A. (1992): A pragmatic approach to functional ecology. - Funct. Ecology 6: 621-626.
75. KELLY, M. G. & WHITTON, B. A. (1995): The Trophic Diatom Index: a new index for monitoring the eutrophication of rivers. - J. App. Phycol. 7: 433-444.
76. KUHN, D. L. PLAFKIN, J. L., CAIRNS, J. & LOWE, R. E. (1981): Qualitative characterisation of aquatic environments using diatom life-form strategies. - Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 100: 165-182.
77. LALONDE, R. T., MORRIS, C. D., WONG, C. F., GARDINER, E. C., ECKERT, D. J., KING, D. B. & ZIMMERMAN, R. H. (1979): Response of Aedes seriatus larvae to fatty acids of Cladophora. - J. Chem. Ecol. 5: 371-381.
78. LAMB, M. A. & LOWE, R. E. (1987): Effects of current velocity on the physical structuring of diatom (Bacillariophyceae) communities. - Ohio J. Sci. 87: 72-78.
79. LAMBERS, H. & POORTER, H. (1992): Inherant variation in growth rate between higher plants: a search for physiological causes and ecological consequences. - Adv. Ecol. Res. 23: 187-261.
80. LAMBERTI, G. A. (1996): The role of periphyton in benthic food webs. - In. STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems. - Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 533-572.
81. LAMBERTI, G. A., ASHKENAS, L. R., GREGORY, S. V. & STEINMAN, A. D. (1987): Effects of three herbivores on periphyton communities in laboratory streams. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 6: 92-104.
82. LAMBERTI, G. A., GREGORY, S. V., ASHKENAS, L. R., LI, J. L., STEINMAN A. D. & MCINTIRE, C. D. (1995): Influence of grazer type and abundance on plant-herbivore interactions in streams. - Hydrobiologia 306: 179-188.
83. LAMBERTI, G. A., GREGORY, S. V., ASHKENAS, L. R., STEINMAN, A. D. & MCINTIRE, C. D. (1989): Productive capacity of periphyton as a determinant of plant-herbivore interactions in streams. - Ecology 70: 1840-1856.
84. LAMBERT, G. A. & MOORE, J. W. (1984): Aquatic insects as primary consumers. - In: RESH, V. H. & ROSENBERG, D. M. (eds.): The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. - Praeger, New York, pp. 164-195.
85. LOHMAN, K. & PRISCU, J. C. (1992): Physiological indicators of nutrient deficiency in Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in the Clark Fork of the Columbia River. Montana. - J. Phycol. 28: 443-448.
86. LOWE, R. L. (1974): Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of freshwater diatoms - U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
87. LOWE, R. L., GOLLADAY, S. W. & WEBSTER, J. R. (1986): Periphyton response to nutrient manipulation in streams draining clearcut and forested watersheds. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 5: 221-229.
88. LOWE, R. L. & HUNTER, R. D. (1988): Resource depression by a stream herbivore: effects on distributions and abundances of other grazers. - Oikos 42: 327-333.
89. LUTTENTON, M. R. & RADA, R. G. (1986): Effects of disturbance on epiphytic community architecture. - J. Phycol. 22: 320-326.
90. MACARTHUR, R. H. & WILSON, E. O. (1967): The theory of island biogeography. -Princeton University, Princeton.
91. MARKER A, F. H. (1976): The benthic algae of some streams in southern England. - J. Ecology 64: 343-358.
92. MCAULIFFE, J. R. (1984): Resource depression by a stream herbivore: effects on distributions and abundances of other grazers. - Oikos 42: 327-333.
93. MCCORMICK, P. V. (1996): Resource competition and species coexistence in freshwater benthic algal assemblages. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems. - Academic Press. San Diego, pp. 229-252.
94. MCCORMICK, P. V. & STEVENSON, R. J. (1989): Effects of snail grazing on benthic community structure in different nutrient environments. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 8: 162-172.
95. _ (1991): Mechanisms of benthic algal succession in lotic environments. - Ecology 72: 1835-1848.
96. MCELRAVY, E. P., LAMBERTI, G. A. & RESH, V. H. (1989): Year-to-year variation in the aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of a northern California stream. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 8: 51-63.
97. MCINTIRE, C. D. (1968): Structural characteristics of benthic algal communities in laboratory streams. - Ecology 49: 520-537.
98. MINSHALL, G. W. (1988): Stream ecosystem theory: a global perspective. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7: 263-288.
99. MOELLER, R. E., BURKHOLDER, J. M. & WEIZEL, R. G. (1988): Significance of sedimentary phosphorus to a rooted submersed macrophyte (Najas flexilis) and its algal epiphytes. - Aquat. Bot. 32: 261-281.
100. OTTEN, J. H. & WILLEMSE, M. T. M. (1988): First steps to periphyton. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 112: 177-195.
101. PALMER, C. M. (1969): A composite rating of algae tolerating organic pollution. - J. Phycol. 5:78-82.
102. PARKER, R. D. R. & BROWN, D. B. (1982): Effects of phosphorus enrichment and wave simulation on populations of Ulothrix zonata from northern Lake Superior. -J. Great Lakes Res. 8: 16-26.
103. PARRY, G. D. (1981): The meanings of r- and K-selection. - Oecologia 48: 260-264.
104. PATRICK, R. & REIMER, C. W. (1966): The diatoms of the United States. Vol. 1. - Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
105. _ (1975): The diatoms of the United States. Vol. 2. - Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
106. PETERSON, B., FRY, B., DEEGAN, L. & HERSHEY, A. (1993): The trophic significance of epilithic algal production in a fertilized tundra river ecosystem. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 872-878.
107. PETERSON, C. G. (1996 a): Response of benthic algal communities to natural physical disturbance. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems. - Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 375-402.
108. _ (1996b): Mechanisms of lotic microalgal colonization following space-clearing disturbances at different spatial scales - Oikos 77: 417-435.
109. PETERSON, C. G. & GRIMM, N. B. (1992): Temporal variation in enrichment effects during periphyton succession in a nitrogen-limited desert stream ecosystem. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 11: 20-36.
110. PETERSON, C. G., HOAGLAND, K. D. & STEVENSON, R. J. (1990): Timing of wave disturbance and the resistance and recovery of a freshwater epilithic microalgal community. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 9: 54-67.
111. PETERSON, C. G. & STEVENSON, R. J. (1990): Post-spate development of epilithic algal communities in different current environments. - Can. J. Bot. 68: 2092-2102.
112. _ (1992): Resistance and resilience of lotic algal communities: importance of disturbance timing and current. - Ecology 73: 1445-1461.
113. PETERSON, C. G., WEIBEL, A. C., GRIMM, N. B. & FISHER, S. G. (1994): Mechanisms of benthic algal recovery following spates: comparison of simulated and natural events. - Oecologia 98: 280-290.
114. PICKETT, S. T. A. & WHITE, P. S. (1985): The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. - Academic Press, New York.
115. PLANAS, D., MABERLY, S. C. & PARKER, J. E. (1996): Phosphorus and nitrogen relationships of Cladophora glomerata in two lake basins of different trophic status. -Freshwat. Biol. 35: 609-622.
116. POFF, N. L. (1992): Why disturbances can be predictable: a perspective on the definition of disturbance in streams. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 11: 86-92.
117. POFF, N. L., VOELZ, N. J. & WARD, J. V. (1990): Algal colonization under four experimentally-controlled current regimes in a high mountain stream. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 9: 303-318.
118. POFF, N. L. & WARD, J. V. (1989): Implications of streamflow variabuity and predictability for lotie community structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns. -Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1805-1818.
119. _ (1992): Heterogeneous currents and algal resources mediate in situ foraging activity of a mobile stream grazer. - Oikos 65: 465-478.
120. POWER, M. E. (1992): Hydrological and trophic controls of seasonal algal blooms in northern California rivers. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 125: 375-410.
121. POWER, M. E., MATTHEWS, W. J. & STEWART, A. J. (1988): Grazercontrol of algae in an Ozark Mountain stream: Effects of short-term exclusion. - Ecology 69: 1894-1898.
122. POWER, M. E. & STEWART, A. J. (1987): Disturbance and recovery of an algal assemblage following flooding in an Oklahoma stream. - Amer. Mid. Nat. 117: 333-345.
123. PRESCOTT, G. S. (1973): Algae of the Western Great Lakes areas. - Wm C Brown. Iowa.
124. OUINN, J. M. & HICKEY, C. W. (1990): Magnitude of effects of substrate particle size. recent flooding and catchment development on benthic invertebrate communities in 88 New Zealand rivers. - N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24: 411-427.
125. REICHLE, D. E., O'NEILL, R. V. & HARRIS, W. F. (1975): Principles of energy and material exchange in ecosystems. - In: LOWE-MCCONNELL, R. H. (ed.): Unifying Concepts in Ecology. - Van Dobben & Junk, The Hague, pp. 27-43.
126. RESH, V. H., BROWN, A. V., COVICH, A. P., GURTZ, M. E., HIRAM, W. L., MINSHALL, G. W., REICE, S. R., SHELDON, A. L., WALLACE, J. B. & WISSMAR, R. C. (1988): The role of disturbance instream ecology. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7: 433-455.
127. RICHARDS, C. & MINSHALL, G. W. (1988): The influence of periphyton abundance on Baetis bicaudatus distribution and colonization in a small stream. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7: 77-86.
128. ROBINSON, C. T. & RUSHFORTH, S. R. (1987): Effects of physical disturbance and canopy cover on attached diatom community structure in an Idaho stream. - Hydrobiologia 154: 49-59.
129. ROSEMARIN, A. S. (1982): Phosphorus nutrition of two potentially competing filamentous algae, Cladophora glomerata (L.) KUTZ. and Stigeoclonium tenue (AGARDH) KUTZ from lake Ontario. - J. Great Lakes Res. 8: 66-72.
130. ROSEMOND, A. D., MULLHOLLAND, P. J. & ELWOOD, I. W. (1993): Top-down and bottom up contol of stream periphyton: effects of nutrients and herbivores. - Ecology 74: 1264-1280.
131. SCARSBROOK, M. R. & TOWNSEND, C. R. (1993): Stream community structure in relation to special and temporal variation: a habit templet study of two contrasting New Zealand streams. - Freshwat. Biol. 29: 395-410.
132. SHEATH, R. G. & HAMBROOK, J. A. (1988): Mechanical adaptations to flow in freshwater red algae. - J. Phycol. 24: 107-111.
133. _ (1990): Freshwater Ecology. - In: COLE, K. M. & SHEATH, R. G. (eds.): Biology of the Red Algae. - Cambridge University Press, pp. 423-453.
134. SHIPLEY, B. & KEDDY, P. A. (1988): The relationship between relative growth rate and sensitivity to nutrient stress in twenty-eight species of emergent macrophytes. - J. Ecology 76: 1101-1110.
135. SHIPLEY, B. & PETERS, R. H. (1990): A test of the Tuman model of plant strategies: relative growth rates and biomass partitioning. - Amer. Nat. 136: 139-153.
136. SHORTREED, K. S. & STOCKNER, J. G. (1983): Periphyton biomass and species composition in a coastal rainforest stream in British Columbia: effects of environmental changes caused by logging. - Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 40: 1887-1895.
137. SMITH, G. M. (1950): The freshwater algae of the United States. - McGraw-Hill, New York.
138. SOUSA, W. P. (1984): The role of disturbance in natural communities. - Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 15: 353-391.
139. SOUTHWOOD, T. R. E. (1997): Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? Presidential address to the British Ecological Society, 5 January 1977. - J. Animal Ecol. 46: 337-365.
140. _ (1988): Tactics, strategies and templets. - Oikos 52: 3-18.
141. STEINMAN, A. D. (1992): Does an increase in irradiance influence periphyton in a heavily-grazed woodland stream? - Oecologia 91: 163-170.
142. _ (1996): Effects of grazers on freshwater benthic algae. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems. - Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 341-373.
143. STEINMAN, A. D. & MCINTIRE, C. D. (1986): Effects of current velocity and light energy on the structure of periphyton assemblages in laboratory streams. - J. Phycol. 22: 352-361.
144. STEINMAN, A. D., MCINTIRE, C. D., GREGORY, S. V., & LAMBERTI, G. A. & ASHKENAS, (1989): Effects of irradiance and grazing on lotic algal assemblages. - J. Phycol. 25: 478-485.
145. STEINMAN, A D., MCINTIRE, C. D., GREGORY, S. V., LAMBERTI, G. A. & ASHKENAS, L. R. (1987): Effects of herbivore type and density on taxonomic structure and physiognomy of algal assemblages in laboratory streams. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 6: 175-188.
146. STEINMAN, A. D., MULHOLLAND, P. J. & KIRSCHITEL, D. B. (1991): Interactive effects of nutrient reduction and herbivory on biomass, taxonomic structure and P uptake in lotic periphyton communities. - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 1951-1959.
147. STEVENSON, R. J. (1996): An introduction to algal ecology in freshwater benthic habitats. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Habitats. - Academic Press San Diego pp. 3-30.
148. STEVENSON, R. J., & PETERSON, C. G., (1989): Variation in benthic diatom (Bacillario-phyceae) immigration with habitat characteristics and cell morphology. - J. Phycol. 25: 120-129.
149. STEVENSON, R. J., PETERSON, C. G., KIRSCHTEL, D. B., KINA, C. C. & TUCHMAN, N. C. (1991): Density-dependent growth, ecological strategies and effects of nutrients and shading on benthic diatom succession in streams. - J. Phycol. 27: 59-69.
150. TAYLOR, D. R., AARSSEN, L. W. & LOEHLE, C. (1990): On the relationship between r/K selection and environmental carrying capacity: a new habitat templet for plant life history strategies. - Oikos 58: 239-250.
151. TOWNSEND, C. R. (1989): The patch dynamics concept of stream community ecology. -J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 8: 36-50.
152. TOWNSEND, C. R., DOLEDEC, S. & SCARSBROOK, M. R. (1997a): Species traits in relation to temporal and spatial heterogeneity in streams: a test of habitat templet theory. - Freshwat. Biol. 37: 367-387.
153. TOWNSEND, C. R. & HILDREW, A. G. (1994): Species traits in relation to a habitat templet for river systems. - Freshwat. Biol. 31: 265-275.
154. TOWNSEND, C. R., SCARSBROOK, M. R. & DOLEDEC, S. (1997b): Quantifying disturbance in streams: alternative measures of disturbance in relation to macroinvertebrate species traits and species richness. - J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 16: 531-544.
155. TRAAEN, T. S. (1975): Biological effects of primary, secondary and tertiary sewage treatment in lotic canalog recipients. - Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 19: 2064-2069.
156. _ (1978): Effects of effluents from a variety of sewage treatment methods on primary productivity, respiration and algal communities in artificial stream channels. - Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 20: 1767-1771.
157. TUCHMAN, N. C. (1996): The role of heterotrophy in algae. - In: STEVENSON, R. J., BOTHWELL, M. L. & LOWE, R. L. (eds.): Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems. - Academic Press. San Diego, pp. 299-319.
158. UEHLINGER, U. (1991): Spatial and temporal variability of the periphyton biomass in a prealpine river (Necker. Switzerland). - Arch. Hydrobiol. 123: 219-237.
159. VAUGHN, C. C. (1986): The role of periphyton abundance and quality in the microdistribution of a stream grazer. Helicopsyche borealis (Trichoptera: Hehcopsychidae). - Freshwat. Biol. 16: 485-493.
160. WALTON, S. P., WELSH, E. B. & HORNER, R. R. (1995): Stream periphyton response to grazing and changes in phosphorus. - Hydrobiologia 302: 31-46.
161. WELCH, E. B. QUINN, J. M. & HICKEY, C. W. (1992): Periphyton biomass related to point-source nutrient enrichment in seven New Zealand streams. - Wat. Res. 26: 669-675.
162. WINTERBOURN, M. J. & FEGLEY, A. (1989): Effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on periphyton assemblages in some spring-fed. South Island, streams. - N. Z. Nat. Sci. 16: 57-65.