Hummingbird foraging at experimental patches of flowers: Evidence for weak risk-aversion

Journal of Avian Biology

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 305-313

  Waser, Nickolas M ^a   McRobert, Julia A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIRD; FLOWER VISITING; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; SPATIAL VARIATION;

UNITED STATES;

AGGREGATA; ANIMALIA; APODIFORMES; AVES; IPOMOPSIS AGGREGATA; PLATYCERCUS; SELASPHORUS PLATYCERCUS; SELASPHORUS RUFUS; TROCHILIDAE;

EID: 0031665420     PISSN: 09088857     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3677113     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Armitage, K. B. 1955. Territorial behavior in fall migrant Rufous Hummingbirds. - Condor 57: 239-240.
2. Bednekoff, P. A. 1996. Risk-sensitive foraging, fitness, and life-histories: where does reproduction fit into the big picture? - Amer. Zool. 36: 471-483.
3. Berger, M. 1974. Energiewechsel von Kolibris beim Schwirrflug unter Höhenbedingungen. - J. Ornithol. 115: 273-288.
4. Brownlee, K. A. 1965. Statistical theory and methodology in science and engineering. Second edition. - John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Calder, W. A. 1973. An estimate of the heat balance of a nesting hummingbird in a chilling climate. - Comp. Biochem. Phys. 46A: 291-300.
6. _ 1975. Daylength and the hummingbird's use of time. -Auk 92: 81-97.
7. _ 1993. Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). - In: Poole, A. and Gill, F. (eds). The birds of North America, No. 53. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1-20.
8. _ 1994. When do hummingbirds use torpor in nature? -Phys. Zool. 67: 1051-1076.
9. _ and Booser, J. 1973. Hypothermia of broad-tailed hummingbirds during incubation in nature with ecological correlations. - Science 180: 751-753.
10. _ and Calder, L. L. 1992. Broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). - In: Poole, A., Stettenheim, P. and Gill, F. (eds). The birds of North America, No. 16. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1-16.
11. _, Waser, N. M., Hiebert, S. M., Inouye, D. W. and Miller, S. 1983. Site-fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of broad-tailed hummingbirds: A ten-year study. - Oecologia 56: 359-364.
12. Campbell, D. R. 1996. Evolution of floral traits in a hermaphroditic plant: field measurements of heritabilities and genetic correlations. - Evolution 50: 1442-1453.
13. Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., Beuchat, C. A., Russell, R. W. and Paton, D. C. 1993. Biphasic mass gain in migrant hummingbirds: body composition changes, torpor, and ecological significance. - Ecology 74: 1173-1182.
14. Cartar, R. V. and Dill, L. D. 1990. Why are bumblebees risk sensitive foragers? - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26: 121-127.
15. Feinsinger, P. and Chaplin, S. B. 1975. On the relationship between wing disc loading and foraging strategy in hummingbirds. - Amer. Natur. 109: 217-224.
16. _, Colwell, R. K., Terborgh, J. and Chaplin, S. B. 1979. Elevation and the morphology, flight energetics, and foraging ecology of tropical hummingbirds. - Amer. Natur. 113: 481-497.
17. Gass, C. L. and Montgomerie, R. D. 1981. Hummingbird foraging behavior: decision-making and energy regulation. - In: Kamil, A. C. and Sargent, T. (eds). Foraging behavior: ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches. - Garland, New York, pp. 159-194.
18. _, Angehr, G. and Centa, J. 1976. Regulation of food supply by feeding territoriality in the rufous hummingbird. - Can. J. Zool. 54: 2046-2054.
19. Hurly, T. A. 1996. Spatial memory in rufous hummingbirds: memory for rewarded and non-rewarded sites. - Anim. Behav. 51: 177-183.
20. Kacelnik, A. and Bateson, M. 1996. Risky theories - the effects of variance on foraging decisions. - Amer. Zool. 36: 402-434.
21. Kuban, J. F. and Neill, R. L. 1980. Feeding ecology of hummingbirds in the highlands of the Chisos Mountains, Texas. - Condor 82: 180-185.
22. Lasiewski, R. C. 1963. Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active, and flying hummingbirds. - Physiol. Zool. 36: 122-140.
23. Levey, D. J. and Stiles, F. G. 1992. Evolutionary precursors of long-distance migration: resource availability and movement patterns in neotropical landbirds. - Amer. Natur. 140: 447-476.
24. Mitchell, R. J. 1993. Adaptive significance of Ipomopsis aggregata nectar production: observation and experiment in the field. - Evolution 47: 25-35.
25. _ and Waser, N. M. 1992. Adaptive significance of Ipomopsis aggregata nectar production: pollination success of single flowers. - Ecology 73: 633-638.
26. Mitchell, W. A. 1989. Informational constraints on optimally foraging hummingbirds. - Oikos 55: 145-154.
27. Pearson, O. P. 1954. The daily energy requirement of a wild Anna hummingbird. - Condor 56: 317-322.
28. Perez, S. M. and Waddington, K. D. 1996. Carpenter bee (Xylocopa micans) risk indifference and a review of nectarivore risk-sensitivity studies. - Amer. Zool. 36: 435-446.
29. Pleasants, J. M. 1983. Nectar production patterns in Ipomopsis aggregata. - Amer. J. Bot. 70: 1468-1475.
30. _ and Waser, N. M. 1985. Bumblebee foraging at a "hummingbird" flower: reward economics and floral choice. -Amer. Midl. Natur. 114: 283-291.
31. Possingham, H. P., Houston, A. I., and McNamara, J. M. 1990. Risk-averse foraging in bees: a comment on the model of Harder and Real. - Ecology 71: 1622-1624.
32. Pyke, G. H. 1978. Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: testing the marginal value theorem. - Amer. Zool. 18: 739-752.
33. _ 1984. Optimal foraging theory: a critical review. - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 523-575.
34. Real, L. A. 1981. Uncertainty and plant-pollinator interaction: the foraging behavior of bees and wasps on artificial flowers. - Ecology 62: 20-26.
35. SAS Institute, 1990. SAS/STAT user's guide. Version 6, 4th edition. - SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
36. Smallwood, P. D. 1996. An introduction to risk sensitivity: the use of Jensen's inequality to clarify evolutionary arguments of adaptation and constraint. - Amer. Zool. 36: 392-401.
37. Stephens, D. W. and Paton, S. R. 1986. How constant is the constant of risk-aversion? - Anim. Behav. 34: 1659-1667.
38. Stiles, F. G. 1971. Time, energy, and territoriality of the Anna hummingbird (Calypte anna). - Science 173: 818-821.
39. von Ende, C. N. 1993. Repeated-measures analysis: growth and other time-dependent measures. - In: Scheiner, S. M. and Gurevitch, J. (eds). Design and analysis of ecological experiments. - Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 113-137.
40. Waddington, K. D. Allen, T. and Heinrich, B. 1981. Floral preferences of bumblebees (Bombus edwardsii) in relation to intermittant versus continuous rewards. - Anim. Behav. 29: 779-784.
41. Waser, N. M. 1976. Food supply and nest timing of broad-tailed hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains. - Condor 78: 133-135.
42. _ 1978. Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers. - Ecology 59: 934-944.
43. _ 1983. The adaptive nature of floral traits: ideas and evidence. In: Real, L. A. (ed.). Pollination biology. - Academic Press, New York, pp. 241-285.
44. Wolf, L. L. and Hainsworth, F. R. 1971. Time and energy budgets of territorial hummingbirds. - Ecology 52: 980-988.
45. _ and Hainsworth, F. R. 1986. Information and hummingbird foraging at individual inflorescences of Ipomopsis aggregata. - Oikos 46: 15-22.
46. Wunderle, J. M. and Cotto-Navarro, Z. 1988. Constant vs. variable risk-aversion in foraging bananaquits. - Ecology 69: 1434-1438.