Identities and the Indian state: an overview

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 411-434

  Dutt, Sagarika ^a  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATION STATE; NATIONAL IDENTITY; STATE BUILDING;

INDIA;

EID: 0031662521     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599814325     Document Type: Article

References (85)

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2. Yale II Fcrguson & Richard W Mansbach, The past as prelude to the future? Identities and loyalties in global polities in Lapid & Kratochwil, The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, p 21.
3. See Yosef Lapid & Friedrich Kratochwil, Revisiting the "National": toward an identity agenda in nco-realism in Lapid & Kratochwil, The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, p 123.
4. A D Smith, National Identity, London: Penguin, 1991, p 14.
5. Bhikhu Parckh, Discourses on national identity. Political Studies, 43(2), 1994, pp 498-499.
6. Nani Palkhivala, A state without a nation?, Statesman, 30 May 1996, p 7.
7. Ibid.
8. See Ramesh Thakur, The Government and Politics of India, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995, p 4.
9. C R Irani, Cry, the beloved country!. The Statesman, (Calcutta) 9 August 1997.
10. A do-or-die situation for the Congress, The Statesman, 8 August, 1997.
11. See Census of India, 1981, series I. Scheduled means given a schedule to the Indian constitution. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are castes, races and tribes which are deemed under Articles 341 and 342 of the Indian constitution to be Scheduled Castes and Tribes for the purposes of the Indian Constitution.
12. See Article II of the constitution of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
13. See Election Manifesto 1996 of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
14. See Paul Brass, The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p 16. See also J. Chiriyankandath Hindu nationalism and regional political culture in India: a study of Kerala, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2(1), 1996, pp 44-66.
15. S Kaviraj Religion and identity in India, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20(2), 1997, pp 325-344.
16. Two of three problems, The Statesman, 21 August 1997, editorial, p 7.
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19. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World, London: Zed Books, 1993, p 18.
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23. Bell and Freeman write that at a minimum ethnicity may be defined as characteristic, distinctive, cultural or subcultural traits that set one group off from another. Different beliefs values and patterns of behaviour are involved as well as self and other identifications. Language differences may be so intertwined that they may in circumstances be considered part of the definition, and this may be inherently so, given the important connections between language and culture. See Wendel! Bell & Walter Freeman (cds). Ethnicity and Nation-Building, Bevcrley Hills, CA: Sage, 1974, p 13.
24. Paul Brass, Language, Religion and Politics in North India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974, p 13.
25. B C Smith, Understanding Third World Politics, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, p 274.
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27. Rushdic, A fantasy called India, p 58.
28. Romila Thapar, A History of India, London: Penguin, 1966, pp 19-21.
29. For a history of Muslim rule in India sec Wolpert, A New History of India.
30. Ibid.
31. V S Naipaul, A million mutinies, India Today, 18 August 1997, p 37.
32. For a history of British rule in India, sec Professor L Mukherjce, A History of India (British Period), Calcutta: Mondai Brothers, 1975; and Wolpert, A New History of India.
33. Ibid. 34Ibid.
34. See Albert E Levak, Provincial conflict and nation-building in Pakistan in Bell & Freeman, Ethnicity and Nation-Building, p 205.
35. Mukherjce, A History of India.
36. The Indian constitution was framed by a Constituent Assembly which consisted of the representatives of the British India provinces and the Indian states. It became absolutely sovereign on 14 August 1947, under the India Independence Act 1947 and was competent to frame any constitution it pleased.
37. Constituent Assembly Debates VIII, p 43, cited in R C Agarwal, Constitutional History of India and National Movement, New Delhi: S. Chand, 1981, Part II, p 19; Sec also D Verney, Are all federations federal? The United States, Canada and India, in B Arora & D Vcmey (cds), Multiple Identities in a Single State, New Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1995, pp 19-50.
38. See Marguerite Ross Barnett, The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.
39. Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and its Alternatives, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1969, p 73.
40. Sec Ajit Singh Sarhadi, Nationalisms in India-The Problem, Delhi: Heritage Publishers, 1974, pp 164-165.
41. C W Anderson, F R von der Mchden & C Young, Issues of Political Development, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974, cited in Smith, Understanding Third World Politics, p 276.
42. See Nachiketa Desai, How VHP planned the Gujarat riots, The Telegraph, (Calcutta) 12 July 1992, p 9.
43. Omar Khalidi, Indian Muslims Since Independence, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing, 1995, p 2.
44. Paul Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism, CA: Sage, 1991, pp 75-76.
45. Ibid, p 3.
46. Imtiaz Ahmcd, "The Muslim vote myth, India Today, 30 April 1996, p 47.
47. See Craig Baxter, Yogendra Malik, Charles Kennedy & Robert Oberst, Government and Politics in South Asia, Boulder, CO: Wcstview Press, 1993, pp 42-44.
48. Ibid.
49. See N Jayaram, Caste and Hinduism: changing protean relationship in M N Srinivas (cd) Caste, Its Twentieth Century Avatar, Viking, Penguin, New Delhi, India, 1996, p 70.
50. Ibid.
51. India Today, 18 August 1997, p 32.
52. Hemendra Narayan, Caste factor gives Laloo a clear edge, The Sunday Statesman, (Calcutta), 7 April 1996, p 7.
53. Ramesh Thakur, The Government and Politics of India, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995, pp 12-13. 53 India Today, 18 August 1997, p 28; and India Today, 31 August 1997, p 40.
54. Dcbi Chatterjce, Tribals in India: deepening identity crisis and Indias security. Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 2, 1996, pp 101-118.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid, p 113.
58. For a history of the demand for linguistic states see Y D Phadke, Politics and Language, Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1974, pp 1-30; Paul Brass Language problems, in Brass The Politics of India Since Independence ch. 5.
59. Self-determination demand by Nagas, The Statesman, 1 August 1947, p 1.
60. Sadhna Saxena, Language and the nationality question, Economic and Political Weekly, 8 February, 1997 p. 270.
61. Sevanti Ninan, Media Pulse, The Hindu (Madras), 20 September 1992, p 3.
62. See Brass Crisis of national unity: Punjab, the north cast and Kashmir, in Brass, The Politics of India since Independence, Ch 6.
63. Interview with Star Plus (India), 17 August 1997, News, 10 pm.
64. Deployment dilemma, India Today, 31 August 1996, p 16.
65. Time not right for Nagaland polls. The Statesman, 29 August 1992, p 9.
66. Harinder Baweja Changing face of parliament India Today, 15 July 1996, p 37.
67. Sagarika Dutt, India after the 1996 elections, CAPS Ne\vs, Nottingham Trent University, pp 2-3.
68. Indrajit Gupta finds berth in Gowda cabinet, The Statesman, 29 June 1996, p 1.
69. A K Roy, Parliament today, The Statesman, 5 July 1996, p 8.
70. Baweja, Changing face of parliament, p 38.
71. Indias patchwork government, The Economist, 21 March 1998, pp 83-84.
72. Y Yadav & A Mcmiilan, Results: how India voted, India Today, 16 March 1998, pp 29-35.
73. Editorial, India Today, 23 March 1998, p 1.
74. Jayas casino Chcnnai, (editorial), The Statesman, 20 April 1998, p 8.
75. Follow Gita ideology for new work ethics: Times of India, 6 April 1998, p 1.
76. CPI objects to PM inaugurating ISKCON temple, Times of India, 7 April 1998, p 9.
77. India Under BJP will never turn theocratic, says PM, The Asian Age, 1 April 1998, p 2.
78. Congress vows to fight BJPS "communal" designs, Times of India, 7 April 1998, p 11.
79. Harinder Baweja, Fire in the sky, India Today, 20 April 1998, pp 34-35.
80. Swapan Dasgupta, Swadeshi as modernity, India Today, 23 March 1998, p 21; Swapan Dasgupta & Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, Crown of thorns, India Today, 16 March 1998, p 14.
81. Brass, The Politics of India since Independence, 227.
82. William Safran, Nations, ethnic groups, states and politics: a preface and an agenda". Nationalism and Ethnic politics, 1(1), 1995, p 1.
83. Prasanta Sen Gupta, Ethnic discontent and Indias unity in Arun Banerjec (ed), Integration, Disintegration and World Order, Calcutta: Allied Publishers, 1995, p 37.
84. Ibid.
85. India Today, 18 August 1997, p 35.