Systems Theory as a Scientific Approach towards Organic Farming

Biological Agriculture and Horticulture

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 37-52

  Høgh Jensen, Henning ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ORGANIC FARMING; SYSTEMS THEORY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031659184     PISSN: 01448765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01448765.1998.9755217     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Altieri, M.A., Norgaard, R.B., Hecht, S.B. & Farrell, J.G. (1995). Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd edn. Westview Press Inc; Boulder.
2. Anderson, M.D. (1992), Reasons for new interest in on-farm research. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 8, 235-250.
3. Andersen, P. (1972). More is different. Science, 175, 1-5.
4. Anonymous (1995). Plan of Action for the Advancement of Organic Food Production in Denmark. Ministry for Agriculture and Fisheries; Copenhagen.
5. Bawden, R.J. (1990). Of agricultural systems and systems agriculture: Systems methodologies in agricultural education. In Systems Theory Applied to Agriculture and the Food Chain (J.G.W. Jones & PR. Street, eds.), pp. 305-323. Elsevier Applied Science; London.
6. Bawden, R.J. (1991). Systems thinking and practices in agriculture. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 2362-2373.
7. Bawden, R.J., Ison, R.L., Macadam, R.D., Packham, R.C. & Valentine, L. (1985), A research paradigm for systems agriculture. In Agricultural Systems Research for Developing Countries (J.V. Remenye, ed.), pp. 31-42. Canberra.
8. Bawden, R.J., Macadam, R.D., Packham, R.J. & Valentine, I. (1984). Systems thinking and practices in the education of agriculturalists. Agricultural Systems, 13, 205-225.
9. Bertalanffy, L. von (1973). General System Theory. Foundations, Developments, Applications, 4th edn. George Brazilïer; New York.
10. Bookchin, M. (1982). The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy. Cheshire Books; Palo Alto.
11. Bunge, M. (1981). Scientific Materialism. D. Reidel; Dordrecht.
12. Busch, L, & Lacy, W.B. (1983). Science, Agriculture and the Politics of Research. Westview Press; Boulder
13. Callicott, J.B. (1988). Agroecology in context. Journal of Agricultural Ethics, 1, 3-9.
14. Callicott, J.B. (1990). The metaphysical transition in farming: from Newtonian-mechanical to the Eltonian ecology. Journal of Agricultural Ethics, 3, 36-49.
15. Capra, F. (1995). Deep ecology. A new paradigm. In Deep Ecology for the 2ist Century (G. Session, ed.), pp. 19-25. Shambhala; Boston.
16. Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Houghton Miflin; Boston.
17. Chalmers, A.F. (1978), What Is This Thing Called Science? Open University Press; Milton Keynes.
18. Chambers, R., Pacey, A. & Chmbers, R. (1989). Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. Intermediate Technology Publications; London.
19. Checkland, P.B. (1981). Systems Thinking\ Systems Practice. John Wiley & Sons; New York.
20. Conford, P. (1988). The Organic Tradition. An Anthology of Writings on Organic Farming 1900-1950. Green Books; Hartland
21. Cox, G.W. & Atkins, M.D. (1979). Agricultural Ecology. W.H. Freeman; San Francisco.
22. Dent, J.B, (1993). Potential for systems simulation in farming systems research. In System Approaches for Agricultural Development (F.W.T. Penning de Vries, P. Teng & K. Metselar, eds.), pp. 325-339. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrecht.
23. Edens, T.C. & Haynes, D.L. (1982). Closed system agriculture: resource constraints, management options, and design alternatives. Annals of Review of Phytophathology, 20, 363-395.
24. Elton, C. S. (1946), Competition and the structure of ecological communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 15, 54-68.
25. Ferry, L. (1992). Le Nouvel Ordre Ecologique Ethics. Grasset & Frasqúelle; Paris.
26. Fox, W. (1995). The deep ecology-ecofemism debate and its parallels. In Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (G. Sessions, ed.), pp. 269-289. Shambhala; Boston.
27. Goodwin, B.C. (1985). What are the causes of morphogenesis. Bio Essays, 3, 32-35.
28. Goldsmith, E. (1972). A Blueprint for Survival. The Ecologist, London.
29. Haiberg, N., Kristensen, E.S. & Kristensen, I. S. (1995). Nitrogen turnover on organic and conventional mixed farms. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 8, 30-51.
30. Harlow, E.M. (1992). The human face of Nature: environmental values and the limits of nonanthropocentrism. Environmental Ethics, 14, 27-42.
31. Hildebrand, P.E. (1990). Farming systems research-extension. In Systems Theory Applied to Agriculture and the Food Chain (J.G.W. Jones & P.R. Sprent, eds.), pp. 131-143. Elsevier Applied Science; London.
32. Hodges, R.D. & Scofield A.M. (1983). Agriecologenic disease: a review of the negative aspects of agricultural systems. Biological Agriculture Æ Horticulture, 1, 269-325.
33. Jantsch, E. (1980). The Self-Organizing Universe. Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution. Pergamon Press Ltd.; Oxford.
34. Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolution. 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press; Chicago.
35. Koppe, S. (1990). Virkelighedens Niveauer. De nye videnskaber og deres historie. Nordisk Foriag A.S.; Copenhagen. (In Danish).
36. Lampkin, N. (1990). Organic Farming. Farming Press Books; Ipswich.
37. Laszlo, E. (1972). The Systems View of the World. The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences. George Braziller; New York
38. Laszlo, E. (1983). Systems Science & World Order. Pergamon Press Ltd.; Oxford.
39. Laszlo, E. (1987). Evolution: The Grand Synthesis. Shambhala; Boston.
40. Lehman, H., Clark, E.A. & Weise, S.F. (1993). Clarifying the definition of sustainable agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 6, 127-143.
41. Loes, A-K. (1990). Case studies as a research method in ecological agriculture. In Alternative Agriculture (A. Granstedt, ed.). Proceedings of the Ecological Agriculture NJF seminar, pp. 90-98. Swedish University of Agriculture; Upsala.
42. MacRae, R.J., Hill, S.B., Henning, J. & Mehuys, G.R. (1989). Agricultural science and sustainable agriculture: a review of the existing scientific barriers to sustainable food production and potential solutions. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 6, 173-219.
43. Maturana, H.R. & Varela, F.J. (1988). The Tree of Knowledge. Shambhala Press; London.
44. McLaughlin, A. (1995), The heart of deep ecology. In Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (G. Sessions, ed.), pp. 85-93. Shambhala; Boston.
45. Merchant, C. (1980). The Death of Nature. Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. Harper & Row Publishers; New York.
46. Merrill, M.C. (1983). Eco-Agriculture: A review of its history and philosophy. Biological Agriculture &. Horticulture, 1, 181-210.
47. Mias, M. & Shiva V. (1993). Ecofeminism. Zed; London.
48. Naess, A. (1973). The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movements. A summary. Inquity, 16, 95-100.
49. Naess, A. (1995a). The deep ecological movement. Some philosophical aspects. In Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (G. Sessions, ed.), pp. 64-84. Shambhala; Boston.
50. Naess, A. (1995b). Deepness of questions and the deep ecological movement. In Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (G. Sessions, ed.), pp. 204-212. Shambhala; Boston.
51. Niggli, U. & Lockeretz, W. (1996). Development of research in organic farming. In Fundamentals of Organic Agriculture (T. ostergaard, ed.), pp. 9-23. 1FOAM; Tholey-Theley.
52. Norgaard, R.B. and Sikor T.O. (1995). The methodology and practice of agroecology. In Agroecology. The Science of Sustainable Agriculture (M.A. Altieri, ed.) 2nd edn., pp. 21-39. Westview Press Inc.; Boulder.
53. Norton, B. (1991). Sustainability, human welfare and ecosystem health. Environmental Values, 1, 97-111.
54. Olesen, J.E. & Vester, J. (1995). Nutrient Balances and Energy Use in Organic Farming- Emphasis on Dairy and Cash Crop Fartns. Ministry for Agricultural and Fisheries; Copenhagen.
55. Pandey, S. & Hardaker, J.B. (1995). The role of modelling in the quest for sustainable farming systems. Agricultural Systems, 47, 439-450.
56. Regan, T. (1980). Animal rights, human wrongs. Environmental Ethics, 2, 99-120.
57. Sessions, G. (1987). The deep ecology movement: A review. Environmental Review, 9, 105-125.
58. Sessions, G. (1995). Preface. In Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (G. Sessions, ed.), pp. 9-28. Shambhala; Boston.
59. Simonsen, H.B. (1992). Husdyrs velfærd. In Livskvalitet og etisk prioritering. pp. 84-102. Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busk A/S; Copenhagen. (In Danish).
60. Singer, P. (1977). Animal Rights. Avon; New York.
61. Spedding, C.R. (1979). An Introduction to Agricultural Systems. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; London.
62. Thompson, P.B. (1995). The Spirit of the Soil. Agriculture and Environmental Ethics. Routledge; London.
63. Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind. Cognitive Science and Human Experience. The MIT Press; Cambridge, Massachusetts.
64. Vogtmann H. (1990). Research structure in biological farming: general view, justification, development. In Biological Fanning in Europe. REUR Technical Series, 12. Proceedings of the Expert Consultation. FAO; Bern, Switzerland, pp. 41-47.
65. Waldrop, M.M. (1992). Complexity. The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos. Penguin Books Ltd.; London.
66. White, L. Jr. (1967). Historical roots of our ecological crisis. Science, 155, 1203-1207.
67. Wilber, K. (1995). Sex, Ecology Spirituality. The Spirit of Evolution. Shambhala Publications Inc.; Boston.