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1
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11544350387
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note
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Thurow [2] provides the example of the computerization of accounting between 1978 and 1985. During this time the number of accountants in American companies increased by 30% (from 1 million to 1.3 million) while accounting productivity fell by 14% - largely because of information proliferation driven, in his view, by centralist motivation, (p. 172).
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3
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0002518767
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Investment in technology - The service sector sinkhole?
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Hackett, R. (1990) 'Investment in technology - the service sector sinkhole?', Sloan Management Review, Winter, pp. 97-103.
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Hackett, R.1
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4
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An assessment of the productivity impact of information technologies
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Allen, T.J. and Scott Morton, M.S. (eds) Oxford, Oxford University Press
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Loveman, G.W. (1994) 'An assessment of the productivity impact of information technologies', in Allen, T.J. and Scott Morton, M.S. (eds) Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
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Loveman, G.W.1
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5
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0002229547
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The Internet and international marketing
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Quelch, J.A. and Klein, L.R. (1996) 'The Internet and international marketing', Sloan Management Review, Spring, pp. 60-75.
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Sloan Management Review
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Quelch, J.A.1
Klein, L.R.2
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6
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0003463029
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New York, Rawson Associates
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Womack, J.P., Jones, D.T. and Roos, D. (1990) The Machine that Changed the World, New York, Rawson Associates.
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The Machine That Changed the World
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Womack, J.P.1
Jones, D.T.2
Roos, D.3
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8
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11544289256
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note
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The nature of market transactions - and of the hierarchies implied in the internal and inter-organizational organization of production - has been extensively discussed in the transaction costs field of economics (for example, see [9]), and by some IT theorists (see [1O]).
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10
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0040521204
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Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies
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Allen, T.J. and Scott Morton, M.S. (eds) Oxford, Oxford University Press
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Malone, T.W., Yates, J. and Benjamin, R.I. (1987) 'Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies', in Allen, T.J. and Scott Morton, M.S. (eds) Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 61-83.
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Malone, T.W.1
Yates, J.2
Benjamin, R.I.3
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11
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0011745557
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Technology beyond machines
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Macdonald, S, Lamberton, D McL, & Manderville, T. (eds) London., Frances Pinter
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Macdonald, S. (1983) 'Technology beyond machines', in Macdonald, S, Lamberton, D McL, & Manderville, T. (eds) The Trouble with Technology, London., Frances Pinter, pp. 26-36.
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Macdonald, S.1
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12
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11544303049
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note
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We draw on the work of such writers as Rosenbrock and Cooley, and on a range of work on anthropocentric production systems sponsored by the European Commission. Some of the issues are also reviewed in [13] and [14].
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13
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11544372465
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Technology, innovation theory and the implementation process
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Rhodes, E. and Wield, D. (eds) Oxford, NCC Blackwell
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Rhodes, E. and Wield, D. (1994) 'Technology, innovation theory and the implementation process', in Rhodes, E. and Wield, D. (eds) Implementing New Technologies: Innovation and the Management of New Technology, Oxford, NCC Blackwell, pp. 79-96.
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Implementing New Technologies: Innovation and the Management of New Technology
, pp. 79-96
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Rhodes, E.1
Wield, D.2
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15
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84970442190
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Blackboxes, hostages and prisoners
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Scarbrough, H. (1995) 'Blackboxes, hostages and prisoners', Organization Studies, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 991-1019.
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(1995)
Organization Studies
, vol.16
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, pp. 991-1019
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Scarbrough, H.1
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17
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0040555415
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Retailer internationalization: An empirical enquiry
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Williams, D.E. (1992) 'Retailer internationalization: an empirical enquiry', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 26, Nos 8/9, pp. 8-23.
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(1992)
European Journal of Marketing
, vol.26
, Issue.8-9
, pp. 8-23
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Williams, D.E.1
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18
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84973041817
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The internationalization process in retailing
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Akehurst, G. and Alexander, N. (1995) 'The internationalization process in retailing', Service Industries Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 1-15
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(1995)
Service Industries Journal
, vol.15
, Issue.4
, pp. 1-15
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Akehurst, G.1
Alexander, N.2
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19
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84973022138
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Towards a taxonomy of international retail alliances
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Bailey, J, Clarke-Hill, C.M. and Robinson, T.M. (1995) Towards a taxonomy of international retail alliances', Service Industries Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 25-41.
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(1995)
Service Industries Journal
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Bailey, J.1
Clarke-Hill, C.M.2
Robinson, T.M.3
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20
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11544365861
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note
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While Wal-Mart is not exclusively an apparel chain, as with many large store operators, apparel accounts for a substantial share of sales.
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22
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0003852990
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New York, Doubleday
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Walton, S. and Huey, J. (1992) Sam Walton, Made in America, My Story, New York, Doubleday.
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(1992)
Sam Walton, Made in America, My Story
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Walton, S.1
Huey, J.2
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23
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11544353833
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FT 500
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January 24
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Financial Times (1997) 'FT 500', January 24.
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(1997)
Financial Times
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24
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11544303050
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The Fortune 500
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April 28
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Fortune (1997) 'The Fortune 500', April 28.
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(1997)
Fortune
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25
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11544307974
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Change at the checkout; survey of retailing
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March 4
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Reid, M. (1995) 'Change at the checkout; survey of retailing', Economist, March 4.
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(1995)
Economist
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Reid, M.1
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26
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11544348487
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note
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Producing the phenomenon of 'POS drift', where real in-store stocks (as revealed by old-fashioned, labour-intensive stock taking) have turned out to be very divergent from the EPOS-generated data.
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27
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11544327991
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note
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Stock turn rates are the ratio of sales to inventory. Thus, the figure of three may appear surprisingly low - for instance, when compared with retail grocery where stock turns for some items, we have been told, can exceed 100. But the lower figures reflect the need to maintain a broad selection to provide customer choice, and tend to be offset by higher margins.
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28
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11544363038
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note
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'Back of store' areas reduce the floor space available for customer display and sales, and incur unnecessary costs in stock holding, from multiple handling of garments, and from restoring badly stored products to store-ready condition.
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29
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11544368846
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note
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Marks and Spencer in Britain and J C Penney in the USA are the examples that come most readily to mind in the context of apparel - plus some other major areas of retailing and retail services.
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30
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5544238209
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Brighton, Occasional Paper, University of Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit
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Belussi, F. (1987) Benetton, Information Technology in Production and Distribution: A Case Study of the Innovation Potential of Traditional Sectors, Brighton, Occasional Paper, University of Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit.
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(1987)
Benetton, Information Technology in Production and Distribution: A Case Study of the Innovation Potential of Traditional Sectors
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Belussi, F.1
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31
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11544298023
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Beyond Fordism and flexible specialization: The evolution of the network firm model
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Mitter, S. (ed.). London, Springer-Verlag
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Belussi, F. (1992) 'Beyond Fordism and flexible specialization: the evolution of the network firm model', in Mitter, S. (ed.). Computer-aided Manufacturing and Women's Employment, London, Springer-Verlag, pp. 72-91.
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(1992)
Computer-aided Manufacturing and Women's Employment
, pp. 72-91
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Belussi, F.1
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32
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11544279495
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note
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Supply chain re-organization in the apparel sector is considered in [33].
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33
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11544287837
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Proceedings, 5th World Congress of EDI Users Research Forum, Brighton, UK, June, London, EDI Association
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Rhodes, E. and Carter, R. (1994) Engineering the Virtual Enterprise, Proceedings, 5th World Congress of EDI Users Research Forum, Brighton, UK, June, London, EDI Association.
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(1994)
Engineering the Virtual Enterprise
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Rhodes, E.1
Carter, R.2
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34
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11544370204
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note
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For example, the Royal Mail in Britain operates an EDI interface targeted at small businesses such as retailers.
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36
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0000824501
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The evolution of relationship marketing
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Sheth, J.N. and Parvatiyar, A. (1995) 'The evolution of relationship marketing', International Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 397-417.
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International Business Review
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Sheth, J.N.1
Parvatiyar, A.2
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37
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11544298024
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note
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That is, 'fashion' in a broad sense - Levi have been one of the pioneers, selling customized jeans.
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38
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11544343912
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note
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Hoch [39] cites the example of the UK grocery industry where retailer brands increased their share of the total market from 20% of sales in 1971 to 36% in 1994. Retailers own brands generally appear to yield substantially higher profit margins than those from manufacturers brands - Hoch estimates the difference at 20% to 30%. Retail brands are also produced through sub-contracts which mark a shift in design competence and decision-making towards the retailer, and reduce manufacturing margins.
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39
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0003134302
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How should national brands think about private labels?
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Hoch, S.J. (1996) 'How should national brands think about private labels?', Sloan Management Review, Winter, pp. 89-102.
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(1996)
Sloan Management Review
, vol.WINTER
, pp. 89-102
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Hoch, S.J.1
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40
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21844518117
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Transaction cost theories of business enterprise from Williamson and Veblen: Convergence, divergence, and some evidence
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June
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Knoedler, J.T. (1995) Transaction cost theories of business enterprise from Williamson and Veblen: convergence, divergence, and some evidence', Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 19, No. 2, June, pp. 385-395.
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(1995)
Journal of Economic Issues
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, Issue.2
, pp. 385-395
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Knoedler, J.T.1
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42
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11544327990
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note
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For example, Wal-Mart pursued a strategy of store development that, among other considerations, was strongly tied to the development of its distribution centres and other parts of its logistics systems, and in application of ICTs there has been an over-riding emphasis on keeping selling, general and administrative costs at levels well below those of competitors [21,22].
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