Numerical simulation of low-grazing-angle ocean microwave backscatter and its relation to sea spikes

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 133-141

  Rino, Charles L ^a   Ngo, Hoc D ^a  

^a Vista Research Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Sea surface electromagnetic scattering

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE INTERFERENCE; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION; MICROWAVES; RADAR IMAGING; SEAWATER; WATER WAVES;

GRAZING ANGLES;

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING;

EID: 0031647516     PISSN: 0018926X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/8.655460     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. R. Mclntosh S. Frasier and J. Mead "FOPAIR: A focused phased array imaging radar for ocean remote sensing" IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing vol. 33 no. 1 pp. 115-124 Jan. 1995.
2. R. Mclntosh S. Frasier Y. Lin D. Moller and C. Lang "Directional ocean wave measurements in a costal setting using a focused array imaging radar" IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing vol. 33 no. 2 pp. 428-40 Mar. 1995.
3. C. L. Rino E. G. Eckert A. Siegel T. Webster A. Ochadlick M. Rankin and J. Davis "X-band low-grazing-angle ocean backscatter obtained during LOGAN 1993" J. Oceanic Eng. vol. 22 no. 1 pp. 18-26 1997.
4. G. R. Valenzuela "Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and ocean waves-A review" Boundary Layer Metern!. vol. 13 pp. 61-85 1978.
5. A. G. Voronovich "On the theory of electromagnetic waves scattering from the sea surface at low grazing angles" Radio Sei. vol. 31 no. 6 pp. 1519-1530 1996.
6. D. M. Milder "An improved formalism for electromagnetic scattering from a perfectly conducting rough surface" Radio Sei. vol. 31 no. 6 pp. 1369-1376 1996.
7. R. A. Smith "The operator expansion formalism for electromagnetic scattering from rough dielectric surfaces" Radio Sei. vol. 31 no. 6 pp. 1377-1385 1996.
8. D. Holliday "A radar ocean imaging model for small to moderate incidence angles" Int. J. Remote Sensing vol. 7 no. 12 pp. 1809-1834 1986.
9. T. R. Michel and K. A. O'Donnell "Angular correlation functions of amplitudes scattered from a one-dimensional perfectly conducting rough surface" J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 9 pt. A no. 8 pp. 1374-1384 1992.
10. T. R. Michel M. E. Knotts and K. A. O'Donnell "Stokes matrix of a one-dimensional perfectly conducting rough surface" J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 9 pt. A no. 4 pp. 585-596 1992.
11. J. T. Johnson L. Tsang R. T. Shin K. Pak C. H. Chang A. Ishimaru and Y. Kuga "Backscattering enhancement of electromagnetic waves from two-dimensional perfectly conducting random rough surfaces: A comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with exterimental data" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 748-763 May 1996
12. D. Holliday L. L. DeRaad Jr. and G. J. St-Cyr "Forward-backward: A new method for computing low-grazing angle scattering" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 722-729 May 1996.
13. D. A. Kapp and G. S. Brown "A new numerical method for roughsurface scattering calculations" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 711-721 May 1996.
14. P. H. Y. Lee J. D. Barter K. L. Beach C. L. Hindman B. M. Lake H. Rungaldier J. C. Shelton A. B. Williams R. Yee and H. C. Yuen "Xband microwave backscattering from ocean waves" J. Geophys. Res. vol. 100 C2 pp. 2591-2611 1995.
15. P. H. Y. Lee J. D. Barter K. L. Beach E. Caponi C. L. Hindman B. M. Lake H. Rungaldier and J. C. Shelton "Power spectral lineshapes of microwave radiation backscattered from sea surfaces at small grazing angles" Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Radar Sonar Navig. vol. 142 no. 5 pp. 252-258 Oct. 1995.
16. P. H. Y. Lee J. D. Barter E. Caponi M. Caponi C. L. Hindman B. M. Lake and H. Rungaldier "Wind-speed dependence of small-grazingangle microwave backscatter from sea surfaces" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 333-340 Mar. 1996.
17. P. Wang Y. Yao and M. P. Tulin "Efficient numerical tank for nonlinear water waves based on the multi-subdomain approach with B. E. M." Int. J. Num. Math. Fluids vol. 20 pp. 1315-1336 1995.
18. C. L. Rino and H. D. Ngo "The application of beam simulation to scattering at low grazing angles-Part II: Ocean-like surfaces" Radio Sei. vol. 29 no. 6 pp. 1381-1391 1994.
19. D. G. Dommermuth "Efficient simulation of short- and long-wave interactions with applications to capillary waves" J. Fluids Eng. vol. 116 pp. 77-82 Mar. 1994.
20. B. O. Werle "Backscatter spikes and wave group observations at low grazing angles" in Proc. IEEE Int. Radar Conf. 1995 pp. 187-195.
21. E. Jakeman and P. N. Pusey "A model for non-Rayleigh sea echo" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 24 no. 6 pp. 806-814 Nov. 1976.
22. D. B. Trizna "Statistics of low grazing angle radar sea scatter for moderate and fully developed ocean waves" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 39 pp. 1681-1690 Dec. 1991.
23. M. A. Sletten and J. Wu "Ultra-wideband polarimetric radar studies of breaking waves at low grazing angles" Radio Sei. vol. 31 no. 1 pp. 181-192 1996.
24. M. A. Sletten D. B. Trizna and J. P Hansen "Ultra wideband radar observations of multipath propagation over the sea surface" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 646-651 May 1996.
25. H. D. Ngo and C. L. Rino "The application of beam simulation to scattering at low grazing angles Part I: Methodology and validation" Radio Sei. vol. 29 no. 6 pp. 1365-1379 1994.