Low-grazing scattering from breaking water waves using an impedance boundary mm/gtd approach

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 93-100

  West, James C ^a   Michael Sturm, J ^a   Ja, Shiou Jhy ^a  

^a Oklahoma State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Sea surface electromagnetic scattering

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE DIFFRACTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE INTERFERENCE; NUMERICAL ANALYSIS; SEAWATER; WATER WAVES;

RADAR BACKSCATTERING;

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING;

EID: 0031646528     PISSN: 0018926X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/8.655455     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. A. I. Kalmykov and V. V. Pustovoytenko "On polarization features of radio signals scattered from the sea surface at small grazing angles" J. Geophys. Res. vol. 81 pp. 1960-1964 Apr. 1976.
2. B. L. Lewis and I. D. Olin "Experimental study and theoretical model of high-resolution radar backscatter from the sea" Radio Sei. vol. 15 no. 4 pp. 815-828 July 1980.
3. D. B. Trizna "Statistics of low grazing angle radar sea scatter for moderate and fully developed ocean waves" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 39 pp. 1681-1690 Dec. 1991.
4. P. H. Y. Lee J. D. Barter K. L. Beach C. L. Hindman B. M. Lake H. Rungaldier J. C. Shelton A. B. Williams R. Yee and H. C. Yuen "X band microwave backscattering from ocean waves" J. Geophys. Res. 9 vol. 100 pp. 2591-2611 Feb. 1995.
5. N. W. Guinard and J. C. Daley "An experimental study of a sea clutter model" Proc. IEEE vol. 58 pp. 543-550 Apr. 1970.
6. L. B. Wetzel "Electromagnetic scattering from the sea at low grazing angles" in Surface Waves and Fluxes G. L. Geernaert and W. L. Plant Eds. Dordrecht The Netherlands: Kluwer 1990 vol. II pp. 109-171.
7. D. B. Trizna"A model for Brewster angle effects on sea surface illumination for sea scatter studies" IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing to be published.
8. M. A. Sletten and J. Wu "Ultrawideband polarimetric radar studies of breaking waves at low grazing angles" Radio Sei. vol. 31 pp. 181-192 Jan. 1996.
9. M. A. Sletten D. B. Trizna and J. P. Hansen "Ultrawideband radar observations of multipath propagation over the sea surface" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 44 pp. 646-651 May 1996.
10. D. Holliday L. L. DeRaad and G. J. St. Cyr "Sea spike backscatter from a breaking wave" in Dig. USNC/URSIRadio Sei. Meet. Baltimore MD July 1996 p. 143.
11. "Sea spike backscatter from a steepening wave" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. to be published.
12. P. Wang Y. Yao and M. P. Tulin "An efficient numerical tank for nonlinear water waves based on the multi-subdomain approach with b.e.m." Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids vol. 20 no. 12 pp. 1315-1336 1995.
13. J. C. West "Effect of shadowing on electromagnetic scattering from rough ocean-wave-like surface at small grazing angles" IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing vol. 35 pp. 293-301 Mar. 1997.
14. H. J. Bilow "Scattering by an infinite wedge with tensor impedance boundary conditions-A moment method/physical optics solution for the currents" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 39 pp. 767-773 June 1991.
15. E. I. Thorsos "The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum" J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. vol. 83 no. 1 pp. 78-82 Jan. 1988.
16. A. W. Glisson "Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary shaped surfaces with impedance boundary conditions" Radio Sei. vol. 27 no. 6 pp. 935-943 Nov. 1992.
17. T. B. A. Senior and J. L. Volakis "Generalized impedance boundary conditions in scattering" Proc. IEEE vol. 79 pp. 1413-1420 Oct. 1991.
18. R. Tiberio G. Pelosi and G. Manara "A uniform gtd formulation for the diffraction by a wedge with impedance faces" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. AP-33 pp. 867-873 Aug. 1985.
19. J. C. West and M. A. Sletten "Multipath EM scattering from breaking ocean waves at grazing incidence" Radio Sei. vol. 32 no. 4 pp. 1455-1467 July 1997.
20. R. Tiberio G. Pelosi G. Manara and P. H. Pathak "High-frequency scattering from a wedge with impedance faces illuminated by a line source part i: Diffraction" IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. vol. 37 pp. 212-218 Feb. 1989.
21. F. T. Ulaby R. K. Moore and A. K. Fung Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive. Norwood MA: Artech 1986 vol. 3 pp. 2022-2025.
22. O. M. Griffin R. D. Peltzer and H. T. Wang "Kinematic and dynamic evolution of deep water breaking waves" J. Geophys. Res. vol. 101 no. 7 pp. 16515-16531 July 1996.