Scale-invariance of galaxy clustering

Physics Report

Volumn 293, Issue 2-4, 1998, Pages 61-226

  Sylos Labini, F ^a,b   Montuori, M ^a,b   Pietronero, L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA   (Italy)

^b INFM   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031617082     PISSN: 03701573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0370-1573(97)00044-6     Document Type: Article

References (230)

1. [1] L. Pietronero, Physica A 144 (1987) 257.
2. [2] P.H. Coleman, L. Pietronero, Phys. Rep. 231 (1992) 311.
3. [3] P.J.E. Peebles, Principles of Physical Cosmology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1993.
4. [4] S.E. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, New York, 1972.
5. [5] C.V.L. Charlier, Arkiv. for mat. Astron. Physik 4 (1908) 1.
6. [6] C.V.L. Charlier, Arkiv. for mat. Astron. Physik 16 (1922) 1.
7. [7] G. De Vaucouleurs, Science 167 (1970) 1203.
8. [8] G. De Vaucouleurs, Publ. A.S.P. 83 (1971) 113.
9. [9] Y. Baryshev, F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori, L. Pietronero, Vistas in Astron. 38 (1994) 419.
10. [10] O. Klain, Nature 211 (1966) 1338.
11. [11] E. Lerner, IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. PS-14 (1986) 609.
12. [12] K.G. Wilson, Phys. Rep. 12 (1974) 75.
13. [13] D. Amit, Filed Theory, the Renormalization Group and Critical Phenomena, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978.
14. [14] B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman, New York, 1982.
15. [15] A. Erzan, L. Pietronero, A. Vespignani, Rev. Mod. Phys. 67 (1995) 554.
16. [16] F. Sylos Labini, Astrophys. J. 433 (1994) 464.
17. [17] J. Huchra, M. Davis, D. Latham, J. Tonry, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 52 (1983) 89.
18. [18] M. Davis, P.J.E. Peebles, Astrophys. J. 267 (1983) 465.
19. [19] M. Davis, in: N. Turok (Ed.), Proc. Conf. Critical Dialogues in Cosmology, World Scientific, Singapore, 1997.
20. [20] L. Pietronero, M. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini, in: N. Turok (Ed.), Proc. Conf. Critical Dialogues in Cosmology, World Scientific, Singapore, 1997.
21. [21] P.H. Coleman, L. Pietronero, R.H. Sanders, Astron. Astrophys. Lett. 245 (1988) 1.
22. [22] N.A. Bachall, R.M. Soneira, Astron. Astrophys. 270 (1983) 20.
23. [23] F. Sylos Labini, A. Gabrielli, M. Montuori, L. Pietronero, Physica A 226 (1996) 195.
24. [24] H. Di Nella, M. Montuori, G. Paturel, L, Pietronero, F. Sylos Labini, Astron. Astrophys. Lett. 308 (1996) L33.
25. [25] P.J.E. Peebles, Large Scale Structure of the Universe, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1980.
26. [26] M.A. Strauss, J.A. Willick, Phys. Rep. 261 (1995) 271.
27. [27] D.N. Limber, Astrophys. J. 117 (1953) 655.
28. [28] D.N. Limber, Astrophys. J. 119 (1953) 655.
29. [29] S.J. Maddox et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 242 (1990) 43.
30. [30] R. Benzi, G. Paladin, G. Parisi, A. Vulpiani, J. Phys. A. 17 (1984) 3251.
31. [31] A.P. Siebesma, Ph.D. Thesis, Groningen, 1989.
32. [32] B. Mandelbrot, Astrophys. Lett. Commun. (1997) in print.
33. [33] K. Falconer, Fractal Geometry, Wiley, New York, 1990.
34. [34] M. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini, Astrophys. J. Lett. (1997), in press.
35. [35] P. Grassberger, I. Procaccia, Physica D 13 (1984) 34.
36. [36] V. De Lapparent, M.J. Geller, J.P. Huchra, Astrophys. J. 332 (1988) 44.
37. [37] L.N. Da Costa et al., Astrophys. J. 424 (1994) L1.
38. [38] C. Park, M.S. Vogeley, M. Geller, J. Huchra, Astrophys. J. 431 (1994) 569.
39. [39] L.N. Da Costa et al., Astrophys. J. 327 (1988) 544.
40. [40] M. Haynes, R. Giovanelli, in: V.C. Rubin, G. Coyne (Eds.), Large-scale Motion in the Universe, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988.
41. [41] S. Schectman et al., Astrophys. J. (1996) 470, 172.
42. [42] K. Fisher et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. (1996) 100, 69.
43. [43] T.J. Broadhurst et al., Nature 343 (1990) 726.
44. [44] G. Vettolani et al., Proc. Scloss Rindberg Workshop Studying the Universe with Clusters of Galaxies, 1994.
45. [45] E. Zucca et al., Astron. Astrophys. (1997) in print.
46. [46] P.J.E. Peebles, Physica D 38 (1989) 273.
47. [47] F. Sylos Labini, L. Pietronero, Astrophys. J. (1996) 469, 28.
48. [48] P. Schecther, Astrophys. J. 203 (1976) 297.
49. [49] M. Davis et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 333 (1988) L9.
50. [50] M.S. Vogeley, C. Park, M.J. Geller, J.P. Huchra, Astrophys. J. 391 (1992) L5.
51. [51] F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori, L. Pietronero, Physica A 230 (1996) 336.
52. [52] L. Guzzo et al., Astrophys. J. 382 (1992) L5.
53. [53] N. Da Costa, P. Pellegrini, M. Davis, A. Miksin, W.L. Sargent, J.L. Tonry, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 75 (1991) 935.
54. [54] S. Maurogordato, R. Schaeffer, L.N. Da Costa, Astrophys. J. 390 (1992) 17.
55. [55] C. Benoist, S. Maurogordato, L.N. Da Costa, A. Cappi, R. Schaeffer, Astrophys. J. (1996) 472, 452.
56. [56] J. Loveday, B.A. Peterson, G. Efstathiou, S.J. Maddox, Astrophys. J. 390 (1992) 338.
57. [57] J. Loveday, B.A. Peterson, S.J. Maddox, G. Efstathiou, Astrophys. J. (1996) in press.
58. [58] H. Di Nella, F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori, G. Paturel, L. Pietronero (1996) preprint.
59. [59] L. Amendola, H. Di Nella, M. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini, Fractals (1997) in print.
60. [60] L. Amendola, H. Di Nella, M. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini (1997) preprint.
61. [61] M. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini, H. Di Nella, L. Amendola (1997) preprint.
62. [62] H. Di Nella, F. Sylos Labini, in: G. Giuricin, F. Mardiriossan, M. Mezzetti (Eds.), Proc. of the workshop Observational Cosmology, Astrophys. Lett. Commun. (1992)
63. [63] H. Di Nella, G. Paturel, Comptes redus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, Serie II, t319 (1994) 57.
64. [64] G. Paturel, I. Vauglin, R. Garnier, M.C. Marthinet, C. Petit, H. Di Nella, L. Bottinelli, L. Gouguenheim, N. Durand, in: D. Egert, M. Albrecht (Eds.), Databases and On-Line data in Astronomy, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, 1995.
65. [65] D.L. Tucker et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. (1997) in print.
66. [66] M.A. Strauss et al., Astrophys. J. 361 (1990) 49.
67. [67] W. Saunders et al., Nature 349 (1991) 32.
68. [68] M.A. Strauss et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 83 (1992) 29.
69. [69] K. Fisher et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 266 (1994) 50.
70. [70] B.R. Tully, Astrophys. J. 303 (1986) 25.
71. [71] B.R. Tully, R. Scaramella, G. Vettolani, G. Zamorani, Astrophys. J. 388 (1992) 9.
72. [72] J. Einasto et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 269 (1994) 301.
73. [73] D.J. Batusky, J.O. Burns, Astrophys. J. 299 (1985) 5.
74. [74] M. Postman, J.P. Huchra, M.J. Geller, Astrophys. J. 384 (1992) 404.
75. [75] E. Zucca, R. Scaramella, G. Vettolani, G. Zamorani, Astrophys. J. 407 (1992) 470.
76. [76] G. Kauffmann, A.P. Fairall, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 248 (1991) 313.
77. [77] U. Lindner, J. Einasto, M. Einasto, F. Wolfram, F. Klaus, E. Tago, Astron. Astrophys. 301 (1995) 329.
78. [78] H. El-Ad, T. Piran (1997) preprint (astro-ph/9702135).
79. [79] A.A. Klypin, A.I. Kopylov, Sov. Astr. Lett. 9 (1983) 41.
80. [80] N.A. Bachall, Astron. Astrophys. Ann. Rev. 26 (1988) 63.
81. [81] J.P. Huchra, J.P. Henry, M. Postman, M.J. Geller, Astrophys. J. 365 (1990) 66.
82. [82] A. Cappi, S. Maurogordato, Astron. Astrophys. 259 (1992) 423.
83. [83] W.J. Sutherland, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 234 (1988) 159.
84. [84] W.J. Sutherland, G. Efstathiou, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 248 (1991) 159.
85. [85] G. Efstathiou, G.B. Dalton, W.J. Sutherland, S.J. Maddox, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 257 (1992) 125.
86. [86] A. Dekel, G.R. Blumenthal, J.R. Primack, S. Olivier, Astrophys. J. 338 (1989) L5.
87. [87] M.P. Van Harlem, (1996) preprint.
88. [88] S.L. Lumsden, R.C. Nichol, C.A. Collins, L. Guzzo, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 258 (1992) 1.
89. [89] L. Guzzo, C.A. Collins, R.C. Nichol, S.L. Lumsden, Astrophys. J. 393 (1992) L5.
90. [90] G.B. Dalton, G. Efstathiou, S.J. Maddox, W.J. Sutherland, Astrophys. J. 390 (1992) L1.
91. [91] S.J. Maddox, G. Efstathiou, W.J. Sutherland, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 243 (1990) 629.
92. [92] S.J. Maddox, G. Efstathiou, W.J. Sutherland, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 246 (1990) 433.
93. [93] G.B. Dalton, G. Efstathiou, S.J. Maddox, W.J. Sutherland, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 269 (1994) 151.
94. [94] G.B. Dalton, G. Efstathiou, W.J. Sutherland, S.J. Maddox, M. Davis, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 271 (1994) L47.
95. [95] A.K. Romer et al., Nature 372 (1994) 75.
96. [96] N. Bachall, M.J. West, Astrophys. J. 392 (1992) 419.
97. [97] U.G. Briel, J.P. Henry, Astron. Astrophys. 278 (1994) 379.
98. [98] N.A. Bachall, W.S. Burgett, Astrophys. J. 300 (1986) L35.
99. [99] A.S. Szalay, D.N. Schramm, Nature 314 (1985) 718.
100. [100] M. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini, A. Amici, Physica A (1997) in print.
101. [101] G.O. Abell, H.G. Corwin Jr., R.P. Olowin, Astrophys. J. 70 (1989) 1.
102. [102] P.J.E. Peebles, private communication, 1996.
103. [103] F. Sylos Labini, L. Amendola, Astrophys. J. 468 (1996) L1.
104. [104] F. Sylos Labini, L. Amendola, Astrophys. Lett. and Comm. (1997) in print.
105. [105] C.M. Baugh, G. Efstathiou, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 267 (1994) 323.
106. [106] H. Feldman, N. Kaiser, J. Peacock et al., Astrophys. J. 426 (1994) 23.
107. [107] M. Itho, T. Suginohara, Y. Suto, PASJ 44 (1992) 481.
108. [108] S. Colombi, F.R. Bouchet, R. Schaeffer, Astron. Astrophys. 281 (1994) 301.
109. [109] J.A. Peacock, D. Nicholson, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 235 (1991) 307.
110. [110] K. Fisher et al., Astrophys. J. 402 (1993) 42.
111. [111] C.L. Bennett et al., Astrophys. J. 436 (1994) 423.
112. [112] J. Voronoi, Reine Angew. Math. 134 (1908) 198.
113. [113] F. Sylos Labini et al. (1997) in preparation.
114. [114] R. Badii, A. Politi, Phys. Lett. A 104 (1984) 303.
115. [115] L.A. Smith, J.-D. Fournier, E.A. Spiegel, Phys. Lett. A 114 (1986) 465.
116. [116] D. Sornette, A. Johansen, A. Arneodo, J.F. Muzy, H. Saleur, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 251.
117. [117] F.J. Solis, L. Tao (1997) preprint (cond-mat/9703051).
118. [118] T. Shanks, P.R.F. Stevenson, R. Fong, H.T. MacGillivray, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 206 (1984) 767.
119. [119] C. Bellanger, V. De Lapparent, Astrophys. J. 455 (1995) L1.
120. [120] C.N.A. Willmer et al., Astrophys. J. 437 (1994) 560.
121. [121] S. Ettori, L. Guzzo, M. Tarenghi, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. (1996) in press.
122. [122] J.G. Cohen et al. (1996) in prints (astro-ph/9608121).
123. [123] W. Saunders, M. Rowan Robinson, A. Lawrence, G. Efstathiou, N. Kaiser, R.S. Ellis, C.S. Frenk, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 242 (1990) 318.
124. [124] E. Hubble, Astrophys. J. 64 (1926) 321.
125. [125] N. Metcalfe, T. Shanks, R. Fong, L.R. Jones, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 249 (1991) 498.
126. [126] S. McGaugh, Nature 367 (1994) 538.
127. [127] J.A. Tyson, Astron. J. 96 (1988) 1.
128. [128] S.J. Lilly, L.L. Cowie, J.P. Gardner, Astrophys. J. 369 (1991) 79.
129. [129] L.R. Jones, R. Fong, T. Shanks, R.S. Ellis, B.A. Peterson, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 249 (1991) 481.
130. [130] S.P. Driver, S. Phillipps, J.I. Davies, I. Morgan, M.J. Disney, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 266 (1994) 155.
131. [131] Yu. Yoshii, Peterson, Astrophys. J. 444 (1995) 15.
132. [132] Yu. Yoshii, F. Takahara, Astrophys. J. 326 (1988) 1.
133. [133] L. Cowie, J.P. Gardner, S.J. Lilly, I. McLean, Astrophys. J. 360 (1990) L1.
134. [134] Cowie, in: T. Shanks, A.J. Bandy, R.S. Ellis, C.S. Frenk, A.W. Wolfendale (Eds.), Observational test of Cosmological Inflation, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991, p. 257.
135. [135] Yu. Yoshii, Astrophys. J. 403 (1993) 552.
136. [136] T.J. Broadhurst, R.S. Ellis, K. Glazebrook, Nature 355 (1992) 55.
137. [137] J.P. Gardner, L. Cowie, R.J. Wainscoat, Astrophys. J. 415 (1993) L9.
138. [138] L.L, Cowie et al., Astrophys. J. 434 (1994) 114.
139. [139] K. Glazebrook et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 266 (1994) 65.
140. [140] B. Mobasher et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 223 (1986) 11.
141. [141] B.T. Soifer et al., Astrophys. J. 420 (1995) L1.
142. [142] B.T. Djorgovski et al., Astrophys. J. 438 (1995) L133.
143. [143] E. Bertin, M. Dennefeld, Astron. Astrophys. 317 (1996) 413.
144. [144] W. Pence, Astrophys. J. 203 (1976) 39.
145. [145] J.J. Condon, Astrophys. J. 287 (1984) 461.
146. [146] F.D.A. Hartwick, D. Schade, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 28 (1990) 437.
147. [147] G. Hasinger et al., Astron. Astrophys. 275 (1993) 1.
148. [148] G. Fishman, C. Meegan, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33 (1995) 415.
149. [149] M.S. Brigss, Astrophys. Space Sci. (1996) in press.
150. [150] D.H. Hartmann, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33 (1995) 225.
151. [151] L.R. Jones et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. (1996) in press (astro-ph/9610124).
152. [152] C. Meegan et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. (1995) in print.
153. [153] C. Meegan et al., Nature 355 (1992) 143.
154. [154] M. Schmidt, J.C. Higdon, G. Hunter, Astrophys. J. 329 (1988) L85.
155. [155] M.S. Briggs, Astrophys. J. 407 (1993) 126.
156. [156] M.A. Nowak, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 266 (1994) L45.
157. [157] J. Quashnock, D. Lamb, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 265 (1994) L59.
158. [158] C. Meegan et al., Astrophys. J. 446 (1995) L15.
159. [159] T. Kolatt, T. Piran, Astrophys. J. (1996) in press.
160. [160] M. Dogterom, L. Pietronero, Phys. A 171 (1991) 239.
161. [161] E.J. Groth, P.J.E. Peebles, Astrophys. J. 217 (1977) 385.
162. [162] R. Durrer, J.P. Eckmann, F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori, L. Pietronero, Europhys. Lett. (1997) submitted.
163. [163] N. Montuori, F. Sylos Labini, Astrophys. J. Lett. (1997) in press.
164. [164] B. Binggeli, A. Sandage, G.A. Tammann, Astron. Astrophys. Ann. Rev. 26 (1988) 509.
165. [165] R.B. Tully, in: V.C. Rubin, G. Coyne (Eds.), Large Scale Motion in the Universe, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988.
166. [166] R.B. Tully, J.R. Fisher, Nearby Galaxies Atlas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.
167. [167] J.A. Eder et al., Astrophys. J. 340 (1989) 29.
168. [168] B. Binggeli, M. Tarenghi, G.A. Tammann, Astron. Astrophys. 228 (1990) 42.
169. [169] H.C. Ferguson, B. Binggeli, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 6 (1994) 67.
170. [170] T.X. Thuan, J.R. Gott III, S.E. Schneider, Astrophys. J. Lett. 315 (1987) L93-7.
171. [171] G.D. Bothun et al., Astrophys. J. 308 (1988) 510.
172. [172] M. Disney, S. Phillips, Nature 329 (1987) 203.
173. [173] M. Einasto, J. Einasto, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 226 (1987) 543.
174. [174] A. Dressler, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 313 (1984) 42.
175. [175] A. Olmer, Astrophys. J. 194 (1974) 1.
176. [176] A. Dressler, Astrophys. J. 236 (1980) 351.
177. [177] Da Souza et al., Astrophys. J. 263 (1982) 557.
178. [178] M. Postman, M. Geller, Astrophys. J. 281 (1984) 95.
179. [179] A. Iovino et al., Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 265 (1993) 21.
180. [180] M. Davis, M. Geller, Astrophys. J. 208 (1976) 13.
181. [181] R. Giovanelli, M.P. Haynes, G. Chincarini, Astrophys. J. 300 (1986) 77.
182. [182] J. Felten, Astron. J. 82 (1977) 861.
183. [183] V. De Lapparent, M. Geller, J. Huchra, Astrophys. J. 343 (1989) 1.
184. [184] R.O. Marzke, J. Huchra, M. Geller, Astrophys. J. 428 (1994) 43.
185. [185] G. Paladin, A. Vulpiani, Phys. Rep. 156 (1987) 147.
186. [186] V.T. Martinez, B.J.T. Jones, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 242 (1990) 517.
187. [187] S.M. Feber, J.S. Gallagher, Astron. Astrophys. Ann. Rev. 17 (1979) 135.
188. [188] M.H. Jensen, G. Paladin, A. Vulpiani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (1991) 208.
189. [189] V.T. Martinez et al., Science 269 (1995) 1245.
190. [190] N. Kaiser, Astrophys. J. 284 (1984) L9.
191. [191] L. Pietronero, E. Tosatti (Eds.), Fractal in Physics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986.
192. [192] F. Sylos Labini, L. Pietronero, in: F. Occhionero (Ed.), Birth of the Universe and Fundamental Physics, Springer, Verlag, Berlin, 1995, p. 317.
193. [193] F. Sylos Labini, L. Pietronero, Astrophys. Lett. Commun. 36 (1995) 49.
194. [194] A. Sandage, in: B. Binggeli, R. Buser (Eds.), The Deep Universe, Springer, Berlin, 1995.
195. [195] Y. Baryshev, F. Sylos Labini, M. Montuori, L. Pietronero, P. Teerikorpi (1997) preprint.
196. [196] E. Harrison, Astrophys. J. 403 (1993) 28.
197. [197] P.J.E. Peebles et al., Nature 352 (1991) 769.
198. [198] E. Hubble, Nat. Astron. Sci. Proc. 15 (1929) 168.
199. [199] R.W. Smith, J. Hist. Astron. 10 (1979) 133.
200. [200] I. Segal, Mathematical Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy, Academic Press, New York, 1976.
201. [201] P. Teerikorpi, Astron. Astrophys. 45 (1975) 117.
202. [202] R.M. Soneira, Astrophys. J. (1979) L63.
203. [203] S. Weinberg, The First Three Minutes, Basic Books, New York, 1977, p. 26.
204. [204] A. Sandage, Astrophys. J. 317 (1987) 557.
205. [205] J-Q. Zheng, M.J. Valtonen, G.G. Byrd, Astron. Astrophys. 247 (1991) 20.
206. [206] M. Valtonen et al., Astron. J. 105 (1993) 886.
207. [207] M.J. Haggerty, J.R. Wertz, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 155 (1972) 495.
208. [208] L.L. Fang et al., Astron. Astrophys. 243 (1991) 283.
209. [209] M.B. Ribeiro, Astrophys. J. 415 (1993) 469.
210. [210] J.W. Moffat, D.C. Tatarski, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 3512.
211. [211] H. Bondi, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 107 (1947) 410.
212. [212] G.S. Hawkins, Nature 194 (1962) 563.
213. [213] Yu.B. Zeldovich, I.D. Novikov, Relativistic Astrophysics, vol. 2, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, p. 97.
214. [214] Yu.V. Baryshev, Izvestiya SAO 14 (1981) 24.
215. [215] W.L. Freedman, in: N. Turok (Ed.), Proc. Conf. Critical Dialogues in Cosmology, World Scientific, Singapore, 1997.
216. [216] G.A. Tammann, in: N. Turok (Ed.), Proc. Conf. Critical Dialogues in Cosmology, World Scientific, Singapore, 1997.
217. [217] A.A. Penzias, R.W. Wilson, Astrophys. J. 142 (1965) 419.
218. [218] J.C. Mather et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 354 (1990) L37.
219. [219] J.C. Mather et al., Astrophys. J. 420 (1994) 439.
220. [220] H.P. Gush, M. Hlpern, E.H. Wishhow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 537.
221. [221] D.J. Fixsen et al., Astrophys. J. 420 (1994) 445.
222. [222] Yu. Strukov et al., Sov. Astron. Lett. 18 (1992) 153.
223. [223] G. Smooth et al., Astrophys. J. 396 (1992) L1.
224. [224] R.K. Sachs, A.M. Wolf, Astrophys. J. 147 (1967) 73.
225. [225] S. Courteau, S.M. Faber, A. Dressler, J.A. Willick, Astrophys. J. Lett. 412 (1993) L51.
226. [226] T.R. Laurer, M. Postman, Astrophys. J. 425 (1994) 418.
227. [227] D.S. Mathewson, V.L. Ford, M. Buchhorn, Astrophys. J. Lett. 389 (1992) L5.
228. [228] D.S. Mathewson, V.L. Ford, Astrophys. J. Lett. 434 (1994) L39.
229. [229] H. de Vega, N. Sanchez, F. Combes, Nature 383 (1996) 53.
230. [230] H. de Vega, N. Sanchez, F. Combes, preprint (1997).