Affective Simon effects using facial expressions as affective stimuli

Experimental Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 4-1, 1998, Pages 88-98

  De Houwer, Jan ^a,b   Hermans, Dirk ^a,b   Eelen, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b FUND FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Affective Simon effect; Face perception; Valence of facial expression

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; REACTION TIME; RECALL;

ADULT; AFFECT; ATTENTION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; GENERALIZATION (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; REACTION TIME;

EID: 0031614887     PISSN: 16183169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Baeyens, F., & De Houwer, J. (1995). Evaluative conditioning is a qualitatively distinct form of classical conditioning: A reply to Davey (1994). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 825-831.
2. Bargh, J. A. (1992). The ecology of automaticity. Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 181-199.
3. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Raymond, P., & Hymes, C. (1996). The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic activation with a pronunciation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 104-128.
4. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265-289.
5. Bovens, N. & Brysbaert, M. (1990). IBM PC/XT/AT and PS/2 Turbo Pascal timing with extended resolution. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 22, 332-334.
6. Bruce, V., & Young, A. W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-328.
7. Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1997). An automatic effect of (all) attitudes on behavior: Preconscious approach and avoidance responses to liked and disliked stimuli. Manuscript submitted for publication.
8. Craft, J. L. & Simon, J. R. (1970). Processing symbolic information from a visual display: Interference from an irrelevant directional cue. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 415-420.
9. De Houwer, J. (1997). Automatic affect and cognition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
10. De Houwer, J. (1998a). Irrelevant feature paradigms as research tools. Manuscript submitted for publication.
11. De Houwer, J. (1998b). The semantic Simon effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (A), Manuscript in press.
12. De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P (1998). An affective variant of the Simon paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 45-61.
13. De Houwer, J., Eelen, P., & Baeyens, P. (1998). Automatic activation of attitudes depends on how the evoking stimuli have to be processed cognitively. Unpublished manuscript.
14. Ekman, P. (1992). Facial expression of emotion: New findings, new questions. Psychological Science, 3, 34-38.
15. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the Face, Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
16. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. H. (1994). Automatic emotion: Attention and facial efference. In P. M. Niedenthal & S. Kitayama (Eds.), The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention (pp. 217-243). San Diego: Academic Press.
17. Kirk, R. E. (1982). Experimental design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
18. Kornblum, S. & Lee, J.-W. (1995). Stimulus-Response compatibility with relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions that do and do not overlap with the response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 855-875.
19. Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1995). Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 589-602.
20. Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with suboptimal and optimal stimulus presentations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 723-739.
21. Niedenthal, P. (1990). Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 505-527.
22. Russel, J. A. (1995) Facial expressions of emotions: What lies beyond minimal universality. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 379-391.
23. Schwartz, G. E., Izard, C. E., & Ansul, S. E. (1985). The five-month old's ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 65-77.
24. Simon, J. R. (1990). The effects of an irrelevant directional cue on human information processing. In R. W. Proctor & T G. Reeve (Eds.), Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective (pp. 31-86). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
25. Simon, J. R., & Rudell, A. P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51, 300-304.
26. White, M. (1995). Preattentive analysis of facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 439-460.
27. Winkielman, P., Zajonc, R. B., & Schwarz, N. (1997). Subliminal affective priming resists to attributional interventions. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 433-465.
28. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
29. Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123.