Knowledge Acquisition, Accessibility, and Use in Person Perception and Stereotyping: Simulation with a Recurrent Connectionist Network

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 74, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 21-35

  Smith, Eliot R ^a   DeCoster, Jamie ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LEARNING; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LEARNING; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER); STEREOTYPING;

EID: 0031614007     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.21     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Andersen, S. M., & Cole, S. W. (1990). "Do I know you?": The role of significant others in general social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 384-399.
2. Asch, S. E., & Zukier, H. (1984). Thinking about persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1230-1240.
3. Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Implicit stereotyping and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 55-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Bargh, J. A., Lombardi, W. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1988). Automaticity of chronically accessible constructs in Person x Situation effects on person perception: It's just a matter of time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 599-605.
6. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. Srull & R. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 177-183). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Carlston, D. E. (1994). Associated systems theory: A systematic approach to cognitive representations of persons. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 7, pp. 1-78). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (1994). Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 840-856.
9. Churchland, P. S., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1992). The computational brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10. Clark, A. (1993). Associative engines: Connectionism, concepts, and representational change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
12. Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885)
13. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). New York: Academic Press.
14. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis for stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.
16. Hamilton, D. L., Katz, L. B., & Leirer, V. (1980). Organizational processes in impression formation. In R. Hastie, T. M. Ostrom, E. B. Ebbesen, R. S. Wyer, D. L. Hamilton, & D. E. Carlston (Eds.), Person memory (pp. 121-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Hastie, R. (1988). A computer simulation model of person memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 423-447.
19. Hastie, R., & Kumar, P. A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25-38.
20. Hastie, R., Schroeder, C., & Weber, R. (1990). Creating complex social conjunction categories from simple categories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 242-247.
21. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.
22. Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133-168). New York: Guilford Press.
23. Higgins, E. T., & Bargh, J. A. (1987). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369-426.
24. Higgins, E. T., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141-154.
25. Hinton, G. E., McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986). Distributed representations. In D. E. Rumelhart, J. L. McClelland, & the PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing (Vol. 1, pp. 77-109). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
26. Hinton, G. E., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1986). Learning and relearning in Boltzmann machines. In D. E. Rumelhart, J. L. McClelland, & the PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing (Vol. 1, pp. 282-317). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27. Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Epstein, S. (1992). Cognitive-experiential self-theory and subjective probability: Further evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 534-544.
28. Kunda, Z., Miller, D. T., & Claire, T. (1990). Combining social concepts: The role of causal reasoning. Cognitive Science, 14, 551-577.
29. Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.
30. Lewicki, P. (1985). Nonconscious biasing effects of single instances of subsequent judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 563-574.
31. Martin, L. L., Seta, J. J., & Crelia, R. A. (1990). Assimilation and contrast as a function of people's willingness and ability to expend effort in forming an impression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 38-49.
32. McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102, 419-457.
33. McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986). A distributed model of human learning and memory. In J. L. McClelland & D. E. Rumelhart (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 170-215). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
34. McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1988). Explorations in parallel distributed processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
35. McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., & the PDP Research Group (Eds.). (1986). Parallel distributed processing (Vol. 2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36. McConnell, A., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: An extension of the distinctiveness-based account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 414-429.
37. Read, S. J., & Marcus-Newhall, A. (1993). Explanatory coherence in social explanations: A parallel distributed processing account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 429-447.
38. Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., & the PDP Research Group (Eds.). (1986). Parallel distributed processing (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
39. Rumelhart, D. E., Smolensky, P., McClelland, J. L., & Hinton, G. E. (1986). Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In J. L. McClelland & D. E. Rumelhart (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 7-57). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Schacter, D. L., & Tulving, E. (Eds.). (1994). Memory systems 1994. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41. Seidenberg, M. S. (1993). Connectionist models and cognitive theory. Psychological Science, 4, 228-235.
42. Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1996). Cognitive dissonance reduction as constraint satisfaction. Psychological Review, 103, 219-240.
43. Smith, E. E., Osherson, D. N., Rips, L. J., & Keane, M. (1988). Combining prototypes: A modification model. Cognitive Science, 12, 485-528.
44. Smith, E. R. (1991). Illusory correlation in a simulated exemplar-based memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 107-123.
45. Smith, E. R. (1996). What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 893-912.
46. Smith, E. R. (1998). Mental representation and memory. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 391-445). New York: McGraw-Hill.
47. Smith, E. R., & Zárate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3-21.
48. Thorpe, S. (1995). Localized and distributed representations. In M. A. Arbib (Ed.), Handbook of brain theory and neural networks (pp. 549-552). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Touretzky, D. S. (1995). Connectionist and symbolic representation. In M. A. Arbib (Ed.), Handbook of brain theory and neural networks (pp 243-247). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
50. van Gelder, T. (1991). What is the "D" in "PDP"? A survey of the concept of distribution. In W. Ramsey, S. P. Stich, & D. E. Rumelhart (Eds.), Philosophy and connectionist theory (pp. 33-60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
52. Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1989). Memory and cognition in its social context. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Zell, A., Mamier, G., Vogt, M., Mache, N., Hübner, R., Herrmann, K., Soyez, T., Schmalzl, M., Sommer, T., Hatzigeorgiou, A., Döring, S., Posselt, D., & Schreiner, T. (1994). Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator (User Manual, Version 3.2; Tech. Rep. No. 3/94). Stuttgart. Germany: University of Stuttgart, Institute for Parallel and Distributed High Performance Systems.