Revising current two-process accounts of spacing effects in memory

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 161-172

  Russo, Riccardo ^a   Parkin, Alan J ^a,b   Taylor, Sandra R ^a,b   Wiks, Jacqueline ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEMANTICS; TIME;

ATTENTION; HUMANS; MEMORY; SEMANTICS; TIME FACTORS; VOCABULARY;

EID: 0031603703     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.24.1.161     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Blaxton, T. A. (1989). Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer appropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 657-668.
2. Challis, B. H. (1993). Spacing effects on cued-memory tests depend on level of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 389-396.
3. Cornoldi, C., & Longoni, A. (1977). The MP-DP effect and the influence of distinct repetitions on recognition of random shapes. Italian Journal of Psychology, 4, 65-76.
4. Crowder, R. G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Daw, P. S., & Parkin, A. J. (1981). Observations on the efficacy of two different processing strategies for remembering faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 35, 351-355.
6. Donaldson, W. (1992). Measuring recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 275-277.
7. Ellis, A. W., Young, A. W., Flude, B. M., & Hay, D. C. (1987). Repetition priming of face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 39 (A), 193-210.
8. Ellis, H. D., Ellis, D. M., & Hosie, J. A. (1993). Priming effects in children's face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 84, 101-110.
9. Fox, E. (1995). Negative priming from ignored distractors in visual detection: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 145-173.
10. Greene, R. L. (1989). Spacing effects in memory: Evidence for a two-process account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 371-377.
11. Greene, R. L., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). Effects of encoding variability and spacing on frequency discrimination. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 468-476.
12. Gum, T., & Bub, D. (1988). PsychLab Manual. Montreal, Canada: PsychLab.
13. Hintzman, D. L. (1976). Repetition and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and memory (Vol. 11, pp. 47-91). New York: Academic Press.
14. Hintzman, D. L., Block, R. A., & Summers, J. J. (1973). Modality tags and memory for repetitions: Locus of the spacing effect. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 229-238.
15. Kolers, P. A., & Roediger, H. L., III. (1984). Procedures of mind. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 425-449.
16. Kučera, H., & Francis, W. M. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
17. Melton, A. W. (1970). The situation with respect to the spacing of repetitions and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 596-606.
18. Mulligan, N. W., & Hartman, M. (1996). Divided attention and indirect memory tests. Memory & Cognition, 24, 453-465.
19. Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Parkin, A. J., Gardiner, J. M., & Rosser, R. (1995). Functional aspects of recollective experience in face recognition. Consciousness and Cognition, 4, 387-395.
21. Parkin, A. J., & Hayward, C. (1983). The influence of trait and physical-feature-based orienting strategies on aspects of facial memory. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 71-82.
22. Parkin, A. J., Reid, T. K., & Russo, R. (1990). On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 507-514.
23. Proctor, R. W. (1980). The influence of intervening tasks on the spacing effect for frequency judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 254-266.
24. Ratcliff, R., Hockley, W., & McKoon, G. (1985). Components of activation: Repetition and priming effects in lexical decision and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 435-450.
25. Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8, pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
26. Roediger, H. L., III, Weldon, M. S., & Challis, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In H. L. Roediger, III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Rose, R. J., & Rowe, E. J. (1976). Effects of orienting task and spacing of repetitions on frequency judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2, 142-152.
28. Russo, R., & Parkin, A. J. (1993). Age differences in implicit memory: More apparent than real. Memory & Cognition, 21, 73-80.
29. Russo, R., & Spinnler, H. (1994). Implicit and explicit verbal memory in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 30, 359-375.
30. Schacter, D. L. (1994). Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of priming. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 233-268). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Schweinberger, S. R. (1996). How Gorbachev primed Yeltsin: Analyses of associative priming in person recognition by means of reaction times and event-related brain potentials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1383-1407.
32. Shaherazam. (1986). Mac a Mug Manual. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
33. Smith, M. C., Theodor, L., & Franklin, P. E. (1983). The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 697-712.
34. Tipper, S. P., & Driver, J. (1988). Negative priming between pictures and words in a selective attention task: Evidence for semantic processing of ignored stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 16, 64-70.
35. Underwood, B. J., Kapelak, S. M., & Malmi, R. A. (1976). The spacing effect: Additions to the theoretical and empirical puzzle. Memory & Cognition, 4, 391-400.
36. Weldon, M. S., Roediger, H. L., III, Beitel, D. A., & Johnston, T. R. (1995). Perceptual and conceptual processes in implicit and explicit memory tests with picture fragment and word fragment cuts. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 268-286.