Crusader castle torn apart by earthquake at dawn, 20 May 1202

Geology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 303-306

  Ellenblum, Ronnie ^a   Marco, Shmuel ^b   Agnon, Amotz ^a   Rockwell, Thomas ^c   Boas, Adrian ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b Geological Survey of   (Israel)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOLOGY;

DEAD SEA; GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH; JORDAN RIVER; SEISMOGENIC FAULTS;

EARTHQUAKES;

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; DISPLACEMENT; EARTHQUAKE TRIGGER; PRECISION; SEISMOLOGY; EARTHQUAKE; HISTORICAL SEISMICITY;

DEAD SEA; JORDAN RIVER [MIDDLE EAST]; ISRAEL;

EID: 0031597337     PISSN: 00917613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0303:CCTABE>2.3.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Abu-Shama, 1872-1906, Le livre des deux jardins. Histoire des deux regnes, celui de Nour ed-Din et celui de Salah ed-Din, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, Historiens orientaux: Acadèmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, v. 4, p. 194-208.
2. Ambraseys, N. N., and Barazangi, M. 1989, The 1759 earthquake in the Bekaa valley: Implications for earthquake hazard assessment in the eastern Mediterranean region: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 4007-4013.
3. Ambraseys, N., and Karcz, I., 1992, The earthquake of 1546 in the Holy Land: Terra Nova, v. 4, p. 253-262.
4. Ambraseys, N. N., and Melville, C. P., 1988, An analysis of the eastern Mediterranean earthquake of 20 May 1202, in Lee, W. K. H., Meyers, H., and Shimazaki, K., ed., Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World: San Diego, California, Academic Press, p. 181-200.
5. Amiran, D. H. K., Arieh, E., and Turcotte, T., 1994, Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas: Macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.K.: Israel Exploration Journal, v. 44, p. 260-305.
6. Bartov, Y. ,1990, Geological photomap of Israel and adjacent areas: Jerusalem, Geological Survey of Israel, scale 1:750 000.
7. Belitzky, S., 1987, Tectonics of the Korazim Saddle [M.Sc. thesis]: Jerusalem, Hebrew University, 115 p. (in Hebrew with English abstract).
8. Ernoul, 1871, La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier (ed. L. de Mas Latrie): Paris, 52 p.
9. Freund, R., Zak, I., and Garfunkel, Z., 1968, Age and rate of the sinistral movement along the Dead Sea Rift: Nature, v. 220, p. 253-255.
10. Garfunkel, Z., 1981, Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) in relation to plate kinematics: Tectonophysics, v. 80, p. 81-108.
11. Garfunkel, Z., Zak, I., and Freund, R., 1981, Active faulting in the Dead Sea rift: Tectonophysics, v. 80, p. 1-26.
12. Goren-Inbar, N., and Belitzky, S., 1989, Structural position of the Pleistocene Gesher Benot Ya'akov site in the Dead Sea Rift zone: Quaternary Research, v. 31, p. 371-376.
13. Guidoboni, E., 1996, Archaeology and historical seismology: The need for collaboration in the Mediterranean area, in Stiros, S., and Jones, R. E., eds., Archaeoseismology: Athens, Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration, and The British School at Athens, p. 7-13.
14. Harash, A., and Bar, Y., 1988, Faults, landslides, and seismic hazards along the Jordan River Gorge, northern Israel: Engineering Geology, v. 25, p. 1-15.
15. Heimann, A., and Ron, H., 1993, Geometric changes of plate boundaries along part of the northern Dead Sea Transform: Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 477-491.
16. Ibn al-Athir, 1872-1906, Extrait de la chronique intitulée Kamel-altevarykh, par Ibn-Alatyr, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres: Paris, Historiens orientaux, p. 189-744.
17. 'Imad al-Din al-lsfahani, 1971, Bundari, Sana al-barq al-Shami, abridged by al-Bundari, Part 1: Beirut, R. Sesen.
18. Karcz, I., 1995, Development of a geodetic system for monitoring of recent crustal movements along the Dead Sea rift: Earth Sciences Administration. Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, Israel, TR-GSI/7/95.
19. Lyons, M. C., and Jackson, D. E. P., 1982, Saladin: The politics of the Holy War: London, Cambridge, 454 p.
20. Marco, S., Agnon, A., Ellenblum, R., Eidelman, A., Basson, U., and Boas, A., 1997, 817-year-old walls offset sinistrally 2.1 m by the Dead Sea Transform, Israel: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 24, p. 11-20.
21. Mayer, H. E., 1972, Two unpublished letters on the Syrian earthquake of 1202, in Hanna, S. H., ed., Medieval and Middle Eastern studies in honor of Aziz Suryal Atiya: Leiden, p. 295-310.
22. Noller, J. S., Lettis, W. R., and Simpson, G. D., 1994, Seismic archaeology: Using human prehistory to date paleoearthquakes and assess deformation rates of active fault zones: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, v. 94-568, p. 138-140.
23. Quennell, A. M., 1956, Tectonics of the Dead Sea rift: Congreso Geologico Internacional, 20th, Asociacion de Servicios Geologicos Africanos, Mexico, p. 385-405.
24. Rotstein, Y., and Bartov, Y., 1989, Seismic reflection across a continental transform: An example from a convergent segment of the Dead Sea rift: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 2902-2912.
25. Sieberg, A., 1932, Erdbebengeographie, in Handbuch der Geophysik, Band IV: Berlin, Borntraeger, p. 527-1005.
26. van-Eck, T., and Hofstetter, A., 1990, Fault geometry and spatial clustering of microearthquakes along the Dead Sea-Jordan rift fault zone: Tectonophysics, v. 180, p. 15-27.
27. Vered, M., and Striem, H. L., 1977, A macroseismic study and the implications of structural damage of two recent major earthquakes in the Jordan rift: Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 67, p. 1607-1613.
28. William-of-Tyre, 1986, Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon (ed. R.B.C. Huygens): Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 63-63a, Turnhout, book 21, chapter 25 (26), p. 997.