Liposomes and immunoassays

Journal of Immunological Methods

Volumn 204, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 105-133

  Rongen, H A H ^a   Bult, A ^a   Van Bennekom, W P ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Complement; Immunoassay; Liposomes; Mellitin; Phospholipid

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; HAPTEN; LIPOSOME; MELITTIN; PHOSPHOLIPID;

ANTIGEN BINDING; DRUG CONJUGATION; IMMUNOASSAY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS;

APOIDEA;

EID: 0031587040     PISSN: 00221759     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00041-0     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Allen, T.M., 1984. Calcein as a tool in liposome methodology. In: Gregoriadis, G. (Ed.), Liposome Technology, vol. III, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, ch. 12, p. 177.
2. Alving C.R. Liposomes as carriers of antigens and adjuvants. J. Immunol. Methods. 140:1991;1.
3. Axelsson B., Eriksson H., Borrebaeck C., Mattiasson B., Sjögren H.O. Liposome immune assay (LIA). Use of membrane antigens inserted into labelled lipid vesicles as targets in immune assays. J. Immunol. Methods. 41:1981;351.
4. Baillie A.J., Florence A.T., Hume L.R., Muirhead G.T., Rogerson A. The preparation of niosomes - non-ionic surfactant vesicles. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 37:1985;863.
5. Bangham A.D., Standish M.M., Watkins J.C. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol. 13:1965;238.
6. Bangham A.D. Liposomes: The Babraham connection. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 64:1993;275.
7. Barenholz, Y., Crommelin, D.J.A., 1994. Liposomes as pharmaceutical dosage forms. In: Swarbrick, J., Boylan, J.C. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, vol. 9, Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 1.
8. Batzri S., Korn E.D. Single bilayer liposomes prepared without sonication. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 298:1973;1015.
9. Bayer E.A., Rivnay B., Skutelsky E. On the mode of liposome-cell interactions. Biotin-conjugated lipids as ultrastructural probes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 550:1979;464.
10. Bayer, E.A., Wilchek, M., 1984. Methodology involved in biotin-conjugated phospholipids, glycolipids, and gangliosides. In: Gregoriades, G. (Ed.), Liposome Technology, vol. III, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, ch. 9, p. 127.
11. Braman J.C., Broeze R.J., Bowden D.W., Myles A., Fulton T.R., Rising M., Thurston J., Cole F.X., Vovis G.F. Enzyme membrane immunoassay (EMIA). Biotechnol. 2:1984;349.
12. Bredehorst R., Ligler F.S., Kusterbeck A.W., Chang E.L., Gaber B.P., Vogel C. Effect of covalent attachment of immunoglobulin fragments on liposomal integrity. Biochem. 25:1986;5693.
13. Butler, J.E., (Ed.), Immunochemistry of Solid-phase Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
14. Canona-Davis E., Redemann C.T., Vollmer Y.P., Kung V.T. Use of a reversed-phase evaporation vesicle formulation for a homogeneous liposome immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 32:1986;1687.
15. Catty, D., (Ed.), Antibodies. A Practical Approach, vols. I and II, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989.
16. Chan S.W., Tan C.-T., Hsia J.C. Spin membrane immunoassay: Simplicity and specificity. J. Immunol. Methods. 21:1978;185.
17. Chapman C.J., Erdahl W.E., Taylor R.W., Pfeiffer D.R. Effects of solute concentration on the entrapment of solutes in phospholipid vesicles prepared by freeze-thaw extrusion. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 60:1991;201.
18. Choquette S.J., Locascio-Brown L., Durst R.A. Planar waveguide immunosensor with fluorescent liposome amplification. Anal. Chem. 64:1992;55.
19. Connor J., Sullivan S., Huang L. Monoclonal antibody and liposomes. Pharm. Ther. 28:1985;341.
20. Crommelin, D.J.A., Talsma, H., Grit, M., Zuidam, N.J., 1993. Physical stability on long-term storage. In: Cevc, G. (Ed.), Phospholipids Handbook, Marcel Dekker, New York, ch. 10, p. 335.
21. Crommelin, D.J.A, Schreier, H., 1994. Liposomes. In: Kreuter, J. (Ed.), Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, ch. 3, p. 73.
22. Davidson R.N., Croft S.L., Scott A., Maini M., Moody A.H., Bryceson A.D.M. Liposomal amphotericin B in drug-resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet. 337:1991;1061.
23. Deamer D.W., Bangham A.D. Large volume liposomes by an ether vaporization method. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 443:1976;629.
24. Deamer D.W. Preparation and properties of ether-injection liposomes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 308:1978;250.
25. Durst R.A., Locascio-Brown L., Plant A. L, Brizgys M.V. Liposome-enhanced flow injection immunoanalysis. Clin. Chem. 34:1988;1700.
26. Durst R.A., Siebert S.T.A., Reeves S.G. Immunosensor for extra-lab measurements based on liposome amplification and capillary migration. Biosens. Bioelectron. 8:1993;R13.
27. Edwards A.J., Durst R.A. Flow-injection liposome immunoanalysis (FILIA) with electrochemical detection. Electroanal. 7:1995;838.
28. Fägerstam L.G., Frostell-Karlsson Å., Karlsson R., Persson B., Rönnberg I. Biospecific interaction analysis using surface plasmon resonance detection applied to kinetic, binding site and concentration analysis. J. Chromatogr. 597:1992;397.
29. Freytag J.W., Litchfield W.J. Liposome-mediated immunoassays for small haptens (digoxin) independent of complement. J. Immunol. Methods. 70:1984;133.
30. Frost S.J., Firth G.B., Chakraborty J. Antibody-coated liposomes as a particulate solid phase for immunoassays. Measurement of urinary 'micro-albumin'. J. Immunol. Methods. 134:1990;207.
31. Frost S.J., Firth G.B., Chakraborty J. A novel colourimetric homogeneous liposomal immunoassay using sulphorhodamine B. J. Liposome Res. 4:1994;1159.
32. Gabizon, A., Huberty, J., Straubinger, R.M., Price, D.C., Papahadjopoulos, D., 1988-1989. An improved method for in vivo tracing and imaging of liposomes using a gallium 67-deferoxamine complex. J. Liposome Res. 1, 123.
33. Garçon N., Senior J., Gregoriades G. Coupling of ligands to liposomes before entrapment of agents sensitive to coupling procedures. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 14:1986;1038.
34. Gerber M.A., Randolph M.F., DeMeo K.K. Liposome immunoassay for rapid identification of group-A Streptococci directly from throat swabs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1990;1463.
35. Gosling J.P. A decade of development in immunoassay methodology. Clin. Chem. 36:1990;1408.
36. Gregoriadis G., Davis D., Davies A. Liposomes as adjuvants. Antigen incorporation studies. Vaccine. 5:1987;143.
37. Gregoriadis G. Immunological adjuvants: A role for liposomes. Immunol. Today. 11:1990;89.
38. Gregoriadis G., Florence A.T. Liposomes in drug delivery. Clinical, diagnostic and ophthalmic potential. Drugs. 45:1993;15.
39. Gregoriadis G., Garçon N., Da Silva H., Sternberg B. Coupling of ligands to liposomes independently of solute entrapment: Observations on the formed vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1147:1993;185.
40. Gregoriadis G. Engineering liposomes for drug delivery: Progress and problems. Trends Biotechnol. 13:1995;527.
41. Grit M., Crommelin D.J.A. The effect of aging on the physical stability of liposome dispersions. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 62:1992;113.
42. Grit M., Crommelin D.J.A. Chemical stability of liposomes: Implications for their physical stability. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 64:1993;3.
43. Haga M., Itagaki H., Sugawara S., Okano T. Liposome immunosensor for theophylline. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 95:1980;187.
44. Haga M., Sugawara S., Itagaki H. Drug sensor: Liposome immunosensor for theophylline. Anal. Biochem. 118:1981;286.
45. Haga M., Hoshino S., Okada H., Hazemoto N., Kato Y., Suzuki Y. An improved chemiluminescence-based liposome immunoassay involving apoenzyme. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38:1990;252.
46. Hansen C.B., Kao G.Y., Moase E.H., Zalipsky S., Allen T.M. Attachment of antibodies to sterically stabilized liposomes: Evaluation, comparison and optimization of coupling procedures. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1239:1995;133.
47. Hashimoto K., Loader J.E., Kinsky S.C. Iodoacetylated and biotinylated liposomes: Effect of spacer length on sulfhydryl ligand binding and avidin precipitability. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 856:1986;556.
48. Heath T.D., Macher B.A., Papahadjopoulos D. Covalent attachment of immunoglobulins to liposomes via glycosphingolipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 640:1981;66.
49. Herron J.N., Gentry C.A., Davies S.S., Wei A., Lin J. Antibodies as targetting moieties: Affinity measurements, conjugation chemistry and applications in immunoliposomes. J. Control. Release. 28:1994;155.
50. Ho R.J.Y., Rouse B.T., Huang L. Target-sensitive immunoliposomes - preparation and characterization. Biochem. 25:1986;5500.
51. Ho R.J.Y., Rouse B.T., Huang L. Interactions of target-sensitive immunoliposomes with herpes simplex virus. The foundation of a sensitive immunoliposome assay for the virus. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1987;13979.
52. Hope M.J., Bally M.B., Mayer L.D., Janoff A.S., Cullis P.R. Generation of multilamellar and unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 40:1986;89.
53. 2 PI-plasmin complex. Application of a sandwich liposome immune lysis assay (LILA) technique. J. Immunol. Methods. 121:1989;121.
54. Hsia J.C., Tan C.T. Membrane immunoassay: Principle and applications of spin membrane immunoassay. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 308:1978;139.
55. Huang C. Studies of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Formation and physical characteristics. Biochem. 8:1969;344.
56. Humphries G.K., McConnell H.M. Immune lysis of liposomes and erythrocyte ghosts loaded with spin label. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71:1974;1691.
57. Hwang K.J., Merriman J.E., Beaumier P.L., Luk K.S. Encapsulation, with high efficiency, of radioactive metal ions in liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 716:1982;101.
58. Ishikawa E., Imagawa M., Hashida S., Yoshitake S., Hamaguchi Y., Ueno T. Enzyme-labelling of antibodies and their fragments for enzyme immunoassay and immunohistochemical staining. J. Immunoassay. 4:1983;209.
59. Ishimori Y., Yasuda T., Tsumita T., Notsuki M., Koyama M., Tadakuma T. Liposome immune lysis assay (LILA): A simple method to measure anti-protein antibody using protein antigen-bearing liposomes. J. Immunol. Methods. 75:1984;351.
60. Ishimori Y., Rokugawa K. Stable liposomes for assays of human sera. Clin. Chem. 39:1993;1439.
61. Ishimori Y., Rokugawa K. High sensitive microcapsule immunoassay for protein antigens or antibodies. Anal. Chim. Acta. 284:1993;227.
62. Janoff A.S., Carpenter-Green S., Weiner A.L., Seibold J., Weissmann G., Ostro M.J. Novel liposome composition for a rapid colorimetric test for systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Chem. 29:1983;1587.
63. Jiskoot W., Teerlink T., Beuvery E.C., Crommelin D.J.A. Preparation of liposomes via detergent removal from mixed micelles by dilution. The effect of bilayer composition and process parameters on liposome characteristics. Pharm. Weekbl. Sci. Ed. 8:1986;259.
64. Johnson S.M., Bangham A.D., Hill M.W., Korn E.D. Single bilayer liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 233:1971;820.
65. Jones M.A., Kilpatrick P.K., Carbonell R.G. Preparation and characterization of bifunctional unilamellar vesicles for enhanced immunosorbent assays. Biotechnol. Progress. 9:1993;242.
66. Jones M.A., Singh A., Kilpatrick P.K., Carbonell R.G. Preparation and characterization of ligand-modified labelled liposomes for solid phase immunoassays. J. Liposome Res. 3:1993;793.
67. Kannuck R.M., Bellama J.M., Durst R.A. Measurement of liposome-released ferrocyanide by a dual-function polymer modified electrode. Anal. Chem. 60:1988;142.
68. Katsu T., Tanaka A., Fujita Y. An immunochemical study with potassium ion-loaded liposomes. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30:1982;1504.
69. Kim S. Liposomes as carriers of cancer chemotherapy. Drugs. 46:1993;618.
70. Kim C.K., Lim S.J. Liposome immunoassay (LIA) with antigen-coupled liposomes containing alkaline phosphatase. J. Immunol. Methods. 159:1993;101.
71. Kim C.K., Park K.M. Liposome immunoassay (LIA) for gentamicin using phospholipase C. J. Immunol. Methods. 170:1994;225.
72. Kinsky S.C. Antibody-complement interaction with lipid model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 265:1972;1.
73. Kinsky S.C., Nicolotti R.A. Immunological properties of model membranes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46:1977;49.
74. Kirby C., Gregoriadis G. Dehydration-rehydration vesicles: A simple method for high yield drug entrapment in liposomes. Bio. Technol. 2:1984;979.
75. Kubotsu K., Goto S., Fujita M., Tuchiya H., Kida M., Takano S., Matsuura S., Sakurabayashi I. Automated homogeneous liposome immunoassay systems for anticonvulsant drugs. Clin. Chem. 38:1992;808.
76. Kung V.T., Maxim P.E., Veltri R.W., Martin F.J. Antibody-bearing liposomes improve agglutination of latex particles used in clinical diagnostic assays. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 839:1985;105.
77. Lasic D.D. The mechanism of vesicle formation. Biochem. J. 256:1988;1.
78. Lasic D.D. Mechanisms of liposome formation. J. Liposome Res. 5:1995;431.
79. Lasic D.D., Needham D. The 'Stealth' liposome: A prototypical biomaterial. Chem. Rev. 95:1995;2601.
80. Laukkanen M.-L., Orellana A., Keinänen K. Use of genetically engineered lipid-tagged antibody to generate functional europium chelate-loaded liposomes. Application in fluoroimmunoassay. J. Immunol. Methods. 185:1995;95.
81. Lelkes, P.I., 1984. Methodological aspects dealing with stability measurements of liposomes in vitro using the carboxyfluorescein-assay. In: Gregoriadis, G. (Ed.), Liposome Technology, vol. III, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, ch. 15, p. 225.
82. Ligler F.S., Bredehorst R., Talebian A., Shriver L.C., Hammer C.F., Sheridan J.P., Vogel C.-W., Gaber B.P. A homogeneous immunoassay for the mycotoxin T-2 utilizing liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, and complement. Anal. Biochem. 163:1987;369.
83. Litchfield W.J., Freytag J.W., Adamich M. Highly sensitive immunoassays based on use of liposomes without complement. Clin. Chem. 30:1984;1441.
84. Litzinger D.C., Huang L. Phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes - Drug delivery, gene-transfer and immunodiagnostic applications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1113:1992;201.
85. Locascio-Brown L., Plant A.L., Durst R.A. Behavior of liposomes in flow injection systems. Anal. Chem. 60:1988;792.
86. Locascio-Brown L., Plant A.L., Horvath V., Durst R.A. Liposome flow-injection immunoassay: Implications for sensitivity, dynamic-range, and antibody regeneration. Anal. Chem. 62:1990;2587.
87. Locascio-Brown L., Plant A.L., Chesler R., Kroll M., Ruddel M., Durst R.A. Liposome-based flow-injection immunoassay for determining theophylline in serum. Clin. Chem. 39:1993;386.
88. Lodge T.P., Han C.C., Akcasu A.Z. Temperature dependence of dynamic light scattering in the intermediate momentum transfer region. Macromolecules. 16:1983;1180.
89. Loughrey H.C., Bally M.B., Cullis P.R. A non-covalent method of attaching antibodies to liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 901:1987;157.
90. Loughrey H.C., Choi L.S., Cullis P.R., Bally M.B. Optimized procedures for the coupling of proteins to liposomes. J. Immunol. Methods. 132:1990;25.
91. Loughrey H.C., Wong K.F., Choi L.S., Cullis P.R., Bally M.B. Protein-liposome conjugates with defined size distributions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1028:1990;73.
92. Lundahl P., Yang Q. Liposome chromatography: Liposomes immobilized in gel beads as a stationary phase for aqueous column chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 544:1991;283.
93. Martin, A.N., Swarbrick, J., Cammarata, A., Physical Pharmacy: Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, 1983.
94. Martin F.J., Hubbell W.L., Papahadjopoulos D. Immunospecific targeting of liposomes to cells: A novel and efficient method for covalent attachment of Fab′ fragments via disulfide bonds. Biochem. 20:1981;4229.
95. Martin F.J., Papahadjopoulos D. Irreversible coupling of immunoglobulin fragments to preformed vesicles. An improved method for liposome targeting. J. Biol. Chem. 257:1982;286.
96. Martin F.J., Kung V.T. Use of liposomes as agglutination-enhancement agents in diagnostic tests. Methods Enzymol. 149:1987;200.
97. Mayer L.D., Bally M.B., Cullis P.R. Uptake of adriamycin into large unilamellar vesicles in response to a pH gradient. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 857:1986;123.
98. Mayhew E., Lazo R., Vail W.J., King J., Green A.M. Characterization of liposomes prepared using a microemulsifier. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 775:1984;169.
99. Monroe, D., 1989-1990. Novel liposome immunoassays for detecting antigens, antibodies and haptens. J. Liposome Res. 1, 339.
100. Nakamura T., Hoshino S., Hazemoto N., Haga M., Kato Y., Suzuki Y. A liposome immunoassay based on a chemiluminescence reaction. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37:1989;1629.
101. New, R.R.C. (Ed.), Liposome. A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990.
102. Ngo, T.T., 1991. Enzyme systems and enzyme conjugates for solid-phase ELISA. In: Butler, J.E. (Ed.), Immunochemistry of Solid-phase Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, ch. 5, p. 85.
103. Nichols J.W., Deamer D.W. Catecholamine uptake and concentration by liposomes maintaining pH gradients. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 455:1976;269.
104. O'Connell J.P., Campbell R.L., Fleming B.M., Mercolino T.J., Johnson M.D., McLaurin D.A. A highly sensitive immunoassay system involving antibody-coated tubes and liposome-entrapped dye. Clin. Chem. 31:1985;1424.
105. Ostro, M.J., (Ed.), Liposomes. From Biophysics to Therapeutics, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987.
106. Ostrowsky N. Liposome size measurements by photon correlation spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 64:1993;45.
107. Otoda K., Kimura S., Imanishi Y. Interaction of mellitin derivatives with lipid bilayer membrane. Role of basic residues at the C-terminal and their replacement with lactose. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1112:1992;1.
108. Palmer D.A., Edmonds T.E., Seare N.J. Flow injection electrochemical immunoassay for theophylline using a protein A immunoreactor and p-aminophenyl phosphate-p-aminophenol as the detection system. Analyst. 117:1992;1679.
109. Pashkov V.N., Tsurupa G.P., Griko N.B., Skopinskaya S.N., Yarkov S.P. The use of streptavidin-biotin interaction for preparation of reagents for complement-dependent liposome immunoassay of proteins: Detection of latrotoxin. Anal. Biochem. 207:1992;341.
110. Paul A., Madan S., Vasandani V.M., Ghosh P.C., Bachhawat B.K. Liposome immune lysis assay (LILA) for gelonin. J. Immunol. Methods. 148:1992;151.
111. Perkins W.E., Minchey S.R., Ahl P.L., Janoff A.S. The determination of liposome captured volume. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 64:1993;197.
112. Pidgeon C., Hunt A.H., Dittrich K. Formation of multilayered vesicles from water/organic-solvent (W/O) emulsions: Theory and practice. Pharmaceut. Res. 3:1986;23.
113. Plant A.L., Locascio-Brown L., Brizgys M.V., Durst R.A. Liposome-enhanced flow injection immuno-analysis. Biotechnol. 6:1988;266.
114. Plant A.L., Brizgys M.V., Locascio-Brown L., Durst R.A. Generic liposome reagent for immunoassays. Anal. Biochem. 176:1989;420.
115. Poznansky M.J., Juliano R.J. Biological approaches to the controlled delivery of drugs: A critical review. Pharmacol. Rev. 36:1984;277.
116. Puchades R., Maquieira A., Atienza J. A comprehensive overview of the application of flow injection techniques in immunoanalysis. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 23:1992;301.
117. Ralston E., Hjelmeland L.M., Klausner R.D., Weinstein J.N., Blumenthal R. Carboxyfluorescein as a probe for liposome-cell interactions. Effect of impurities, and purification of the dye. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 649:1981;133.
118. Roitt, I.M., Brostoff, J., Male, D.K., Immunology, 3rd ed., Gower Medical Publishing, London, 1993.
119. Rongen H.A.H., Van der Horst H.M., Hugenholtz G.W.K., Bult A., Van Bennekom W.P., Van der Meide P.H. Development of a liposome immunosorbent assay for human interferon-γ Anal. Chim. Acta. 287:1994;191.
120. Rongen, H.A.H., Immunoassays. Development and application of chemiluminescent and liposome labels, Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, 1995.
121. Rongen H.A.H., Van Nierop T., Van der Horst H.M., Rombouts R., Van der Meide P.H., Bult A., Van Bennekom W.P. Biotinylated and streptavidinylated liposomes as labels in cytokine immunoassays. Anal. Chim. Acta. 306:1995;333.
122. Rosenqvist E., Vistnes A.I. Immune lysis of spin label loaded liposomes incorporating cardiolipin; a new sensitive method for detecting anti-cardiolipin antibodies in syphilis serology. J. Immunol. Methods. 15:1977;147.
123. Schott H., Von Cunow D., Langhals H. Labelling of liposomes with intercalating perylene fluorescent dyes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1110:1992;151.
124. Schreier H., Valentino K., Heath B.P., Kung V.T. Prevention of nonspecific lysis in liposomal and erythrocyte immunoassay systems by small lipid vesicles and erythrocyte ghosts. Life Sci. 45:1989;1919.
125. Schreier H., Bouwstra J. Liposomes and niosomes as topical drug carriers: Dermal and transdermal drug delivery. J. Control. Release. 30:1994;1.
126. Schwendener R.A., Trüb T., Schott H., Langhals H., Barth R.F., Groscurth P., Hengartner H. Comparative study of the preparation of immunoliposomes with the use of two bifunctional coupling agents and investigation of in vitro immunoliposome-target cell binding by cytofluorometry and electron microscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1026:1990;69.
127. Senior J., Gregoriadis G. Dehydration-rehydration vesicle methodology facilitates a novel approach to antibody binding to liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1003:1989;58.
128. Shahinian S., Silvius J.R. A novel strategy affords high-yield coupling of antibody Fab′ fragments to liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 123:1995;157.
129. Shahum E., Therien H. Comparative effect on humoral response of four different proteins covalently linked on BSA-containing liposomes. Cell. Immunol. 123:1989;36.
130. + ion selective electrode. Anal. Chem. 52:1980;1610.
131. Shiba K., Watanabe T., Umezawa Y., Fujiwara S., Momoi H. Liposome immunoelectrode. Chem. Lett. 2:1980;155.
132. Siebert S.T.A., Reeves S.G., Durst R.A. Liposome immunomigration field assay device for Alachlor determination. Anal. Chim. Acta. 282:1993;297.
133. Six H.R., Uemura K., Kinsky S.C. Effect of immunoglobulin class and affinity on the initiation of complement-dependent damage to liposomal model membranes sensitized with dinitrophenylated phospholipids. Biochem. 12:1973;4003.
134. Six H.R., Young W.W. Jr., Uemura K., Kinsky S.C. Effect of antibody-complement on multiple vs. single compartment liposomes. Application of a fluorometric assay for following changes in liposomal permeability. Biochem. 13:1974;4050.
135. Smith J.G., Walzem R.L., German J.B. Liposomes as agents of DNA transfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1154:1993;327.
136. Snyder S.L., Vannier W.E. Immunologic response to protein immobilized on the surface of liposomes via covalent azo-bonding. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 772:1984;288.
137. Szoka F., Papahadjopoulos D. Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75:1978;4194.
138. Talsma, H, Preparation, characterization and stabilization of liposomes, Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, 1991.
139. Tan C.T., Chan S.W., Hsia J.C. Membrane immunoassay: A spin membrane immunoassay for thyroxine. Methods Enzymol. 74:1981;152.
140. Thompson R.B., Gaber B.P. Improved fluorescence assay of liposome lysis. Anal. Lett. B 18:1985;1847.
141. Toonen P.A.H.M., Crommelin D.J.A. Immunoglobulins as targeting agents for liposome encapsulated drugs. Pharm. Weekbl. Sci. Ed. 5:1983;269.
142. Turner, A.P.F., Karube, I., Wilson, G.S., (Eds.), Biosensors. Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987.
143. Uemura K., Kinsky S.C. Active vs. passive sensitization of liposomes toward antibody and complement by dinitrophenylated derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochem. 11:1972;4085.
144. Uemura K., Yuzawa M., Taketomi T. Preparation and properties of antisera to glycolipid of guinea pig erythrocyte membrane. J. Biochem. 83:1978;1199.
145. Uemura K., Yuzawa-Watanabe M., Kitazawa N., Taketomi T. Liposome agglutination and liposomal membrane immune-damage assays for the characterization of antibodies to glycosphingolipids. J. Biochem. 87:1980;1641.
146. Ullman E.F., Tarnowski T., Feigner P., Gibbons I. Use of liposome encapsulation in a combined single-liquid reagent for homogeneous enzyme immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 33:1987;1579.
147. Umeda M., Ishimori Y., Koshikawa K., Takada M., Yasuda T. Homogeneous determination of C-reactive protein in serum using liposome immune lysis assay (LILA). Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 56:1986;35.
148. Umeda M., Ishimori Y., Koshikawa K., Takada M., Yasuda T. Liposome immune lysis assay (LILA). Application of sandwich method to determine a serum protein component with antibody-bearing liposomes. J. Immunol. Methods. 95:1986;15.
149. Valcárcel, M., Luque de Castro, M.D., (Eds.), Flow Injection Analysis: Principles and Applications, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1987.
150. Vonk G.P., Wagner D.B. Encapsulation of europium in liposomes for use in an amplified immunoassay detection system. Clin. Chem. 37:1991;1519.
151. Weckenmann H.P., Matzku S., Stricker H. Optimisation of the covalent binding of monoclonal antibodies to liposomes. Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res. 38:1988;1556.
152. Wright S.E., Huang L. Immunomagnetic particle induced lysis of antibody-conjugated liposomes. J. Liposome Res. 2:1992;257.
153. Wu T.G. Potentiometric enzyme-amplified flow injection immunoassay. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 50:1990;2887B.
154. Yap W.T., Locascio-Brown L., Plant A.L., Choquette S.J., Horvath V., Durst R.A. Liposome flow-injection immunoassay: Model calculations of competitive immunoreactions involving univalent and multivalent ligands. Anal. Chem. 63:1991;2007.
155. Yasuda T., Naito Y., Tsumita T., Tadakuma T. A simple method to measure anti-glycolipid antibody by using complement-mediated immune lysis of fluorescent dye-trapped liposomes. J. Immunol. Methods. 44:1981;153.
156. Yu B.S., Choi Y.K., Chung H. Development of immunoassay methods by use of liposomes. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 9:1987;209.