Measurement of integrated speckle statistics for CO2 lidar returns from a moving, nonuniform, hard target

Applied Optics

Volumn 36, Issue 27, 1997, Pages 6921-6937

  MacKerrow, Edward P ^a   Schmitt, Mark J ^a  

^a LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Albedo; Averaging statistics; Correlation area; Depolarization; Differential absorption lidar; Gamma distribution; Laser speckle; Remote sensing

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; CARBON DIOXIDE; DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR; IMAGE SPECKLE; LIDAR; REMOTE SENSING;

EID: 0031580570     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.36.006921     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. N. Menyuk and D. K. Killinger, “Assessment of relative error sources in IR DIAL measurement accuracy,” Appl. Opt. 22, 2690-2698 (1982).
2. 2 lidar systems,” Appl. Opt. 27, 847-855 (1988).
3. J. W. Goodman, “Statistical properties of laser speckle patterns,” in Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, 2nd ed., J. C. Dainty, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984), Chap. 2.
4. L. G. Shirley, E. D. Ariel, G. R. Hallerman, H. C. Payson, and J. R. Vivilecchia, “Advanced techniques for target discrimination using laser speckle,” Lincoln Lab. J. 5, 367-440 (1992).
5. 2 lidar signal returns from remote targets,” Appl. Opt. 23, 1412-1417 (1984).
6. J. C. Dainty, “Detection of images immersed in speckle noise,” Opt. Acta 18, 327-339 (1971).
7. J. C. Dainty, “The statistics of speckle patterns,” in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976), Vol. 14, pp. 2-45.
8. D. L. Fried, “Statistics of the laser radar cross section of a randomly rough target,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 1150-1160 (1976).
9. G. Parry, “Speckle patterns in partially coherent light,” in Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, 2nd ed., J. C. Dainty, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984), Chap. 3.
10. N. Menyuk, D. K. Killinger, and C. R. Menyuk, “Limitations of signal averaging due to temporal correlation in laser remote-sensing measurements,” Appl. Opt. 21, 3377-3383 (1982).
11. N. Menyuk, D. K. Killinger, and C. R. Menyuk, “Error reduction in laser remote sensing: combined effects of cross correlation and signal averaging,” Appl. Opt. 24, 118-131 (1985).
12. W. B. Grant, A. M. Brothers, and J. R. Bogan, “Differential absorption lidar signal averaging,” Appl. Opt. 27, 1934-1938 (1988).
13. 2 DIAL measurements: schemes for testing technical performance and reducing interference from differential reflectance,” Appl. Opt. 24, 3481-3486 (1985).
14. D. A. Haner and R. T. Menzies, “Reflectance characteristics of reference materials used in lidar hard target calibration,” Appl. Opt. 28, 857-864 (1989).
15. M. J. T. Milton and P. T. Woods, “Pulse averaging methods for a laser remote monitoring system using atmospheric backscatter,” Appl. Opt. 26, 2598-2603 (1987).
16. R. E. Warren, “Detection and discrimination using multiple-wavelength differential absorption lidar,” Appl. Opt. 24, 3541-3545 (1985).
17. R. E. Warren, “Effect of pulse-pair correlation on differential absorption lidar,” Appl. Opt. 24, 3472-3475 (1985).
18. R. M. Measures, Laser Remote Sensing, Fundamentals and Applications (Krieger, Malabar, Fla., 1992).
19. W. B. Grant, “Effect of differential spectral reflectance on DIAL measurements using topographic targets,” Appl. Opt. 21, 2390-2394 (1982).
20. C. M. McIntyre, M. H. Lee, and J. H. Churnside, “Statistics of irradiance scattered from a diffuse target containing multiple glints,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1084-1095 (1980).
21. M. H. Lee, J. F. Holmes, and J. R. Kerr, “Statistics of speckle propagation through the turbulent atmosphere,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 1164-1172 (1976).
22. J. F. Holmes, M. H. Lee, and J. R. Kerr, “Effect of the logamplitude covariance function on the statistics of speckle propagation through the turbulent atmosphere,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 355-360 (1980).
23. V. S. Rao Gudimetla and J. F. Holmes, “Probability density function of the intensity for a laser-generated speckle field after propagation through the turbulent atmosphere,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 1213-1218 (1982).
24. S. L. Meyer, Data Analysis for Scientists and Engineers (Wiley, New York, 1975).
25. M. J. Kavaya, R. T. Menzies, D. A. Haner, U. P. Oppenheim, and P. H. Flamant, “Target reflectance measurements for calibration of lidar atmospheric backscatter data,” Appl. Opt. 22, 2619-2628 (1983).
26. J. W. Goodman, Statistical Optics (Wiley, New York, 1985).
27. J. W. Goodman, “Some effects of target-induced scintillation on optical radar performance,” Proc. IEEE 53, 1688-1700 (1965).
28. T. S. McKechnie, “Measurement of some second order statistical properties of speckle,” Optic 39, 258-267 (1974).
29. W. B. Davenport, Jr., and W. L. Root, An Introduction to the Theory of Random Signals and Noise (IEEE, New York, 1987), p. 96.
30. E. O. Brigham, The Fast Fourier Transform (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974).
31. 2 lidar hard-target returns,” Internal Rep. NIS-2-RJN081095 Aug. 10, 1995 (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.).
32. G. D. Boreman, Y. Sun, and A. B. James, “Generation of laser speckle with an integrating sphere,” Opt. Eng. 49, 339-342 (1990).
33. G. E. Busch, “Speckle error in transmitter energy measurement,” Internal Rep. CST-1-GB020696, pp. 1-6, Feb. 6, 1996 (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.).
34. S. Czuchlewski, “Speckle effects with integrating spheres,” Internal Rep. CZ-96-10, pp. 1-6, Feb. 20, 1996 (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.).
35. A. E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, Calif. 1986), p. 668.
36. E. P. MacKerrow, M. J. Schmitt, and D. C. Thompson, “The effect of speckle on lidar pulse-pair ratio statistics,” Appl. Opt. (to be published).
37. J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968).
38. A. A. Scribot, “First-order probability density function of speckle measured with a finite aperture,” Opt. Commun. 11, 238-241 (1974).
39. R. Barakat, “First-order probability densities of laser speckle patterns observed through finite-size scanning apertures,” Opt. Acta 20, 729-740 (1973).