Spectroscopy and molecular structure of efficient laser dyes: Vibronic spin-orbit interactions in heterocyclics

Applied Optics

Volumn 36, Issue 21, 1997, Pages 4969-4980

  Pavlopoulos, Theodore G ^a  

^a Development   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Laser dyes; Triplet triplet absorption; Vibronic spin orbit interactions in heterocyclics

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; ATOMS; CALCULATIONS; DERIVATIVES; DYE LASERS; FLUORESCENCE; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS;

ANTHRACENE; HETEROCYCLICS; TRIPLET TRIPLET ABSORPTION; VIBRONIC SPIN ORBIT INTERACTIONS;

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 0031580266     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.36.004969     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. P. P. Sorokin and J. R. Lankard, “Stimulated emission observed from an organic dye, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, ” IBM J. Res. Dev. 11, 162-163 (1966).
2. F. P. Schäfer, W. Schmidt, and J. Volze, “Organic dye solution laser, ” Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 306-309 (1966).
3. K. H. Drexhage, “Structure and properties of laser dyes, ” in Dye Lasers, F. P. Schafer, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977), p. 144.
4. R. Steppel, “Organic dye lasers, ” in CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Lasers and Masers, M. Weber, ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1982), p. 298.
5. M. Maeda, Laser Dyes (Academic, New York, 1984).
6. F. J. Duarte, “Technology of pulsed dye lasers, ” in Dye Laser Principles, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman, eds., (Academic, New York, 1990), p. 249.
7. P. P. Sorokin, J. R. Lankard, E. C. Hammond, and V. L. Moruzzi, “Laser-pumped stimulated emission from organic dyes: Experimental studies and analytical comparisons, ” IBM J. Res. Dev. 11, 130-147 (1967).
8. W. Schmidt and F. P. Schafer, “Blitzlampengepumpte Farbstofflaser, ” Z. Naturforsch. 22A, 1563-1566 (1967).
9. S. P. McGlynn, T. Azumi, and M. Kinoshita, Molecular Spectroscopy of the Triplet State (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969).
10. B. B. Snavely, “Continuous-wave dye lasers, ” Dye Lasers, F. P. Schafer, ed., (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977), p. 90.
11. J. P. Webb, W. C. McColgin, O. G. Peterson, D. L. Stockman, and J. H. Eberly. “Intersystem crossing rate and triplet state lifetime for a laser dye, ” J. Chem. Phys. 53, 4227-4229 (1970).
12. M. M. Asimov, V. N. Gavrilenko, and A. N. Rubinov, “Laser photolysis of laser dyes and the influence of triplet quenchers, ”J. Lumin. 46, 243-249 (1990).
13. T. Förster, Fluoreszenz Organischer Verbindungen (Vanden-hoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1951).
14. D. M. Hercules, “Theory of luminescence processes, ” in Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Analysis, D. M. Hercules, ed. (Interscience, New York, 1966).
15. C. A. Parker, Photoluminescence of Solutions (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1968).
16. R. S. Becker, Theory and Interpretation of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence (Wiley, New York, 1969).
17. I. B. Berlman, Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules (Academic, New York, 1971).
18. E. L. Wehry, “Effects of molecular structure and molecular environment on fluorescence, ” in Practical Fluorescence, Theory, Methods, and Techniques, G. G. Guilbault, ed. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1973), p. 79.
19. I. Carmichael and G. L. Hug, “Triplet-triplet absorption of aromatic molecules in condensed phases, ” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1-250 (1986).
20. T. G. Pavlopoulos and P. R. Hammond, “Spectroscopic studies of some laser dyes, ” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 6568-6579 (1974).
21. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “The auxochromic group in the triplet manifold, ” Spectrochim. Acta Part A 42, 47-52 (1986).
22. T. G. Pavlopoulos and D. J. Golich, “Triplet extinction coefficients of some laser dyes, I, ” J. Appl. Phys. 64, 521-527 (1988).
23. T. G. Pavlopoulos and D. J. Golich, “Triplet extinction coefficients of some laser dyes, II, ” J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1203-1209(1990).
24. M. R. Kagan, G. I. Farmer, and B. G. Huth, “Organic dye lasers, ” Laser Focus 9, 26-33, (1968).
25. G. Jones II, “Photochemistry of laser dyes, ” in Dye Laser Principles, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman, eds. (Academic, New York, 1990), p. 287.
26. P. P. Sorokin and J. R. Lankard, “Flashlamp excitation of organic dye lasers, ” IBM J. Res. Dev. 11, 148 (1967).
27. A. V. Buettner, B. B. Snavely, and O. G. Peterson, “Triplet state quenching of stimulated emission from organic dye solutions, ” in Molecular Luminescence, E. C. Lim, ed. (Benjamin, New York, 1969), p. 403.
28. V. Zanker and E. Z. Miethke, “Die spectroscopisch nachweis-baren Electronenzustande der stabilen und metastabilen Molekelform einiger Acridinefarbstoffe und des Fluoreszeinka-tiones, ” Z. Naturforsch. 12A, 385-395 (1957).
29. V. A. Kuznetsov, V. N. Shamraev, and R. N. Nurmukhametov, “Triplet-triplet transition of the rhodamine 6G molecule, ” Opt. Spectrosc. 52, 501-503 (1982) [Opt. Spektrosk., 52, 838-841 (1982)].
30. K. H. Drexhage, “What’s ahead in laser dyes, ” Laser Focus 3, 35-39 (1973).
31. A. Hirth, K. Vollrath, J. Faure, D. Lougnot, “Flashlamp-excited dye lasers in the near infrared, ” Opt. Commun. 7, 339-342 (1973).
32. E. M. Kosower, B. Pazhenchevsky, and E. Hershkowitz, “1, 5-Diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octadienediones (9, 10-dioxabimanes). Strongly fluorescent syn-isomeres, ” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 6516-6518 (1978).
33. E. M. Kosower and B. Pazhenchevsky, “Bimanes, 5. Synthesis and properties of syn- and anti-1, 5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]-octadiene-diones (9, 10-dioxabimanes), ” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 4983-4993 (1980).
34. E. M. Kosower, B. Pazhenchevsky, H. Dodiuk, H. Kanety, and D. Faust, “Bimanes 6. Reactive halogen derivatives of syn- and anti-1, 5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octadienediones (9, 10-dioxabimanes), ” J. Org. Chem. 46, 1666-1673 (1981).
35. E. M. Kosower, D. Faust, M. Ben-Shoshan, and I. Goldberg, “Bimanes. 14. Synthesis and properties of 4, 6-bis(carboalkoxy)-1, 5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octa-3, 6-diene-2, 8-diones[4, 6-bis9carbo-alkoxy)-9, 10-dioxa-syns-bimanes]. Preparation of the parent syn-bimane, syn-(hydrogen, hydrogen)bimane, ” J. Org. Chem. 47, 214-221 (1982).
36. E. M. Kosower, D. Hebel, S. Rozen, and A. E. Radkowski, “Bimanes. 21. syn-(Methyl, fluoro)bimane formation via acetyl hypofluorite, ” J. Org. Chem. 50, 4152-4154 (1985).
37. A. C. Albrecht, “Polarization and assignment of transitions: the method of photoselection, ” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 6, 84-108(1961).
38. T. G. Pavlopoulos, J. H. Boyer, I. R. Politzer, and C. M. Lau, “Laser action from syn-(methyl, methyl) bimane, ” J. Appl. Phys. 60, 4028-4030 (1986).
39. T. G. Pavlopoulos, J. H. Boyer, I. R. Politzer, and C. M. Lau, “syn-Dioxabimanes as laser dyes, ” Opt. Commun. 64, 367-372(1987).
40. T. G. Pavlopoulos, J. H. Boyer, C. M. Lau, and I. R. Politzer, “Triplet-triplet absorption and polarization spectra of some syn-dioxabimanes, ” Spectrochim. Acta Part A, 45, 1057-1065(1989).
41. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Measurement of triplet optical densities of organic compounds by means of cw laser excitation, ” in Applied Spectroscopy in Material Science, D. D. Saperstein, ed., Proc. SPIE 1437, 168-183 (1991).
42. D. McClure, “Excited triplet states of some polyatomic molecules, ” J. Chem. Phys., 19, 670-675 (1951).
43. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Measurement of triplet extinction coefficients of organic compounds by McClure’s method, ” Spectro-chim. Acta Part A 43, 1201-1208 (1987).
44. M. El-Sayed and T. Pavlopoulos, “Polarization of the triplettriplet absorption spectrum of some polyacenes by the method of photoselection, ” J. Chem. Phys. 39, 834-838 (1963).
45. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Polarization of the triplet-triplet absorption spectrum of 1, 2-benzopyrene, ” Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 74, 989-992 (1970).
46. J. Langelaar, J. Wegdam-Van Beck, J. D. W. Van Voorst, and D. Lavalette, “Polarization measurements on low-lying T-T absorption with cw argon-laser photoselection, ” Chem. Phys. Lett. 6, 460-464 (1970).
47. W. Kauzmann, Quantum Chemistry (Academic, New York, 1957), p. 581.
48. W. Kauzmann, UV Atlas of Organic Compounds (Plenum, New York, 1966), Vols. 1-4.
49. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Triplet extinction coefficients of some organic compounds, ” J. Appl. Phys. 72, 845-848 (1992).
50. J. R. Platt, “Classification of spectra of cata-condensed hydrocarbons, ” J. Chem. Phys. 17, 484-495 (1949).
51. V. Y. Azarov and R. N. Nurmukhametov, “Appearance of latent electronic transitions of molecules in the polarization spectra of oriented polymer films, ” Opt. Spectrosc. 48, 425-427 (1980) [Opt. Spektrosk. 48, 770-774 (1980)].
52. G. Porter and M. W. Windsor, “The triplet state in fluid media, ”Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, 245, 238-258 (1958).
53. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Triplet-triplet absorption and polarization spectra of anthracene, ” Spectrochim. Acta Part A 47, 517-518(1991).
54. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Triplet-triplet absorption and polarization spectra of phenazine, ” Spectrochim. Acta Part A 43, 715-716(1987).
55. S. M. Japar and E. W. Abrahamson, “Flash spectroscopy and photoreduction of phenazine, ” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 4140-4144 (1970).
56. T. G. Pavlopoulos, “Vibronic spin-orbit interaction in the phosphorescence spectrum of phenazine, ” J. Chem. Phys. 51, 2936-2940 (1969).
57. B. R. Henry and M. Kasha, “Triplet-triplet absorption studies on aromatic and heterocyclic molecules at 77 °K, ” J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3319-3327 (1967).
58. D. Basting, F. P. Schafer, and B. Steyer, “New laser dyes, ”Appl. Phys. 3, 81-88 (1974).
59. 2 Complexes (4, 4'-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacenes). Synthesis and lumines-cence properties, ” Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 96, 306-309 (1977).
60. 2 complex, ” Appl. Opt. 27, 4998-4999 (1988).
61. 2 complex and its 2, 6-disulfonate derivative, ” Opt. Commun. 70, 425-427 (1989).
62. 2 complexes: part 1, ” Appl. Opt. 29, 3885-3886 (1990).
63. 2 complexes as laser dyes: 1, ” Heteroatom Chem. 1, 389-399 (1990).
64. 2 complexes, part 2, ” Appl. Opt. 30, 3788-3789 (1991).
65. 2 complexes as laser dyes: 2, ” Heteroatom Chem. 4, 39-48 (1993).
66. E. C. Lim and J. M. H. Yu, “Vibronic interaction between (n, n*) and (n, n*) states and spin-orbit coupling in nitrogen het-erocyclics, ” J. Chem. Phys. 45, 4742-4743 (1966).
67. E. C. Lim and J. M. H. Yu, “Vibronic spin-orbit interactions in heteroaromatic molecules. I. Polycyclic monoazines, ” J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3270-3275 (1967).
68. E. C. Lim and J. M. H. Yu, “Vibronic spin-orbit interactions in heteroaromatic molecules. II. Phosphorescence of quinoline and other diazanaphthalenes, ” J. Chem. Phys. 49, 3878-3884(1968).