Enhancement of the current efficiency for sodium hydroxide production from sodium sulphate in a two-compartment bipolar membrane electrodialysis system

Separation and Purification Technology

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 159-171

  Paleologou, M ^a   Thibault, A ^a   Wong, P Y ^a   Thompson, R ^a   Berry, R M ^a  

^a PAPRICAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

bipolar membrane electrodialysis; chlorine dioxide generators; current efficiency; product purity; sodium bisulphate; sodium sesquisulphate; sodium sulphate; sulphuric acid

Indexed keywords

BIPOLAR MEMBRANE ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEM; CHLORINE DIOXIDE GENERATORS; CURRENT EFFICIENCY; SODIUM BISULPHATE; SODIUM SESQUISULPHATE;

CARRIER CONCENTRATION; CAUSTIC SODA; CURRENT DENSITY; ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES; SULFURIC ACID;

ELECTRODIALYSIS;

EID: 0031551118     PISSN: 13835866     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1383-5866(97)00018-X     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. W. F. Sinclair, Controlling Pollution from Canadian Pulp and Paper Manufacturers: a Federal Perspective, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 1990.
2. M.T. Towers, J.T. Wearing, Closed-cycle Design in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Current Technology and Research Needs, Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, MR297, 1994.
3. D. Pryke, G. Brown, Chlorine Dioxide Substitution and Pulp Mill Chemical Balances, CPPA Pacific and Western Branches Jt Conf. Preprints, Whistler, BC, 1989.
4. L. Lewko, A. van Donkelaar, The New Reality - Softwood Bleaching: Chemical Balances, Costs and Environmental Impacts, CPPA Pacific and Western Branches Jt Conf. Preprints, Jasper, AB, 1990.
5. P. Ulmgren, R. Lindstrom, The manufacture of sulfur-free alkali in a kraft pulp mill. Part 1. A new process for balancing sulfur and sodium in a closed cycle mill, Nordic Pulp Pap. Res. J. 4 (1988) 191.
6. G. Williams, G. Berndt, Maintaining the Caustic/Chlorine Balance in a Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill, CPPA Pacific and Western Branch Conference Preprints, Jasper, AB, 1990.
7. K. Lohrberg, G. Klamp, Chlorine dioxide can be generated without sulfur balance problems, Pulp Pap. 56 (11) (1982) 114.
8. M. Fredette, Chlorine Dioxide Generators for Chemical Balance, Tech '91, CPPA Kraft Pulp Manufacturing Course, Whistler, BC, 1991.
9. P. Stockburger, What you need to know before buying your next chlorine dioxide plant, Tappi J. 76 (3) (1992) 99.
10. K. Hanel, Biological Treatment of Sewage by the Activated Sludge Process, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, 1988, pp. 209-212.
11. T.M. Walski, T.S. Barnhart, J.M. Driscoll, R.M. Yencha, Hydraulics of corrosive gas pockets in force mains, Water Envir. Res. 66 (6) (1994) 772.
12. R.L. Islander, Microbial ecology of crown corrosion in sewers, J. Environ. Engng 117 (6) (1991) 751.
13. J.R. Chevalier, Toxicity of sodium sulphide to common shiners - dynamic bioassay, Tappi J. 56 (5) (1973) 135.
14. D.Y. Prasad, Effect of Kraft pulp mill waste components on some aquatic organisms, Indian J. Envir. Health 23 (4) (1980) 340.
15. T.K. Ghoth, S.K. Konar, Toxicity of chemicals and waste waters of paper and pulp mills to worms, plankton, and molluscs, Indian J. Envir. Health 22 (4) (1980) 278.
16. D.Y. Prased, Toxicity of Kraft pulp mill waste constituents on fresh water Gambusia affinis, Indian Pulp Paper 35 (2) (1980) 9.
17. D.J.S. Robinson, E.J. Perkins, Toxicity of some wood pulp effluent constituents, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Carlisle Scientific Report 74 (1) (1977) 22.
18. W.A. Moy, P. Joyce, G.E. Styan, Removal of sodium chloride from kraft recovery systems, Pulp Pap. Can. 75 (4) (1974) 88.
19. C. Forget, V.C. Uloth, D.L. Singbeil, Potassium and Chloride Removal from the kraft Pulping Process, Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, PPR1020, 1993.
20. R. Backman, M. Hupa, Fouling and corrosion mechanisms in the recovery boiler superheater area, Tappi J. 70 (1991) 185.
21. C.-L. Lee, K. Hunt, R.W. Murray, Activated oxygen, a selective bleaching agent for chemical pulps. Part I. Laboratory bleaching with isolated and in-situ generated activated oxygen, J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 20 (5) (1994) J125-J130.
22. C.A. Rolf, E.O. Sture, A Method in Ozone Bleaching of Pulp, PCT, International Patent Application Number WO 93/06297, 1993.
23. M. Paleologou, P-Y. Wong, R.M. Berry, A solution to caustic/chlorine imbalance bipolar membrane electrodialysis, J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 18 (4) (1992) J138-J145.
24. R. Thompson, M. Paleologou, R.M. Berry, Caustic soda and sulphuric acid production from sodium sulphate by-product of chlorine dioxide generation by bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BME) - economics, Tappi J. 78 (6) (1995) 127-134.
25. M. Paleologou, R.M. Berry, B.I. Fleming, Sodium chlorate splitting: a new solution to the problems of chemical imbalance in Kraft mills, J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 20 (2) (1994) J39-J44.
26. M. Paleologou, P.-Y. Wong, R. Thompson, R.M. Berry, Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for the production of sodium hydroxide from sodium chlorate: a comparison of the two-and three-compartment configurations, J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 22 (1) (1996) J1-J7.
27. K.N. Mani, F.P. Chlanda, Electrodialytic Water-splitting Process and Apparatus for Conversion of Alkali Metal Sulphate Values Derived from Spent Rayon Spin Baths, US Patent no. 4 504 373 (March 1985).
28. K.N. Mani, F.P. Chlanda, C.H. Byszewski, Aquatech membrane technology for recovery of acid/base values from salt streams, Desalination 68 (1988) 149.
29. J. Jorissen, K.H. Simmrock, The behaviour of ion exchange membranes in electrolysis and electrodialysis of sodium sulphate, J. Appl. Electrochem. 21 (1991) 869.
30. G. Kreysa, Electrochemische umwelttechnik, Chem. Ing. Technol. 62 (1990) 357.
31. M. Niksa, Acid/Base Recovery from Sodium Sulphate, 5th International Forum on Electrolysis, Ft Lauderdale, Florida, 1991.
32. Specifix Control Package, Copyright ©1988, Interllution®, Inc., Northwood, MA02062.
33. D.A. Macinnes, The Principles of Electrochemistry, Dover Publications, New York, 1961, p. 342.
34. C.F. Baes, Jr, The estimation of bisulphate ion dissociation in sulfuric acid-sodium sulphate solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 5611.
35. K.S. Pitzer, R.N. Roy, L.F. Silvester, Thermodynamics of electrolytes. 7. Sulfuric acid, J. Am. Chem Soc. 99 (1977) 4930.
36. R.E. Lindstrom, H.E. Wirth, Estimation of the bisulfate ion dissociation in solutions of sulfuric acid and sodium bisulfate, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1) (1969) 218.
37. A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, New York, 1980, pp. 64-68.
38. M. Paleologou, R. Thompson, R.M. Berry, C. Brown, M. Sheedy, T. Gilliss, The generator acid purification (GAP) system reduces caustic make-up requirements at Kraft mills, 83rd CPPA Annual Meeting (Technical Section), Montreal, PQ, 1997, pp. 28-31.
39. D. Bergner, M. Hartmann, R. Staab, Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Alkalichlorid-Electrolyse, Chem. Ing. Tech. 59 (4) (1987) 271.
40. W.F. Linke, Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal-organic Compounds, 4th ed., vol 2, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1965, p. 982.
41. R.C. Weast, M.J. Astle, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1981, pp. D-145-D-146.