Socialization as and through conversation: Political discourse in Israeli families

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 71-96

  Ribak, Rivka ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031542595     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/447416     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Family surnames have been changed.
2. Talcott Parsons and Robert F. Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process (New York: Free Press, 1955).
3. Melvin Kohn and Kazimierz Slomczynski, e.g., insist in their Social Structure and Self Direction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) that the child's core value orientations are learned in the family. In the face of considerable evidence to the contrary, however, they find it necessary to explain, "We believe that it is not socialization theory but the empirical evidence that is deficient" (p. 172). For empirical examples, see Steven H. Chaffee, Jack M. McLeod, and Charles K. Atkin, "Parental Influence on Adolescent Media Use," American Behavioral Scientist 14 (1971): 323-40; Steven H. Chaffee and S. M. Yang, "Communication and Political Socialization," in Political Socialization, Citizenship Education and Democracy, ed. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College, 1990); and Kent M. Jennings and Richard G. Niemi, The Political Character of Adolescents and Generations and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
4. Melvin Kohn and Kazimierz Slomczynski, e.g., insist in their Social Structure and Self Direction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) that the child's core value orientations are learned in the family. In the face of considerable evidence to the contrary, however, they find it necessary to explain, "We believe that it is not socialization theory but the empirical evidence that is deficient" (p. 172). For empirical examples, see Steven H. Chaffee, Jack M. McLeod, and Charles K. Atkin, "Parental Influence on Adolescent Media Use," American Behavioral Scientist 14 (1971): 323-40; Steven H. Chaffee and S. M. Yang, "Communication and Political Socialization," in Political Socialization, Citizenship Education and Democracy, ed. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College, 1990); and Kent M. Jennings and Richard G. Niemi, The Political Character of Adolescents and Generations and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
5. Melvin Kohn and Kazimierz Slomczynski, e.g., insist in their Social Structure and Self Direction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) that the child's core value orientations are learned in the family. In the face of considerable evidence to the contrary, however, they find it necessary to explain, "We believe that it is not socialization theory but the empirical evidence that is deficient" (p. 172). For empirical examples, see Steven H. Chaffee, Jack M. McLeod, and Charles K. Atkin, "Parental Influence on Adolescent Media Use," American Behavioral Scientist 14 (1971): 323-40; Steven H. Chaffee and S. M. Yang, "Communication and Political Socialization," in Political Socialization, Citizenship Education and Democracy, ed. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College, 1990); and Kent M. Jennings and Richard G. Niemi, The Political Character of Adolescents and Generations and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
6. Melvin Kohn and Kazimierz Slomczynski, e.g., insist in their Social Structure and Self Direction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) that the child's core value orientations are learned in the family. In the face of considerable evidence to the contrary, however, they find it necessary to explain, "We believe that it is not socialization theory but the empirical evidence that is deficient" (p. 172). For empirical examples, see Steven H. Chaffee, Jack M. McLeod, and Charles K. Atkin, "Parental Influence on Adolescent Media Use," American Behavioral Scientist 14 (1971): 323-40; Steven H. Chaffee and S. M. Yang, "Communication and Political Socialization," in Political Socialization, Citizenship Education and Democracy, ed. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College, 1990); and Kent M. Jennings and Richard G. Niemi, The Political Character of Adolescents and Generations and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
7. Author David Grossman, on the eve of Yom Kippur, 1993, expressed the hope that negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) would relieve Israeli Jews of their burden of permanent uncertainty. See also Daniel Bar-Tal, "The Massada Syndrome: A Case of Central Belief," in Psychological Stress and Coping in Time of War, ed. Norman A. Milgram (New York: Brunner/ Mazel, 1986).
8. "Run" - in Hebrew, ratz - stood for the civil rights movement; saying that youths "run to the right" underlined their running away from the left - e.g., from the civil rights movement.
9. This was the major concern in a series of articles by Elihu Katz, which appeared before the 1988 elections in the Jerusalem Post and Yediot Achronot. Analyzing data from the continuing survey of the Guttman Institute for Applied Social Research, Katz showed that while 60 percent of those aged 45+ supported left-wing parties, only 40 percent of those under 45 supported them, so that the younger the voter, the more likely he or she was to vote for right-wing parties. See also Elihu Katz and Hanna Levinsohn, "Too Good to Be True: Notes on the Israel Elections of 1988," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 1, no. 2 (1989): 111-22.
10. Mikhail M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981); Raymond Williams, Problems in Materialism and Culture (London: Verso, 1980).
11. Mikhail M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981); Raymond Williams, Problems in Materialism and Culture (London: Verso, 1980).
12. See, e.g., Ichilov, ed.
13. The study was conceived and directed by Tamar Liebes and advised by Elihu Katz. The Guttman Institute conducted the fieldwork, and the Spencer Foundation provided financial support.
14. See, e.g., Steven H. Chaffee, Jack M. McLeod, and Daniel Wackman, "Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Political Participation," in Socialization to Politics: A Reader, ed. Jack Dennis (New York: Wiley, 1973).
15. For detailed analyses, see Tamar Liebes, Elihu Katz, and Rivka Ribak, "Ideological Reproduction," Political Behavior 13, no. 3 (1991): 237-52; Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "The Contribution of Family Culture to Political Paticipaton, Political Outlook, and Its Reproduction," Communication Research 19, no. 5 (1992): 618-41; and Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "Socialization to Conflict: How Jewish and Arab Adolescents in Israel Negotiate Their Political Identity," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5, no. 4 (1994): 362-68.
16. For detailed analyses, see Tamar Liebes, Elihu Katz, and Rivka Ribak, "Ideological Reproduction," Political Behavior 13, no. 3 (1991): 237-52; Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "The Contribution of Family Culture to Political Paticipaton, Political Outlook, and Its Reproduction," Communication Research 19, no. 5 (1992): 618-41; and Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "Socialization to Conflict: How Jewish and Arab Adolescents in Israel Negotiate Their Political Identity," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5, no. 4 (1994): 362-68.
17. For detailed analyses, see Tamar Liebes, Elihu Katz, and Rivka Ribak, "Ideological Reproduction," Political Behavior 13, no. 3 (1991): 237-52; Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "The Contribution of Family Culture to Political Paticipaton, Political Outlook, and Its Reproduction," Communication Research 19, no. 5 (1992): 618-41; and Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "Socialization to Conflict: How Jewish and Arab Adolescents in Israel Negotiate Their Political Identity," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5, no. 4 (1994): 362-68.
18. The sampling protocol of the Guttman Institute directed interviewers to 400 households in Jerusalem and 200 houseolds in Nazareth, with persons chosen at random from automatic voting registration lists. Of those Jerusalem respondents whoindicated in the survey that they were willing to participate in the second stage, 50 families, representative of the 400, were contacted. They were then visited by the researcher (about one third) and my assistants, who observed family members as they watched the television evening news program and recorded the conversation that followed, facilitating it when necessary. Since it was impossible to follow this sampling procedure in Nazareth (for a discussion, see Rivka Ribak, Decoding the News in a Divided Country: Political Socialization among Israeli Jews and Palestinians [Ph.D. diss., University of California, San Diego, 1993]), 15 families from Sakhnin who agreed to take part in the project were surveyed, and with their viewing and conversation observed and recorded in Arabic.
19. Herbert H. Hyman, Political Socialization: A Study in the Psychology of Political Behavior (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1959).
20. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
21. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
22. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
23. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
24. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
25. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
26. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
27. See, e.g., Jack Dennis, "Major Problems of Political Socialization Research," Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968): 85-114; and Richard M. Merelman, "The Adolescence of Political Socialization," Sociology of Education 45 (1972): 134-66. Prominent among these are texts by David Easton and Jack Dennis, Children in the Political System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); Fred I. Greenstein, Children and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965); and Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); and, of course, Hyman, Political Socialization. For works immediately treated as seminal, see, e.g., Edward S. Greenberg, ed., Political Socialization (New York: Atherton, 1970); and Roberta S. Sigel, ed., Learning about Politics: A Reader in Political Socialization (New York: Random House, 1970).
28. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
29. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
30. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
31. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
32. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
33. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
34. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
35. The volumes edited by Greenberg and by Sigel provide condensed versions of the classics and discussions of some original works. For collections that include more recent works of many of the same authors, see Dennis, ed.; Jeanne N. Knutson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973); Richard G. Niemi, ed., The Politics of Future Citizens: New Dimensions in the Political Socialization of Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974); Stanley A. Renshon, ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977); and David C. Schwartz and Sandra Kenyon Schwartz, eds., New Directions in Political Socialization (New York: Free Press, 1975). See also the overviews of Dennis; Richard M. Merelman, Political Reasoning in Adolescence: Some Bridging Themes (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976); and Richard G. Niemi and Barbara I. Sobieszek, "Political Socialization," Annual Reviews in Sociology 3 (1977): 209-33. The same model is still used today, mostly by applying the underlying principles to new populations. See, e.g., the volumes edited by Bernhard Claussen and Horst Mueller, Political Socialization of the Young in East and West (Frankfurt: Verlag Peter Lang, 1990); and Tawfic E. Farah and Yasumasa Kuroda, Political Socialization in the Arab States (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1987).
36. See, e.g., Timothy E. Cook, "The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 1079-93; and Shawn W. Rosenberg, "Sociology, Psychology, and the Study of Political Behavior: The Case of the Research on Political Socialization," Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (1985): 715-31. Early critics include Lita Furby, "Political Socialization: The Need for a Cross-Cultural Approach," International Journal of Psychology 6, no. 4 (1971): 299-303; David Marsh, "Political Socialization: The Implicit Assumptions Examined," British Journal of Political Science 1 (1971): 453-65; and especially, R. W. Connell, "Political Socialization in the American Family: The Evidence Re-examined," Public Opinion Quarterly 6 (1972): 323-33; and R. W. Connell and Murray Goot, "Science and Ideology in American 'Political Socialization' Research," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17 (1972-73): 165-94.
37. See, e.g., Timothy E. Cook, "The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 1079-93; and Shawn W. Rosenberg, "Sociology, Psychology, and the Study of Political Behavior: The Case of the Research on Political Socialization," Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (1985): 715-31. Early critics include Lita Furby, "Political Socialization: The Need for a Cross-Cultural Approach," International Journal of Psychology 6, no. 4 (1971): 299-303; David Marsh, "Political Socialization: The Implicit Assumptions Examined," British Journal of Political Science 1 (1971): 453-65; and especially, R. W. Connell, "Political Socialization in the American Family: The Evidence Re-examined," Public Opinion Quarterly 6 (1972): 323-33; and R. W. Connell and Murray Goot, "Science and Ideology in American 'Political Socialization' Research," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17 (1972-73): 165-94.
38. See, e.g., Timothy E. Cook, "The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 1079-93; and Shawn W. Rosenberg, "Sociology, Psychology, and the Study of Political Behavior: The Case of the Research on Political Socialization," Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (1985): 715-31. Early critics include Lita Furby, "Political Socialization: The Need for a Cross-Cultural Approach," International Journal of Psychology 6, no. 4 (1971): 299-303; David Marsh, "Political Socialization: The Implicit Assumptions Examined," British Journal of Political Science 1 (1971): 453-65; and especially, R. W. Connell, "Political Socialization in the American Family: The Evidence Re-examined," Public Opinion Quarterly 6 (1972): 323-33; and R. W. Connell and Murray Goot, "Science and Ideology in American 'Political Socialization' Research," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17 (1972-73): 165-94.
39. See, e.g., Timothy E. Cook, "The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 1079-93; and Shawn W. Rosenberg, "Sociology, Psychology, and the Study of Political Behavior: The Case of the Research on Political Socialization," Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (1985): 715-31. Early critics include Lita Furby, "Political Socialization: The Need for a Cross-Cultural Approach," International Journal of Psychology 6, no. 4 (1971): 299-303; David Marsh, "Political Socialization: The Implicit Assumptions Examined," British Journal of Political Science 1 (1971): 453-65; and especially, R. W. Connell, "Political Socialization in the American Family: The Evidence Re-examined," Public Opinion Quarterly 6 (1972): 323-33; and R. W. Connell and Murray Goot, "Science and Ideology in American 'Political Socialization' Research," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17 (1972-73): 165-94.
40. See, e.g., Timothy E. Cook, "The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 1079-93; and Shawn W. Rosenberg, "Sociology, Psychology, and the Study of Political Behavior: The Case of the Research on Political Socialization," Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (1985): 715-31. Early critics include Lita Furby, "Political Socialization: The Need for a Cross-Cultural Approach," International Journal of Psychology 6, no. 4 (1971): 299-303; David Marsh, "Political Socialization: The Implicit Assumptions Examined," British Journal of Political Science 1 (1971): 453-65; and especially, R. W. Connell, "Political Socialization in the American Family: The Evidence Re-examined," Public Opinion Quarterly 6 (1972): 323-33; and R. W. Connell and Murray Goot, "Science and Ideology in American 'Political Socialization' Research," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17 (1972-73): 165-94.
41. See, e.g., Timothy E. Cook, "The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 1079-93; and Shawn W. Rosenberg, "Sociology, Psychology, and the Study of Political Behavior: The Case of the Research on Political Socialization," Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (1985): 715-31. Early critics include Lita Furby, "Political Socialization: The Need for a Cross-Cultural Approach," International Journal of Psychology 6, no. 4 (1971): 299-303; David Marsh, "Political Socialization: The Implicit Assumptions Examined," British Journal of Political Science 1 (1971): 453-65; and especially, R. W. Connell, "Political Socialization in the American Family: The Evidence Re-examined," Public Opinion Quarterly 6 (1972): 323-33; and R. W. Connell and Murray Goot, "Science and Ideology in American 'Political Socialization' Research," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17 (1972-73): 165-94.
42. Here I refer to such works as Victoria A. Steinitz and Ellen R. Solomon, Starting Out: Class and Community in the Lives of Working Class Youth (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); and William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
43. Here I refer to such works as Victoria A. Steinitz and Ellen R. Solomon, Starting Out: Class and Community in the Lives of Working Class Youth (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); and William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
44. Here I refer to such works as Victoria A. Steinitz and Ellen R. Solomon, Starting Out: Class and Community in the Lives of Working Class Youth (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); and William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
45. Hyman, pp. 8, 17.
46. Ibid., 70. 93. Note that the change Hyman refers to is a change in government. The possibility of a more radical change is not considered in this context.
47. Easton and Dennis.
48. Hess and Torney, p. v.
49. Ibid., pp. 13, 14.
50. One wonders why children would interpret adults' ideas to be the way the system actually works rather than interpret adults' (possibly corrupt) practices to be the way in which the system should work. Insisting that this last interpretation is the unhappy, abnormal result of the introduction of television, Joshua Meyrowitz similarly constructs the development from ideals to practice as the natural (and therefore preferable) course of socialization. See his No Sense of Place (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 254.
51. See Connell and Goot, p. 167, for a critique of the substitution of "society" with "system," and for a discussion of the theoretical implications of this semantic move.
52. It was maintained, rather, through sampling and questionnaire design: a sample which includes only those in school, not those who leave; and a question that asks, "Who would you vote for?" not "Would you vote?" tends to leave out those who challenge the consensus.
53. Greenstein (n. 14 above), p. 2.
54. Ibid., p. 12.
55. Hess and Torney (n. 14 above), p. 6.
56. Hyman (n. 13 above), p. 168.
57. Ibid., chaps. 4 and 5.
58. Connell and Goot (n. 16 above), p. 181, refer to this as tail-in-mouth logic, explaining that "everybody who seems to be doing anything is actually 'an agency,' 'mediating' something else."
59. Hess and Torney, p. 17.
60. Easton and Dennis (n. 14 above), p. 32.
61. Other aspects of this overlap are discussed by Connell and Goot, p. 174.
62. Easton and Dennis, p. 36.
63. See Orit Ichilov, "Dimensions and Role Patterns of Citizenship in Democracy," in Ichilov, ed. (n. 3 above).
64. Thus, McAdam's Freedom Summer is historically oriented, while Gamson's Talking Politics draws on sociological insights (both cited in n. 17 above). Also relevant here are, e.g., Janice Radway, Reading the Romance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), which is embedded in literary theory; Andrea Press, Women Watching Television (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), which relies on communication theory; and David Morley, Family Television (London: Comedia, 1986), which originates in cultural studies.
65. Thus, McAdam's Freedom Summer is historically oriented, while Gamson's Talking Politics draws on sociological insights (both cited in n. 17 above). Also relevant here are, e.g., Janice Radway, Reading the Romance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), which is embedded in literary theory; Andrea Press, Women Watching Television (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), which relies on communication theory; and David Morley, Family Television (London: Comedia, 1986), which originates in cultural studies.
66. Thus, McAdam's Freedom Summer is historically oriented, while Gamson's Talking Politics draws on sociological insights (both cited in n. 17 above). Also relevant here are, e.g., Janice Radway, Reading the Romance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), which is embedded in literary theory; Andrea Press, Women Watching Television (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), which relies on communication theory; and David Morley, Family Television (London: Comedia, 1986), which originates in cultural studies.
67. Thus, McAdam's Freedom Summer is historically oriented, while Gamson's Talking Politics draws on sociological insights (both cited in n. 17 above). Also relevant here are, e.g., Janice Radway, Reading the Romance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), which is embedded in literary theory; Andrea Press, Women Watching Television (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), which relies on communication theory; and David Morley, Family Television (London: Comedia, 1986), which originates in cultural studies.
68. Thus, McAdam's Freedom Summer is historically oriented, while Gamson's Talking Politics draws on sociological insights (both cited in n. 17 above). Also relevant here are, e.g., Janice Radway, Reading the Romance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), which is embedded in literary theory; Andrea Press, Women Watching Television (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), which relies on communication theory; and David Morley, Family Television (London: Comedia, 1986), which originates in cultural studies.
69. Steinitz and Solomon (n. 17 above).
70. Utilizing an inquiry in which questions and conceptions evolve as data are gathered and interpreted, Steinitz and Solomon adopt the community (a contextualized experience of class) as their unit of analysis and youths with higher than average IQs (a group more likely to experience discrepancy between the American dream of upward mobility and the actual structure of privilege and power) as their subjects and informants.
71. The exceptions never made it to the canon, but they are worthy of notice, including, e.g., Robert Coles, Children and Political Authority (Capetown: University of Capetown, 1974), reprinted in The Political Life of Children (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986); Kenneth Keniston, Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968); and R. W. Connell, The Child's Construction of Politics (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1971).
72. The exceptions never made it to the canon, but they are worthy of notice, including, e.g., Robert Coles, Children and Political Authority (Capetown: University of Capetown, 1974), reprinted in The Political Life of Children (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986); Kenneth Keniston, Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968); and R. W. Connell, The Child's Construction of Politics (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1971).
73. The exceptions never made it to the canon, but they are worthy of notice, including, e.g., Robert Coles, Children and Political Authority (Capetown: University of Capetown, 1974), reprinted in The Political Life of Children (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986); Kenneth Keniston, Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968); and R. W. Connell, The Child's Construction of Politics (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1971).
74. The exceptions never made it to the canon, but they are worthy of notice, including, e.g., Robert Coles, Children and Political Authority (Capetown: University of Capetown, 1974), reprinted in The Political Life of Children (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986); Kenneth Keniston, Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968); and R. W. Connell, The Child's Construction of Politics (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1971).
75. Steinitz and Solomon, p. 15.
76. Ibid., p. 15.
77. See, e.g., Kenneth J. Gergen, "The Social Constructionist Movement in Modern Psychology," American Psychologist 40 (1985): 266-75; and Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology (London: Sage, 1987).
78. See, e.g., Kenneth J. Gergen, "The Social Constructionist Movement in Modern Psychology," American Psychologist 40 (1985): 266-75; and Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology (London: Sage, 1987).
79. This notion informs earlier analyses of the material. See Liebes et al. (n. 11 above); Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "Democracy at Risk: The Reflection of Political Alienation in Attitudes toward the Media," Communication Theory 1, no. 3 (1991): 239-52; and Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "A Mother's Battle against TV News: A Case Study of Political Socialization," Discourse and Society 2, no. 2 (1991): 203-22.
80. This notion informs earlier analyses of the material. See Liebes et al. (n. 11 above); Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "Democracy at Risk: The Reflection of Political Alienation in Attitudes toward the Media," Communication Theory 1, no. 3 (1991): 239-52; and Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "A Mother's Battle against TV News: A Case Study of Political Socialization," Discourse and Society 2, no. 2 (1991): 203-22.
81. This notion informs earlier analyses of the material. See Liebes et al. (n. 11 above); Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "Democracy at Risk: The Reflection of Political Alienation in Attitudes toward the Media," Communication Theory 1, no. 3 (1991): 239-52; and Tamar Liebes and Rivka Ribak, "A Mother's Battle against TV News: A Case Study of Political Socialization," Discourse and Society 2, no. 2 (1991): 203-22.
82. See, e.g., Yaron London, "Motivated Evil and the Lubricated Gun," an interview with A. B. Yehoshua, Politika 22 (1988): 13-15; and Aron Meged, "The Left and I: A Confession," Politika 22 (1988): 38-42 (in Hebrew).
83. See, e.g., Yaron London, "Motivated Evil and the Lubricated Gun," an interview with A. B. Yehoshua, Politika 22 (1988): 13-15; and Aron Meged, "The Left and I: A Confession," Politika 22 (1988): 38-42 (in Hebrew).
84. Azmi Bishara, "The Third Factor: The Impact of the Intifada on Israel," in Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads, ed. Jamal R. Nassar and Robert Heacock (New York: Praeger, 1990), pp. 277-78.
85. Family transcript identification code (FTIC) no. 1075.
86. FTIC no. 1082.
87. FTIC no. 1190.
88. FTIC no. 1217.
89. FTIC no. 1190.
90. FTIC no. 1217.
91. FTIC no. 1190.
92. FTIC nos. 1217 and 1215, respectively.
93. FTIC nos. 1217 and 1216, respectively.
94. For more information on the relationships between the sphere of legitimate controversy and the sphere of consensus, see Daniel C. Hallin, The "Uncensored War": The Media and Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
95. FTIC no. 1274.
96. FTIC no. 1387.
97. FTIC no. 1075.
98. FTIC no. 1274.
99. FTIC no. 1217.
100. FTIC no. 2003.
101. FTIC no. 2004.
102. FTIC no. 2009.
103. FTIC no. 1387.
104. Father's quote (FTIC no. 1346).
105. FTIC no. 1082.
106. FTIC no. 1190.
107. On this ambivalence, see Teun van Dijk, Communicating Racism: Ethnic Prejudice in Thought and Talk (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987).
108. FTIC no. 1075.
109. FTIC no. 1082.
110. FTIC no. 1187.
111. That society "works" draws on Michael Schudson's "How Culture Works: Perspectives from Media Studies on the Efficacy of Symbols," Theory and Society 18 (1989): 153-80. See also Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 273-86.
112. That society "works" draws on Michael Schudson's "How Culture Works: Perspectives from Media Studies on the Efficacy of Symbols," Theory and Society 18 (1989): 153-80. See also Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 273-86.
113. See, e.g., Jennings and Niemi (n. 3 above).
114. See, e.g., Kenneth P. Langton, Political Socialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
115. This formulation differs from Kohn and Slomczynski's insistence that problematic findings result from inaccurate measurement rather than inadequate theory (n. 3 above). Conceiving of socialization as conversation suggests that the search for similarity and difference between "agents" and "novices" is meaningful only when they converse and only when, through conversation, they construct themselves as agents and novices.