Thomas Hobbes, Christian Thomasius and the seventeenth century debate on the church and state

History of European Ideas

Volumn 23, Issue 2-4, 1997, Pages 59-79

  Schröder, Peter ^a  

^a WADHAM COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031536922     PISSN: 01916599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-6599(97)00015-6     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. 1. An earlier version of this paper has been presented at a conference at Durham in July 97. Among all scholars and friends, who discussed this piece with me, I would like particularly to thank David Parrott (New College/Oxford) for his helpful advice and kind encouragement.
2. 2. Cf. F. Palladini, Samuel Pufendorf discepolo di Hobbes. Per una reinterpretazione del giusnaturalismo moderno (Bologna, 1990).
3. 3. F.M. Barnard (1989) 'Rightful decorum and rational accountability', in Christian Thomasius 1655-1728, W. Schneiders (Ed.), pp. 187-198. Hamburg. The best biographical account is still provided by two older works: M. Fleischmann and C. Thomasius (1931) Leben und Lebenswerk (Halle), and H. Luden and C. Thomasius (1805) Nach seinen Schriften und Schicksalen. Berlin. Similar to Barnard is the statement by Fleischmann regarding English scholarship, ibid. 158.
4. 3. F.M. Barnard (1989) 'Rightful decorum and rational accountability', in Christian Thomasius 1655-1728, W. Schneiders (Ed.), pp. 187-198. Hamburg. The best biographical account is still provided by two older works: M. Fleischmann and C. Thomasius (1931) Leben und Lebenswerk (Halle), and H. Luden and C. Thomasius (1805) Nach seinen Schriften und Schicksalen. Berlin. Similar to Barnard is the statement by Fleischmann regarding English scholarship, ibid. 158.
5. 3. F.M. Barnard (1989) 'Rightful decorum and rational accountability', in Christian Thomasius 1655-1728, W. Schneiders (Ed.), pp. 187-198. Hamburg. The best biographical account is still provided by two older works: M. Fleischmann and C. Thomasius (1931) Leben und Lebenswerk (Halle), and H. Luden and C. Thomasius (1805) Nach seinen Schriften und Schicksalen. Berlin. Similar to Barnard is the statement by Fleischmann regarding English scholarship, ibid. 158.
6. 3. F.M. Barnard (1989) 'Rightful decorum and rational accountability', in Christian Thomasius 1655-1728, W. Schneiders (Ed.), pp. 187-198. Hamburg. The best biographical account is still provided by two older works: M. Fleischmann and C. Thomasius (1931) Leben und Lebenswerk (Halle), and H. Luden and C. Thomasius (1805) Nach seinen Schriften und Schicksalen. Berlin. Similar to Barnard is the statement by Fleischmann regarding English scholarship, ibid. 158.
7. 4. M. Heckel (1968) Staat und Kirche nach den Lehren der evangelischen Juristen Deutschlands in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts. München.
8. 5. S. Pufendorf (1667) De Statu Imperii Germanici. Geneva. Reprinted edition Frankfurt/Main 1994, VI-9. As far as I know there are only two English translations of this work: The present state of Germany, written in Latin by the learned Samuel Pufendorf.... made English and continued by Edmund Bohun (London 1696); cf. H. Durchhardt Pufendorf in England. 'Eine unbekannte Überstezung von Pufendorfs Reichsverfassungsschrift aus dem Jahre 1690'. In Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 72 (1990) 143-152. Also an early French translation could be consulted: F.S. Alquié L'estat de l'empire d'Allemagne de Monzambane (Amsterdam, 1669).
9. 5. S. Pufendorf (1667) De Statu Imperii Germanici. Geneva. Reprinted edition Frankfurt/Main 1994, VI-9. As far as I know there are only two English translations of this work: The present state of Germany, written in Latin by the learned Samuel Pufendorf.... made English and continued by Edmund Bohun (London 1696); cf. H. Durchhardt Pufendorf in England. 'Eine unbekannte Überstezung von Pufendorfs Reichsverfassungsschrift aus dem Jahre 1690'. In Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 72 (1990) 143-152. Also an early French translation could be consulted: F.S. Alquié L'estat de l'empire d'Allemagne de Monzambane (Amsterdam, 1669).
10. 5. S. Pufendorf (1667) De Statu Imperii Germanici. Geneva. Reprinted edition Frankfurt/Main 1994, VI-9. As far as I know there are only two English translations of this work: The present state of Germany, written in Latin by the learned Samuel Pufendorf.... made English and continued by Edmund Bohun (London 1696); cf. H. Durchhardt Pufendorf in England. 'Eine unbekannte Überstezung von Pufendorfs Reichsverfassungsschrift aus dem Jahre 1690'. In Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 72 (1990) 143-152. Also an early French translation could be consulted: F.S. Alquié L'estat de l'empire d'Allemagne de Monzambane (Amsterdam, 1669).
11. 5. S. Pufendorf (1667) De Statu Imperii Germanici. Geneva. Reprinted edition Frankfurt/Main 1994, VI-9. As far as I know there are only two English translations of this work: The present state of Germany, written in Latin by the learned Samuel Pufendorf.... made English and continued by Edmund Bohun (London 1696); cf. H. Durchhardt Pufendorf in England. 'Eine unbekannte Überstezung von Pufendorfs Reichsverfassungsschrift aus dem Jahre 1690'. In Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 72 (1990) 143-152. Also an early French translation could be consulted: F.S. Alquié L'estat de l'empire d'Allemagne de Monzambane (Amsterdam, 1669).
12. 6. K. Müller (Ed.) (1975) Instrumenta Pacis Westphalicae (Bern) V-30: '(...) nullique statui ius, quod ipsi ratione territrii et superioritatis in negotio religionis competit, impediri oportere'.
13. 7. J.H. Zedler (Ed.) Großes vollständiges Universal-Lexikon aller Wissenschaften und Künste 44 (1745), 1115sq.
14. 8. C. Thomasius, D. Melchior von Osses Testament gegen Hertzog Augusto Churfürsten zu Sachsen [1556], (1717) p. 541, Halle.
15. 9. The third and fourth book of Leviathan - dealing with these matters - have been neglected by most scholars as of limited relevance to the understanding of Hobbes' political thought. Recent scholarship however has drawn more attention to this part of Hobbes major book, which represents virtually half of the whole volume. Cf. J.G.A. Pocock 'Time, History and Eschatology in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes', in J.G.A. Pocock, Politics, Language and Time, (London, 1972), pp. 148-201. With its strong emphasis on Pocock's earlier work, see R. Tuck 'The Civil Religion of Thomas Hobbes', in eds. N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner (Eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 120-138.
16. 9. The third and fourth book of Leviathan - dealing with these matters - have been neglected by most scholars as of limited relevance to the understanding of Hobbes' political thought. Recent scholarship however has drawn more attention to this part of Hobbes major book, which represents virtually half of the whole volume. Cf. J.G.A. Pocock 'Time, History and Eschatology in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes', in J.G.A. Pocock, Politics, Language and Time, (London, 1972), pp. 148-201. With its strong emphasis on Pocock's earlier work, see R. Tuck 'The Civil Religion of Thomas Hobbes', in eds. N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner (Eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 120-138.
17. 10. R. Tuck 'Hobbes and Locke on Toleration', in M.G. Dietz (Ed.), Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory, (Kansas, 1990), pp. 153-173, Kansas. Richard Tuck argues that Hobbes 'appeared as a radical tolerationist' (p. 167). Tuck's endeavour to prove this hypothesis is backed by the assumption that Hobbes was seen by Locke as an 'ally in the struggle for toleration' (p. 170). Tuck's approach seems to try to rescue Hobbes from a somewhat too narrow assessment of his political writings. But it is slightly misleading to compare Hobbes' theoretical concern about toleration with Locke's engagement in this issue simply to bolster up the advocacy of toleration by the former with evidence from the latter. Apart from Tuck, Alkan Ryan in 'A more tolerant Hobbes?' in Justifying Toleration, Ed. S. Mendus, pp. 37 59, Cambridge, has recently focused very convincingly on aspects of Hobbes' arguments for toleration.
18. 10. R. Tuck 'Hobbes and Locke on Toleration', in M.G. Dietz (Ed.), Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory, (Kansas, 1990), pp. 153-173, Kansas. Richard Tuck argues that Hobbes 'appeared as a radical tolerationist' (p. 167). Tuck's endeavour to prove this hypothesis is backed by the assumption that Hobbes was seen by Locke as an 'ally in the struggle for toleration' (p. 170). Tuck's approach seems to try to rescue Hobbes from a somewhat too narrow assessment of his political writings. But it is slightly misleading to compare Hobbes' theoretical concern about toleration with Locke's engagement in this issue simply to bolster up the advocacy of toleration by the former with evidence from the latter. Apart from Tuck, Alkan Ryan in 'A more tolerant Hobbes?' in Justifying Toleration, Ed. S. Mendus, pp. 37 59, Cambridge, has recently focused very convincingly on aspects of Hobbes' arguments for toleration.
19. 11. 'A Letter Concerning Toleration', in J. Locke (1986) Political Writings, Ed. D. Wootton, p. 403, London.
20. 12. Cf. F. Lezius Der Toleranzbegriff Lockes und Pufendorfs, Leipzig (1900).
21. 13. Aubrey, J. (1898) Brief Lives, chiefly of Contemporaries..., ed. A. Clark, 2 vols., I p. 373, Oxford.
22. 14. Thomasius refers to the accusation of atheism in his Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit p. 65. All English quotations of Thomasius are my own translations but I do not claim to give a word - for word translation from a rather awkward baroque -German into modern English. For the accusation of atheism see also Dau, M. (1700) De atheismo qui Christiano Thomasius a quibusdam imputatur, Halle; Gundling, N.H. (1703) Gründliche Abfertigung der Unpartheyischen Gedanken, eines ungenannten auctoris [E. Camerarius] die er von der Lehre De criminae magiae, des hochberühmten Christian Thomasius neulichst herausgegeben, gestellet von Hieronymus à sancta Fide, Frankfurt/Main. Mintz, S. (1969) The Hunting of Leviathan, Cambridge, still provides an important account for the accusation of atheism of Hobbes. Cf. also Parkin, J. Trespassing on the Territories of Malmesbury: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae, unpubl. PhD diss. Cambridge.
23. 14. Thomasius refers to the accusation of atheism in his Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit p. 65. All English quotations of Thomasius are my own translations but I do not claim to give a word - for word translation from a rather awkward baroque - German into modern English. For the accusation of atheism see also Dau, M. (1700) De atheismo qui Christiano Thomasius a quibusdam imputatur, Halle; Gundling, N.H. (1703) Gründliche Abfertigung der Unpartheyischen Gedanken, eines ungenannten auctoris [E. Camerarius] die er von der Lehre De criminae magiae, des hochberühmten Christian Thomasius neulichst herausgegeben, gestellet von Hieronymus à sancta Fide, Frankfurt/Main. Mintz, S. (1969) The Hunting of Leviathan, Cambridge, still provides an important account for the accusation of atheism of Hobbes. Cf. also Parkin, J. Trespassing on the Territories of Malmesbury: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae, unpubl. PhD diss. Cambridge.
24. 14. Thomasius refers to the accusation of atheism in his Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit p. 65. All English quotations of Thomasius are my own translations but I do not claim to give a word - for word translation from a rather awkward baroque - German into modern English. For the accusation of atheism see also Dau, M. (1700) De atheismo qui Christiano Thomasius a quibusdam imputatur, Halle; Gundling, N.H. (1703) Gründliche Abfertigung der Unpartheyischen Gedanken, eines ungenannten auctoris [E. Camerarius] die er von der Lehre De criminae magiae, des hochberühmten Christian Thomasius neulichst herausgegeben, gestellet von Hieronymus à sancta Fide, Frankfurt/Main. Mintz, S. (1969) The Hunting of Leviathan, Cambridge, still provides an important account for the accusation of atheism of Hobbes. Cf. also Parkin, J. Trespassing on the Territories of Malmesbury: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae, unpubl. PhD diss. Cambridge.
25. 14. Thomasius refers to the accusation of atheism in his Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit p. 65. All English quotations of Thomasius are my own translations but I do not claim to give a word - for word translation from a rather awkward baroque - German into modern English. For the accusation of atheism see also Dau, M. (1700) De atheismo qui Christiano Thomasius a quibusdam imputatur, Halle; Gundling, N.H. (1703) Gründliche Abfertigung der Unpartheyischen Gedanken, eines ungenannten auctoris [E. Camerarius] die er von der Lehre De criminae magiae, des hochberühmten Christian Thomasius neulichst herausgegeben, gestellet von Hieronymus à sancta Fide, Frankfurt/Main. Mintz, S. (1969) The Hunting of Leviathan, Cambridge, still provides an important account for the accusation of atheism of Hobbes. Cf. also Parkin, J. Trespassing on the Territories of Malmesbury: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae, unpubl. PhD diss. Cambridge.
26. 14. Thomasius refers to the accusation of atheism in his Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit p. 65. All English quotations of Thomasius are my own translations but I do not claim to give a word - for word translation from a rather awkward baroque - German into modern English. For the accusation of atheism see also Dau, M. (1700) De atheismo qui Christiano Thomasius a quibusdam imputatur, Halle; Gundling, N.H. (1703) Gründliche Abfertigung der Unpartheyischen Gedanken, eines ungenannten auctoris [E. Camerarius] die er von der Lehre De criminae magiae, des hochberühmten Christian Thomasius neulichst herausgegeben, gestellet von Hieronymus à sancta Fide, Frankfurt/Main. Mintz, S. (1969) The Hunting of Leviathan, Cambridge, still provides an important account for the accusation of atheism of Hobbes. Cf. also Parkin, J. Trespassing on the Territories of Malmesbury: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae, unpubl. PhD diss. Cambridge.
27. 15. Thomasius, C. (1740) Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, Frankfurt/posthumous, p. 249.
28. 16. Hobbes, T. (1996) Leviathan, ed. R. Tuck, chap. 43. All quotations of Leviathan are drawn from this edition.
29. 17. Thomasius, C. (1705) Abhandlung vom Recht evangelischer Fürsten in Mitteldingen oder Kirchenzeremonien. In Christian Thomasens Auserlesene und in Deutsch noch nie erschienene Schriften, p. 110, Halle.
30. 18. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 46, p. 471.
31. 19. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 77.
32. 20. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 161.
33. 21. Hobbes, T. (1992) De Cive, English translation ed. B. Gert, chap. 18-14, Cambridge.
34. 22. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 270.
35. 23. Cf. Hobbes, T., De Cive, chap. 1-10.
36. 24. Hobbes, T. (1990) Behemoth or the long Parliament, ed. F. Tönnies, p. 144, Chicago. All quotations of Behemoth are drawn from this edition.
37. 25. Tuck, R., op.cit. p. 127.
38. 26. The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes, ed. N. Malcolm, Vol. I p. 120, Oxford, 1994.
39. 27. The early concepts of toleration in Lipsius and Bodin are extremely interesting but cannot be considered in this paper. However it is worth mentioning that both took the pragmatic standpoint towards toleration, viz. that religious uniformity is desirable for the state as long as it could be obtained without major civil strife; but that other confessions should be tolerated if the sovereign could not enforce uniformity without trouble. Cf. Bodin, J. (1583) Six livres de la République, book IV-7, Paris; Lipsius, J. (1594) Sixe Bookes of Politickes or Civil Doctrine..., done into English by W. Jones, book IV-2/3, London.
40. 27. The early concepts of toleration in Lipsius and Bodin are extremely interesting but cannot be considered in this paper. However it is worth mentioning that both took the pragmatic standpoint towards toleration, viz. that religious uniformity is desirable for the state as long as it could be obtained without major civil strife; but that other confessions should be tolerated if the sovereign could not enforce uniformity without trouble. Cf. Bodin, J. (1583) Six livres de la République, book IV-7, Paris; Lipsius, J. (1594) Sixe Bookes of Politickes or Civil Doctrine..., done into English by W. Jones, book IV-2/3, London.
41. 28. Ryan, A., op.cit. p. 51.
42. 29. Thomasius, C., Abhandlung vom Recht evangelischer Fürsten in Mitteldingen oder Kirchenzeremonien, op.cit., p 118.
43. 30. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 71.
44. 31. See also the very similar argument in Williams, R. (1644) The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for cause of Conscience discussed in a Conference betweene Truth and Peace, p. 25, London. Hobbes might have been influenced by Williams, cf Wootton, D. (1994) Leveller democracy and the Puritan Revolution. In The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700, ed. J.H. Burns, pp. 412-442, Cambridge.
45. 31. See also the very similar argument in Williams, R. (1644) The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for cause of Conscience discussed in a Conference betweene Truth and Peace, p. 25, London. Hobbes might have been influenced by Williams, cf Wootton, D. (1994) Leveller democracy and the Puritan Revolution. In The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700, ed. J.H. Burns, pp. 412-442, Cambridge.
46. 32. Pufendorf, S. (1994) Briefwechsel, ed. D. Döring, p. 340, Berlin.
47. 33. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 22, p. 155.
48. 34. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 38, p. 311.
49. 35. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 14.
50. 36. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 40, p. 323.
51. 37. Pufendorf, S., Briefwechsel, op. cit., p. 340.
52. 38. For further discussion see Ebbinghaus, J. (1986) Über die Idee der Toleranz. In eiusdem Gesammelte Schriften, pp. 299-332, Bonn.
53. 39. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 24.
54. 40. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 12.
55. 41. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 16.
56. 42. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 193.
57. 43. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 43, p. 407.
58. 44. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 359.
59. 45. Fitzherbert, T. (1615) The second part of a treatise concerning policy and religion, p. 42, Douai. Pointing in the same direction but less absolute is Cardinal Bellarmine's view: 'Jure divino potestas in reges et principes Christianos non proprie temporalis sed quae se ad temporalis extendat, summo pontifici Christi vicario attributa est'. In R. Bellarmine, De potestate summi pontificis. For the relationship between Bellarmine and Hobbes see now: Springborg, P. (1995) Thomas Hobbes and Cardinal Bellarmine. In History of Political Thought 16, 503-31, esp. 510sq.
60. 45. Fitzherbert, T. (1615) The second part of a treatise concerning policy and religion, p. 42, Douai. Pointing in the same direction but less absolute is Cardinal Bellarmine's view: 'Jure divino potestas in reges et principes Christianos non proprie temporalis sed quae se ad temporalis extendat, summo pontifici Christi vicario attributa est'. In R. Bellarmine, De potestate summi pontificis. For the relationship between Bellarmine and Hobbes see now: Springborg, P. (1995) Thomas Hobbes and Cardinal Bellarmine. In History of Political Thought 16, 503-31, esp. 510sq.
61. 46. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 107.
62. 47. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 35 annotation, p. 281.
63. 48. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 109.
64. 49. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 44, p. 426.
65. 50. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 360.
66. 51. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 323.
67. 52. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 142.
68. 53. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 346. Cf. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 247.
69. 53. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 346. Cf. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 247.
70. 54. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 390.
71. 55. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 248.
72. 56. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 343.
73. 57. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 47, p. 480.
74. 58. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 362.
75. 59. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 360.
76. 60. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42. p. 378. Cf. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 52.
77. 60. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42. p. 378. Cf. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 52.
78. 61. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 351.
79. 62. Cf. Luig, K. (1995) Christian Thomasius. In Staatsdenker in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. M. Stolleis, pp. 227-256, Munich.
80. 63. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 305.
81. 64. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 42, p. 343.
82. 65. Cf. Luig, K. (1980) Zur Bewertung von Christian Thomasius' Strafrechtslehren als Ausdruck liberaler politischer Theorie. In Studia Leibnitiana XII, pp. 243-252.
83. 66. Cf. Zurbuchen, S. (1991) Naturrecht und natürliche Religion. Zur Geschichte des Toleranzbegriffs von Samuel Pufendorf bis Jean-Jaques Rousseau, Würzburg.
84. 67. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 302.
85. 68. Cf. Link, C. (1979) Herrschaftsordnung und bürgerliche Freiheit. Grenzen der Staatsgewalt in der älteren deutschen Staatslehre, Wien/Köln/Graz.
86. 69. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 12, p. 79.
87. 70. Thomasius, C. Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 44.
88. 71. Hobbes, T., Behemoth, p. 52sq.
89. 72. Holmes, S. (1990) Introduction to Behemoth, p. LXV, Chicago.
90. 73. Glover, W.B. (1965) God and Thomas Hobbes. In Hobbes - Studies, ed. K.C. Brown, pp. 141-168, Oxford.
91. 74. Ryan, A., op.cit., p. 58.
92. 75. ibd.
93. 76. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 383.
94. 77. Cf. Buchholz, S., Christian Thomasius: Zwischen Orthodoxie und Pietismus-Religionskonflikte und ihre literarische Verarbeitung. In op. cit., ed. W. Schneiders, pp. 248-255.
95. 78. Even Pufendorf for instance was still convinced that uniformity at least regarding the adiaphora was a means to secure peace in the state. See Pufendorf, S., De habitu religionis, §LIV. In his commentary on Pufendorfs work Thomasius stressed that Pufendorf was wrong at this point (cf Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 381). See now Zurbuchen, S. (1996) Gewissensfreiheit und Toleranz: Zur Pufendorf-Rezeption bei Christian Thomasius. In Samuel Pufendorf und die europäische Frühaufklärung, eds. F. Palladini and G. Hartung, pp. 169-180, Berlin.
96. 78. Even Pufendorf for instance was still convinced that uniformity at least regarding the adiaphora was a means to secure peace in the state. See Pufendorf, S., De habitu religionis, §LIV. In his commentary on Pufendorfs work Thomasius stressed that Pufendorf was wrong at this point (cf Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 381). See now Zurbuchen, S. (1996) Gewissensfreiheit und Toleranz: Zur Pufendorf-Rezeption bei Christian Thomasius. In Samuel Pufendorf und die europäische Frühaufklärung, eds. F. Palladini and G. Hartung, pp. 169-180, Berlin.
97. 78. Even Pufendorf for instance was still convinced that uniformity at least regarding the adiaphora was a means to secure peace in the state. See Pufendorf, S., De habitu religionis, §LIV. In his commentary on Pufendorfs work Thomasius stressed that Pufendorf was wrong at this point (cf Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 381). See now Zurbuchen, S. (1996) Gewissensfreiheit und Toleranz: Zur Pufendorf-Rezeption bei Christian Thomasius. In Samuel Pufendorf und die europäische Frühaufklärung, eds. F. Palladini and G. Hartung, pp. 169-180, Berlin.
98. 79. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 148.
99. 80. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 136.
100. 81. No wonder that Thomasius assumes that 'there would have been much more concern if he had set out in those days [when his Institutiones iurisprudentiae divinae were published] what he intends to put forward now in the Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit'. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 16.
101. 82. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 52.
102. 83. Cf. Wiebking, W. (1973) Recht, Reich und Kirche in der Lehre des Christian Thomasius. PhD Diss. Munich.
103. 84. Cf. Wolf, E. (1963) Christian Thomasius. In Grosse Rechtsdenker der deutschen Geistesgeschichte, esp. p. 410sq, Tübingen.
104. 85. The issue of Galileo's condemnation has been scrutinized by recent historians, and was interpreted that he was less the victim of a reactionary and authoritarian church, intent on persecuting all ideological dissent, than a victim of factional rivalries which had see him rise to considerable eminence at the Medici Court in Florence and then at the Papal Court of Urban VIII, but had then left him short of powerful patrons and vulnerable to a counter-attack in 1633. However in the eyes of contemporary sympathisers, Galileo was nonetheless percived as the victim of an intolerant church, a martyr to the principles of the new science. Cf. Biagioli, M. (1993) Gallileo Courtier. The practice of science in the culture of absolutism, Chicago.
105. 86. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 46, p. 473.
106. 87. Cf. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 150.
107. 88. A crucial question remains regarding the position Hobbes and Thomasius held towards Spinoza, which throws light on the limitations of their arguments for toleration from another angle. Thomasius was explicitly not prepared to give room for Spinozism. An initial investigation of this question can be found in the excellent article by Gawlick, G., Thomasius und die Denkfreiheit. In op.cit., ed. Schneiders, pp. 256-273. For Hobbes cf. Malcolm, N., Hobbes and Spinoza. In op.cit., ed. J.H. Burns, pp. 530-557.
108. 88. A crucial question remains regarding the position Hobbes and Thomasius held towards Spinoza, which throws light on the limitations of their arguments for toleration from another angle. Thomasius was explicitly not prepared to give room for Spinozism. An initial investigation of this question can be found in the excellent article by Gawlick, G., Thomasius und die Denkfreiheit. In op.cit., ed. Schneiders, pp. 256-273. For Hobbes cf. Malcolm, N., Hobbes and Spinoza. In op.cit., ed. J.H. Burns, pp. 530-557.
109. 88. A crucial question remains regarding the position Hobbes and Thomasius held towards Spinoza, which throws light on the limitations of their arguments for toleration from another angle. Thomasius was explicitly not prepared to give room for Spinozism. An initial investigation of this question can be found in the excellent article by Gawlick, G., Thomasius und die Denkfreiheit. In op.cit., ed. Schneiders, pp. 256-273. For Hobbes cf. Malcolm, N., Hobbes and Spinoza. In op.cit., ed. J.H. Burns, pp. 530-557.
110. 89. Hobbes. T., Behemoth, p. 40.
111. 90. Cf. Kirn, O. (1909) Die Leipziger Theologische Fakultät in fünf Jahrhunderten, Leipzig.
112. 91. Thomasius, C., Kirchenrechtsgelahrtheit, p. 142.
113. 92. Hobbes, T., Behemoth, p. 57. Cf. also Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 46, p. 473.
114. 92. Hobbes, T., Behemoth, p. 57. Cf. also Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 46, p. 473.
115. 93. Rüping, H. (1968) Die Naturrechtslehre des Christian Thomasius und ihre Fortbildung in der Thomasius-Schule. PhD Diss, Bonn.
116. 94. This text is easiest accessible in Aus der Frühzeit der deutschen Aufklärung ed. F. Brüggemann, p. 19, Leipzig, 1938.
117. 95. Drei Bücher vom Recht des Krieges und des Friedens nebst einer Vorrede von Christian Thomasius zur ersten deutschen Ausgabe des Groutius vom Jahre 1707, ed. W. Schätzel, pp. 1/8, Tübingen, 1950.
118. 96. Timothy Hochstrasser provides an excellent account of the conflict in German universities over the spheres of divine and natural law. Hochstrasser, T.J. (1989) Natural Law Theory, its Historiography and Development in the French and German Enlightenment, c. 1670-1780, esp. pp. 79sq. Unpubl. PhD Diss, Cambridge. I would like to express my gratitude to Tim Hochstrasser for his invaluable advice and his kindness to provide me with a copy of his thesis.
119. 97. 'To conclude, there is nothing in this whole Discours... as far as I can perceive, contrary to the Word of God, or to good Manners... Therefore I think it may be profitably printed, and more profitably taught in the Universities... For seeing the Universities are the Fountains of Civill, and Morall Doctrine, from whence the Preachers, and the Gentry, drawing such water as they find, use to sprinkle the same (both from the Pulpit, and their Conversation) upon the People, there ought certainly to be great care taken' Hobbes, T., Leviathan, conclusion, p.490sq.
120. 98. Kant, I. (1992) An answer to the question: 'What is enlightenment?' In Political Writings ed. H. Reiss, p. 54, Cambridge.
121. 99. Cf. Sommerville, J.P. (1992) Thomas Hobbes: Political Ideas in Historical Context, esp. p. 136sq, London.
122. 100. Hobbes, T., Behemoth, p. 57.
123. 101. Ryan, A. (1983) Hobbes, Toleration, and the inner Life. In The Nature of political Theory, eds. D. Miller and L. Siedentop, p. 215, Oxford.
124. 102. Cf. Ebbinghaus, J., Über die Idee der Toleranz, op. cit.
125. 103. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, chap. 21, p. 152.