Systemic transformation and the salience of class structure in East Central Europe

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 155-184

  Słomczyński, Kazimierz M ^a   Shabad, Goldie ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031531028     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325497011001005     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Stanisław Ossowski, Class Structure in the Social Consciousness, trans. G. Peterson (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963); and Frank Parkin, Class Inequality and Political Order (New York: Praeger, 1971). Part of the discussion on "classless society" focused on the Soviet Union; see Robert A. Feldmesser, "Towards the Classless Society?" in Reinhard Bendix and Seymour M. Lipset, eds., Class, Status, and Power, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1966), 227-34.
2. Stanisław Ossowski, Class Structure in the Social Consciousness, trans. G. Peterson (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963); and Frank Parkin, Class Inequality and Political Order (New York: Praeger, 1971). Part of the discussion on "classless society" focused on the Soviet Union; see Robert A. Feldmesser, "Towards the Classless Society?" in Reinhard Bendix and Seymour M. Lipset, eds., Class, Status, and Power, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1966), 227-34.
3. Stanisław Ossowski, Class Structure in the Social Consciousness, trans. G. Peterson (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963); and Frank Parkin, Class Inequality and Political Order (New York: Praeger, 1971). Part of the discussion on "classless society" focused on the Soviet Union; see Robert A. Feldmesser, "Towards the Classless Society?" in Reinhard Bendix and Seymour M. Lipset, eds., Class, Status, and Power, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1966), 227-34.
4. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
5. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
6. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
7. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
8. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
9. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
10. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
11. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
12. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
13. Terry Nichols Clark, Seymour M. Lipset, and Michael Rempel, "The Declining Political Significance of Social Class," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 293-316; Terry Nichols Clark and Seymour M. Lipset, "Are Social Classes Dying?" International Sociology 6:4 (1991): 397-410; Michael C. Hout, Clem Brooks, and Jeff Manza, "The Persistence of Classes in Postindustrial Societies," International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 259-77; John H. Goldthorpe and Gordon Marshall, "The Promising Future of Class Analysis: Response to Recent Critiques," Sociology 26:3 (1992): 381-400; R. E. Pahl, "Does Class Analysis Without Class Theory Have a Promising Future? A Reply to Goldthorpe and Marshall," Sociology 27:2 (1993): 253-58; Jan Pakulski, "The Dying of Class or Marxist Class Theory?" International Sociology 8:3 (1993): 279-92; Richard Breen and D. Rottman, "Class Analysis and Class Theory," Sociology 29:4 (1995): 543-73; Aage Sorensen, "On the Usefulness of Class Analysis in Research on Social Mobility and Socioeconomic Inequality," Acta Sociologica 34:1 (1991):71-87; Raimo Blom and Markku Kivinen, "Analytical Marxism and Class Theory," in Steward R. Clegg, ed., Organization Theory and Class Analysis (Berlin and New York: Spingler, 1990); and Klaus Eder, The New Politics of Class (London: Sage, 1993), 1-16, 158-84.
14. Details about these surveys can be found in Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Sytuacja Pracy i Jej Psychologiczne Konsekwencje (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1989); Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure and Self-Direction (Cambridge, Eng., Blackwell, 1990); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński et al., Struktura Spoleczna a Osobowość: Psychologiczne Funkcjonowanie Jednostki w Warunkach Zmiany Spolecznej (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1996).
15. Details about these surveys can be found in Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Sytuacja Pracy i Jej Psychologiczne Konsekwencje (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1989); Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure and Self-Direction (Cambridge, Eng., Blackwell, 1990); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński et al., Struktura Spoleczna a Osobowość: Psychologiczne Funkcjonowanie Jednostki w Warunkach Zmiany Spolecznej (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1996).
16. Details about these surveys can be found in Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Sytuacja Pracy i Jej Psychologiczne Konsekwencje (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1989); Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure and Self-Direction (Cambridge, Eng., Blackwell, 1990); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński et al., Struktura Spoleczna a Osobowość: Psychologiczne Funkcjonowanie Jednostki w Warunkach Zmiany Spolecznej (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1996).
17. Henryk Domański and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Changes in Poland 1987-1993. A Follow-up Study. Machine Readable Codebook (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994).
18. Bogdan Cichomski and Zbigniew Sawiński, Polish General Social Survey. Machine Readable Codebook (Warsaw: Institute of Social Studies, University of Warsaw, 1994).
19. This survey was part of the International Social Survey Program (1987); principal investigator in Hungary: Tamás Kolosi.
20. Social Mobility Study. Machine Readable Codebook (Budapest: TARKI, 1992); principal investigator: Péter Róbert.
21. This survey was conducted by the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology in Prague, 1989; principal investigators: A. Matejovsky and Jiři Linhart. The data from this survey were extensively analyzed by Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "A Historical Comparison of Social Structure in the Czech Republic in the Years 1984 and 1993," Czech Sociological Review 2:2 (1994): 149-72.
22. This survey was conducted by the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology in Prague, 1989; principal investigators: A. Matejovsky and Jiři Linhart. The data from this survey were extensively analyzed by Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "A Historical Comparison of Social Structure in the Czech Republic in the Years 1984 and 1993," Czech Sociological Review 2:2 (1994): 149-72.
23. This survey was conducted by the Institute of Sociology in Prague, 1992; see Petr Matěju̇ and B. Řeháková, "Revolution for Whom: Analysis of Selected Patterns of Intragenerational Mobility in Czech Republic, 1989-1992," Czech Sociological Review 1:1 (1993):73-90.
24. International Social Survey Program. Social Inequality. Machine Readable Codebook (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1992).
25. This study was initiated by Ivan Szelényi and Donald J. Treiman, "Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989: A Research Proposal for the National Science Foundation," (Los Angeles: University of California, 1990). Country coordinators were Jacek Wasilewski (Poland), Iván Szelényi (Hungary), and Petr Matěju̇ (The Czech Republic). A codebook of the international data set was prepared by Donald J. Treiman.
26. For creative neo-Marxist or critical post-Marxist analyses of social structure in East Central Europe, see Mark Rakovski, Towards an East European Marxism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978); Rudolph Bahro, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (New York: New Left Books, 1978); György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979); Leszek Nowak, Property and Power. Towards a Non-Marxian Historical Materialism (Boston: Reidel, 1983); and for an extremely radical view, see Albert Szymanski, Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (New York: Praeger, 1984).
27. For creative neo-Marxist or critical post-Marxist analyses of social structure in East Central Europe, see Mark Rakovski, Towards an East European Marxism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978); Rudolph Bahro, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (New York: New Left Books, 1978); György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979); Leszek Nowak, Property and Power. Towards a Non-Marxian Historical Materialism (Boston: Reidel, 1983); and for an extremely radical view, see Albert Szymanski, Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (New York: Praeger, 1984).
28. For creative neo-Marxist or critical post-Marxist analyses of social structure in East Central Europe, see Mark Rakovski, Towards an East European Marxism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978); Rudolph Bahro, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (New York: New Left Books, 1978); György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979); Leszek Nowak, Property and Power. Towards a Non-Marxian Historical Materialism (Boston: Reidel, 1983); and for an extremely radical view, see Albert Szymanski, Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (New York: Praeger, 1984).
29. For creative neo-Marxist or critical post-Marxist analyses of social structure in East Central Europe, see Mark Rakovski, Towards an East European Marxism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978); Rudolph Bahro, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (New York: New Left Books, 1978); György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979); Leszek Nowak, Property and Power. Towards a Non-Marxian Historical Materialism (Boston: Reidel, 1983); and for an extremely radical view, see Albert Szymanski, Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (New York: Praeger, 1984).
30. For creative neo-Marxist or critical post-Marxist analyses of social structure in East Central Europe, see Mark Rakovski, Towards an East European Marxism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978); Rudolph Bahro, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (New York: New Left Books, 1978); György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979); Leszek Nowak, Property and Power. Towards a Non-Marxian Historical Materialism (Boston: Reidel, 1983); and for an extremely radical view, see Albert Szymanski, Class Struggle in Socialist Poland (New York: Praeger, 1984).
31. Włodzimierz Wesołowski, "The Notion of Strata and Class in Socialist Society," in André Beteille, ed., Social Inequality (London: Penguin, 1974), 123-24; see also his Class, Strata, and Power, trans. George Kolankiewicz (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).
32. Włodzimierz Wesołowski, "The Notion of Strata and Class in Socialist Society," in André Beteille, ed., Social Inequality (London: Penguin, 1974), 123-24; see also his Class, Strata, and Power, trans. George Kolankiewicz (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).
33. Jan Szczepański, "La Société Polonaise: Changements dans la Structure de Classe," Revue française de Sociologie 6:1 (1965): 13-24; Walter D. Connor, Socialism, Politics, and Equality: Hierarchy and Change in Eastern Europe and the USSR (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 89-90; and Alexander Matejko, Social Change and Stratification in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1974), 62-64.
34. Jan Szczepański, "La Société Polonaise: Changements dans la Structure de Classe," Revue française de Sociologie 6:1 (1965): 13-24; Walter D. Connor, Socialism, Politics, and Equality: Hierarchy and Change in Eastern Europe and the USSR (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 89-90; and Alexander Matejko, Social Change and Stratification in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1974), 62-64.
35. Jan Szczepański, "La Société Polonaise: Changements dans la Structure de Classe," Revue française de Sociologie 6:1 (1965): 13-24; Walter D. Connor, Socialism, Politics, and Equality: Hierarchy and Change in Eastern Europe and the USSR (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 89-90; and Alexander Matejko, Social Change and Stratification in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1974), 62-64.
36. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Zrożnicowanie Spoleczne-Zawodowe i Jego Korelaty (Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1972). Similar tests performed later helped to develop the "destratification" thesis; see Tamás Kolosi, "Status and Stratification," in Rudolf Andorka and Tamás Kolosi, eds., Stratification and Inequalities (Budapest; Institute of Social Sciences, 1986); and Petr Matěju̇, "Stratification System and Economy in the Period of Transition: Economic Aspects of 'Destratification' in Former State Socialist Countries" (Prague: Institute of Sociology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1990).
37. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Zrożnicowanie Spoleczne-Zawodowe i Jego Korelaty (Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1972). Similar tests performed later helped to develop the "destratification" thesis; see Tamás Kolosi, "Status and Stratification," in Rudolf Andorka and Tamás Kolosi, eds., Stratification and Inequalities (Budapest; Institute of Social Sciences, 1986); and Petr Matěju̇, "Stratification System and Economy in the Period of Transition: Economic Aspects of 'Destratification' in Former State Socialist Countries" (Prague: Institute of Sociology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1990).
38. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Zrożnicowanie Spoleczne-Zawodowe i Jego Korelaty (Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1972). Similar tests performed later helped to develop the "destratification" thesis; see Tamás Kolosi, "Status and Stratification," in Rudolf Andorka and Tamás Kolosi, eds., Stratification and Inequalities (Budapest; Institute of Social Sciences, 1986); and Petr Matěju̇, "Stratification System and Economy in the Period of Transition: Economic Aspects of 'Destratification' in Former State Socialist Countries" (Prague: Institute of Sociology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1990).
39. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
40. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
41. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
42. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
43. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
44. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
45. Social stratification became the main object of study; see Pavel Machonin et al., Československá Společnost: Sociologická Analýza Sociální Stratifikace (Bratislava: Epocha, 1969); Tamás Kolosi, Status es Reteg (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1984); and Maria Jarosz, Nierówności Spoleczne (Warsaw: KiW, 1984). See also Tamás Kolosi and Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński, eds., Equality and Inequality under Socialism: Poland and Hungary Compared (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1984); and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Tadeusz K. Krauze, eds., Social Stratification in Poland: Eight Empirical Studies (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1986). For a review of the assumptions of social stratification research, see Włodzimierz Wesołowski and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975 (Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1977); and Michael D. Kennedy, "Transformations of Normative Foundations and Empirical Sociologies: Class, Stratification, and Democracy in Poland," in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Płoszajski, eds., Escape From Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992), 283-312.
46. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
47. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
48. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
49. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
50. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
51. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
52. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
53. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
54. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
55. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi,
56. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
57. For a review of class theories of socialist societies, see Zdenek Strmiska, "Divisions, Classes, Strata," in Pierre Kende and Zdenek Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality in Eastern Europe (Leamingron Spa: Berg, 1987), 279-341; and József Böröcz, "Mapping the Class Structures of State Socialism in East-Central Europe," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8 (1989): 279-309. Not all researchers share the assumption that class divisions are important for an internal differentiation of socialist societies; for a notable exception, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Markus, Dictatorship over Needs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984). For various aspects of class analysis of socialist societies relevant to this paper, see György Konrád and Iván Szelényi, The Intellectuals; Iván Szelényi, "The Intelligentsia in the Class Structure of State-Socialist Societies," American Journal of Sociology 88: Supplement (1982): S287-S326; Iván Szelényi, "The Prospects and Limits of Eastern European New Class Project," Politics and Society 15:1 (1987): 103-43; Janina Frentzel-Zagórska and Krzysztof Zagórski, "East European Intellectuals on the Road of Dissent: The Old Prophecy of a New Class Re-Examined," Politics and Society 17:1 (1989): 89-115; Krzysztof Zagórski, "Society, Economy and Class Relations," in Robert F. Miller, ed., Poland in the Eighties: Social Revolution Against 'Real Socialism' (Canberra: Australian National University, 1984), 91-104; Tamás Kolosi, "Stratification and Social Structure in Hungary (Budapest: Institute of Social Sciences, 1988); Rudolf Andorka, "Social Structure," in Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, and György Vukovich, eds., Social Report (Budapest: TARKI, 1992), 210-29; and Pavel Machonin and Milan Tuček, "Structures et Acteurs en Republique Tcheque Depuis 1989," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 79-109. See also Sharon Zukin, "Problems of Social Class Under Socialism," Theory and Society 6:3 (1978): 391-427.
58. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Work Situation, 106-131; and Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure, 31-54.
59. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Work Situation, 106-131; and Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure, 31-54.
60. István R. Gábor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts about the 'Second Economy'," in János Mátyás Kovács, ed., Transition to Capitalism? The Communist Legacy in Eastern Europe (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1994), 3-19; and Alejandro Portes and József Böröcz, "The Informal Sector under Capitalism and State Socialism: A Preliminary Comparison," Social Justice 15:1 (1989): 3-14.
61. István R. Gábor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts about the 'Second Economy'," in János Mátyás Kovács, ed., Transition to Capitalism? The Communist Legacy in Eastern Europe (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1994), 3-19; and Alejandro Portes and József Böröcz, "The Informal Sector under Capitalism and State Socialism: A Preliminary Comparison," Social Justice 15:1 (1989): 3-14.
62. We provide eta coefficients for the 1970s only in the case of Poland in table 1. However, various data collected in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the 1960s to the 1970s reveal similar relationships between social stratification variables - including education and income - and large occupational groups resembling social classes. In the same period, in the United States and several West European countries the correlation between social stratification variables and large occupational groups ranged from .54 to .79; see Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, "Class and Status from the East European Perspective," in Matti Alestalo et al., eds., The Tramformation of Europe: Social Conditions and Consequences (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1994).
63. The group of experts became especially important at the beginning of the transitional period. Referring to this period, Iván Szelényi noted "Currently, intellectuals play a fundamental role in the transformation of state socialist societies. This is particularly true for Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland. . . . As the foundations of bureaucratic domination eroded and the old elite declined, intellectuals emerged as the only viable candidates for membership in the new elite. Never before in East European history have intellectuals exercised more collective power than they do today in Hungary, Poland, or the Czech Republic." See his "Post-Industrialism, Post-Communism, and the New Class," in David B. Grusky, ed., Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), 727. See also Michael D. Kennedy, Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland (Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1991).
64. The group of experts became especially important at the beginning of the transitional period. Referring to this period, Iván Szelényi noted "Currently, intellectuals play a fundamental role in the transformation of state socialist societies. This is particularly true for Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland. . . . As the foundations of bureaucratic domination eroded and the old elite declined, intellectuals emerged as the only viable candidates for membership in the new elite. Never before in East European history have intellectuals exercised more collective power than they do today in Hungary, Poland, or the Czech Republic." See his "Post-Industrialism, Post-Communism, and the New Class," in David B. Grusky, ed., Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), 727. See also Michael D. Kennedy, Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland (Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1991).
65. Zygmunt Bauman, "Officialdom and Class: Basis of Inequality in Socialist Society," in Frank Parkin, ed., The Social Analysis of Class Structure (London: Tavistock, 1974), 129-48; and Maria Hirszowicz, Coercion and Control in Communist Society: The Visible Hand in a Command Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986). For an extensive and convincing theory of power relations in socialist countries, see Michael D. Kennedy, op. cit., 197-234. See also Zdenek Strmiska, "Political Power and Social Inequality," in Kende and Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality, 342-78.
66. Zygmunt Bauman, "Officialdom and Class: Basis of Inequality in Socialist Society," in Frank Parkin, ed., The Social Analysis of Class Structure (London: Tavistock, 1974), 129-48; and Maria Hirszowicz, Coercion and Control in Communist Society: The Visible Hand in a Command Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986). For an extensive and convincing theory of power relations in socialist countries, see Michael D. Kennedy, op. cit., 197-234. See also Zdenek Strmiska, "Political Power and Social Inequality," in Kende and Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality, 342-78.
67. Zygmunt Bauman, "Officialdom and Class: Basis of Inequality in Socialist Society," in Frank Parkin, ed., The Social Analysis of Class Structure (London: Tavistock, 1974), 129-48; and Maria Hirszowicz, Coercion and Control in Communist Society: The Visible Hand in a Command Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986). For an extensive and convincing theory of power relations in socialist countries, see Michael D. Kennedy, op. cit., 197-234. See also Zdenek Strmiska, "Political Power and Social Inequality," in Kende and Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality, 342-78.
68. Zygmunt Bauman, "Officialdom and Class: Basis of Inequality in Socialist Society," in Frank Parkin, ed., The Social Analysis of Class Structure (London: Tavistock, 1974), 129-48; and Maria Hirszowicz, Coercion and Control in Communist Society: The Visible Hand in a Command Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986). For an extensive and convincing theory of power relations in socialist countries, see Michael D. Kennedy, op. cit., 197-234. See also Zdenek Strmiska, "Political Power and Social Inequality," in Kende and Strmiska, eds., Equality and Inequality, 342-78.
69. Władyslaw Adamski, ed., Societal Conflict and Systemic Change: The Case of Poland, 1980-1992 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1993); Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, Aspirations, Values and Interests: Poland 1989-1994 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1994); and Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, "Social Structure, Group Interests, and Support for Systemic Transformation in East-Central Europe" (Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Seminar of the Democratization Program, Mershon Center of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 6 October 1994).
70. Władyslaw Adamski, ed., Societal Conflict and Systemic Change: The Case of Poland, 1980-1992 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1993); Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, Aspirations, Values and Interests: Poland 1989-1994 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1994); and Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, "Social Structure, Group Interests, and Support for Systemic Transformation in East-Central Europe" (Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Seminar of the Democratization Program, Mershon Center of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 6 October 1994).
71. Władyslaw Adamski, ed., Societal Conflict and Systemic Change: The Case of Poland, 1980-1992 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1993); Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, Aspirations, Values and Interests: Poland 1989-1994 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1994); and Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, "Social Structure, Group Interests, and Support for Systemic Transformation in East-Central Europe" (Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Seminar of the Democratization Program, Mershon Center of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 6 October 1994).
72. Zygmunt Bauman, "After the patronage state: a model in search of class interest," in Christopher G. A. Bryant and Edmund Mokrzycki, eds., The New Great Transformation? (London: Routledge, 1994), 14-35; and Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics of the Breakthrough in Eastern Europe: The Polish Experience (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
73. Zygmunt Bauman, "After the patronage state: a model in search of class interest," in Christopher G. A. Bryant and Edmund Mokrzycki, eds., The New Great Transformation? (London: Routledge, 1994), 14-35; and Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics of the Breakthrough in Eastern Europe: The Polish Experience (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
74. For a theoretical argument, see Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991); and Edmund Mokrzycki, "The Social Limits of East European Economic Reforms," Journal of Socio-Economics 22:1 (1993): 23-30.
75. For a theoretical argument, see Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991); and Edmund Mokrzycki, "The Social Limits of East European Economic Reforms," Journal of Socio-Economics 22:1 (1993): 23-30.
76. Bob Deacon, "Social Change, Social Problems and Social Policy," in Stephen White, Judy Batt, and Paul G. Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993); László Bruszt, "Transformative Politics: Social Costs and Social Peace in East Central Europe," in Kovács, Transition, 103-20; and World Bank, "Poverty in Poland - Executive Summary" (Paper presented in Warsaw, 18 June 1994).
77. Bob Deacon, "Social Change, Social Problems and Social Policy," in Stephen White, Judy Batt, and Paul G. Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993); László Bruszt, "Transformative Politics: Social Costs and Social Peace in East Central Europe," in Kovács, Transition, 103-20; and World Bank, "Poverty in Poland - Executive Summary" (Paper presented in Warsaw, 18 June 1994).
78. Bob Deacon, "Social Change, Social Problems and Social Policy," in Stephen White, Judy Batt, and Paul G. Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993); László Bruszt, "Transformative Politics: Social Costs and Social Peace in East Central Europe," in Kovács, Transition, 103-20; and World Bank, "Poverty in Poland - Executive Summary" (Paper presented in Warsaw, 18 June 1994).
79. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, "Social Divisions: Class and Status" (Paper presented at the Polish-Finnish Seminar "The Transformation of Europe: Societal Consequence," Lahti, Finland, 24-26 January 1992).
80. Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics; Attila Ágh, "From Nomenclature to Clientura: The Emergence of New Political Elites in East Central Europe," Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition 68 (Budapest: Hungarian Center for Democracy, 1993); Elemér Hankiss, East European Alternatives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); and David Stark, "Privatization in Hungary: From Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan?" East European Politics and Society 4:3 (1990): 351-92.
81. Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics; Attila Ágh, "From Nomenclature to Clientura: The Emergence of New Political Elites in East Central Europe," Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition 68 (Budapest: Hungarian Center for Democracy, 1993); Elemér Hankiss, East European Alternatives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); and David Stark, "Privatization in Hungary: From Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan?" East European Politics and Society 4:3 (1990): 351-92.
82. Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics; Attila Ágh, "From Nomenclature to Clientura: The Emergence of New Political Elites in East Central Europe," Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition 68 (Budapest: Hungarian Center for Democracy, 1993); Elemér Hankiss, East European Alternatives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); and David Stark, "Privatization in Hungary: From Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan?" East European Politics and Society 4:3 (1990): 351-92.
83. Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics; Attila Ágh, "From Nomenclature to Clientura: The Emergence of New Political Elites in East Central Europe," Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition 68 (Budapest: Hungarian Center for Democracy, 1993); Elemér Hankiss, East European Alternatives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); and David Stark, "Privatization in Hungary: From Plan to Market or from Plan to Clan?" East European Politics and Society 4:3 (1990): 351-92.
84. B. Harasymiw, "Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party's Leadership Recruitment System," Canadian Journal of Political Science 2:1 (1969): 121-35.
85. Paul G. Lewis, "Institutionalization of the Party-State Regime in Poland," in B. Misztal, ed., Poland After Solidarity: Social Movements Versus the State (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1985).
86. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and J-H. Lee, "The Nomenklatura System in Poland, 1978-1987: A Case of Political Segmentation of the Labor Market," Polish Sociological Review 4:104 (1993): 281-91.
87. Jadwiga Staniszkis, "Political Capitalism in Poland," East European Politics and Society 5:1 (1991): 58-86.
88. Bogdan W. Mach and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, "What Happened to the Nomenklatura System? The Political Segmentation of the Labor Market in Eastern Europe" (Paper presented at the Conference on "European Society or European Societies? Changes in the Labor Markets and European Integration," Espinho, Portugal, 22-28 October 1994.)
89. For a review of the theory, see Ákos Róna-Tas, "The First Shall Be Last? Entrepreneurship and Communist Cadres in the Transition from Socialism," American Journal of Sociology 100:1 (1994): 40-69; and see also József Böröcz and Ákos Róna-Tas, "Small Leap Forward: Emergence of New Economic Elites," Theory and Society 24:4 (1995): 751-81.
90. For a review of the theory, see Ákos Róna-Tas, "The First Shall Be Last? Entrepreneurship and Communist Cadres in the Transition from Socialism," American Journal of Sociology 100:1 (1994): 40-69; and see also József Böröcz and Ákos Róna-Tas, "Small Leap Forward: Emergence of New Economic Elites," Theory and Society 24:4 (1995): 751-81.
91. Melvin L. Kohn et al., "Class, Work, and Personality under Conditions of Radical Social Change: A Comparative Analysis of Poland and Ukraine" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington, D.C., 19-23 August 1995).
92. Karl G. Jöreskog and Dag Sörbom, LISREL VII: A Guide to the Program and Applications (Chicago: SPSS, Inc., 1991).
93. For example, see Anna Titkow, Stres i Życie Spoleczne: Polskie Doświadczenia (Warsaw: PIW, 1993); and James M. LaRocco, James S. House, and John R. P. French, Jr., "Social support, occupational stress, and health," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21:2 (1980): 202-18.
94. For example, see Anna Titkow, Stres i Życie Spoleczne: Polskie Doświadczenia (Warsaw: PIW, 1993); and James M. LaRocco, James S. House, and John R. P. French, Jr., "Social support, occupational stress, and health," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21:2 (1980): 202-18.
95. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Work Situation, 106-31; and Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure, 55-106.
96. Kazimierz M. Słomczyński and Melvin L. Kohn, Work Situation, 106-31; and Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure, 55-106.
97. Melvin L. Kohn and Kazimierz M. Słomczyński, Social Structure, 217, 221.
98. David S. Mason, "Attitudes Towards the Market and Political Participation in Post-Communist States," Slavic Review 54:2 (1995): 226-46;
99. Mary E. McIntosh et al., "Publics Meet Market Democracy in Central and East Europe, 1991-1993," Slavic Review 53:4 (1994): 483-512;
100. James R. Millar and Sharon L. Wolchik, eds., The Social Legacy of Communism (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1994);
101. and Richard Rose and Toni Makkai, "Consensus or Dissensus about Welfare Post-Communist Societies?" European Journal of Political Science 28:2 (1995): 203-24.
102. For a theoretical explanation of the lack of class consciousness in postcommunist East Central Europe, see David Ost, "Labor, Class, and Democracy: Shaping Political Antagonisms in Post-Communist Society," in Beverly Crawford, ed., Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1995), 177-203.
103. McIntosh et al., Publics Meet Market Democracy.
104. Richard Rose and Toni Makkai, "Consensus"; Shabad and Słomczyński, "Social Structure." . . .