Empathic weeping, social communication, and cognitive dissonance

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 299-322

  Hill, Paul ^a   Martin, Randall B ^b  

^a Elgin Mental Health Center   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031524535     PISSN: 07367236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/jscp.1997.16.3.299     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Aronson, E. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In R. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. McGuire, T. Newcomb, M. Rosenberg, & P. Tannebaum (Eds.), The cognitive consistency theories: A source book (pp. 5-27). Chicago: McNally.
2. Bell, S. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. (1972). Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development, 43, 1171-1190.
3. Berkowitz, L., & Devine, P. G. (1989). Research traditions, analysis, and synthesis in social psychological theories: The case of dissonance theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 493-507.
4. Berkowitz, L., & Donnerstein, E. (1982). External validity is more than skin deep: Some answers to criticisms of laboratory experiments. American Psychologist, 37, 245-257.
5. Berkowitz, L., & Troccoli, B. (1986). An examination of the assumptions in the demand characteristics thesis: With special reference to the Velten mood induction procedure. Motivation and Emotion, 10, 337-349.
6. Bohart, A. C. (1980). Toward a cognitive theory of catharsis. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 17, 192-201.
7. Borgquist, A. (1906). Crying. The American Journal of Psychology, 17, 149-205.
8. Brehm, J. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 89-102.
9. Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1955). Studies on hysteria (J. Strachey, Trans.). London: Hogarth Press.
10. Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
11. Cialdini, R. B., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitude and attitude change. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology: Vol. 32 (pp. 357-404). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
12. Collins, E. T. (1932). The physiology of weeping. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 16, 1-21.
13. Condon, J. W., & Crano, W. D. (1988). Inferred evaluation and the relation between attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 789-797.
14. Cooper, J., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A new look at dissonance theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 229-267). New York: Academic Press.
15. Cooper, J., Fazio, R. H., & Rhodewalt, F. (1978). Dissonance and humor: Evidence for the undifferentiated nature of dissonance arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 280-285.
16. Cooper, J., Zanna, M. P., Taves, P. A. (1978). Arousal as a necessary condition for attitude change following induced compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1101-1106.
17. Cornelius, R. R. (1982). Weeping as social interaction: The interpersonal logic of the moist eye. Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 3491B-3492B.
18. Cornelius, R. R. (1984). A rule model of adult emotional expression. In E. Z. Malatesta & C. E. Izard (Eds), Emotion in adult development (pp. 213-233). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19. Cornelius, R. R. (1988, April). Toward an ecological theory of crying and weeping. Paper presented at the Eastern Psychological Association, Buffalo, NY.
20. Crepeau, M. T. (1980). A comparison of the behavior patterns and meanings of weeping among men and women across three health conditions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
21. Cretser, G. A., Lombardo, W. K., Lombardo, B., & Mathis, S. (1982). Reactions to men and women who cry: A study of sex differences in perceived societal attitudes versus personal attitudes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 479-486.
22. Croyle, R., & Cooper, J. (1983). Dissonance arousal: Physiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 782-791.
23. Davis, W. E. (1990). Crying it out and laughing it up: The role of tears in stress and coping of college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado-Boulder.
24. Efran, J. S., & Spangler, T. J. (1979). Why grown-ups cry: A two factor theory and evidence from The miracle worker. Motivation and Emotion, 3, 63-72.
25. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
26. Frey, W. H. (1985). Crying: The mystery of tears. Minneapolis: Winston Press.
27. Gesell, A., & Ilg, F. L. (1949). Child development. New York: Harper.
28. Gesell, A., Ilg, F. L., & Ames, F. L. (1956). Youth: The years from ten to sixteen. New York: Harper.
29. Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85, 53-57.
30. Gross, J. J., Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenscn, R. W. (1994). The psychophysiology of crying. Psychophysiology, 31, 460-468.
31. Holston, S. G. (1991). Film-induced sadness and crying: Instructional parameters and autonomic correlates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
32. Horowitz, M. J. (1990). A model of mourning: Change in schemas of self and other. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 38, 297-324.
33. Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 302-308.
34. Jesser, C. J. (1982, April). Gender and crying among college students. Paper presented at Midwest Sociological Society, Des Moines.
35. Kraemer, D. L., & Hastrup, J. L. (1986). Crying in natural settings: Global estimates, self-monitored frequencies, depression and sex differences in an undergraduate population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 371-373.
36. Kraemer, D. L., & Hastrup, J. L. (1988). Crying in adults: Self-control and autonomic correlates. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 53-68.
37. Labott, S. M. (1987). An exploratory study of weeping: The relationships among emotional weeping, excitation transfer, schema change, reported mood, and somatic disturbance. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 3153B.
38. Labott, S. M., Ahleman, S., Wolever, M., Martin, R. B. (1990). The physiological and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion. Behavioral Medicine, 16, 182-189.
39. Labott, S. M., & Martin, R. B. (1987). The stress-moderating effects of weeping and humor. Journal of Human Stress, 13, 159-164.
40. Labott, S. M., & Martin, R. B. (1988). Weeping: Evidence for a cognitive theory. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 205-216.
41. Labott, S. M., Martin, R. B., & Eason, P. S. (1989, April). Emotional expression and physical symptomatology. Paper presented at the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA.
42. Labott, S. M., Martin, R. B., Eason, P. S., & Berkey, E. Y. (1991). Social reactions to the expression of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 397-417.
43. Lombardo, W. K., Cretser, G. A., Lombarde, B., & Mathis, S. L. (1983). Fer cryin' out loud: There is a sex difference. Sex Roles, 9, 987-995.
44. Marston, A., Hart, J., Hileman, C., & Faunce, W. (1984). Toward the laboratory study of sadness and crying. American Journal of Psychology, 97, 127-131.
45. Martin, R. B. (1988, April). Cognitive processes in weeping. Paper presented at the Eastern Psychological Association, Buffalo, NY.
46. Martin, R. B., Guthrie, C. A., & Pitts, C. G. (1992, May). Emotional crying, depressed mood, and immunity. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
47. Martin, R. B., & Labott, S. M. (1991). Mood following emotional crying: Effects of the situation. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 218-244.
48. McGlenn, M. L. (1990). A qualitative study of significant weeping events. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toledo.
49. McNiel, D. E., Arkowitz, H. S., & Prichard, B. E. (1987). The response of others to face-to-face interaction with depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 341-344.
50. Nel, D. Helmreich, R., & Aronson, E. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 117-124.
51. Nichols, M. P., & Efran, J. S. (1985). Catharsis in psychotherapy: A new perspective. Psychotherapy, 22, 46-58.
52. Orne, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776-783.
53. Rhodewalt, F., & Comer, R. (1979). Induced-compliance attitude change: Once more with feeling. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 35-47.
54. Rosenblatt, A., & Greenberg, J. (1988). Depression and interpersonal attraction: The role of perceived similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 112-119.
55. Rosenfeld, P., Kennedy, J. G., & Giacalone, R. A. (1986). Decision making: A demonstration of the postdecision dissonance effect. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 663-665.
56. Ross, C. E. & Mirowsky, J. (1984). Men who cry. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 138-146.
57. Saunders K. C. (Producer), & Spiro, S. (Director). (1989). A promise finally kept. New York: ABC News.
58. Scheff, T. J., & Bushnell, D. D. (1984). A theory of catharsis. Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 238-264.
59. Shimp, T. A., Hyatt, E. M., & Snyder, D. J. (1991). A critical appraisal of demand artifacts in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 273-283.
60. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). New York: Academic Press.
61. Stiles, W. B., Morrison, L. A., Haw, S. K., Harper, H., Firth-Cozens, J., Shapiro, D. A. (1991). Longitudinal study of assimilation in exploratory psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 28, 195-206.
62. Stote, J., & Martin, R. B. (1988, August). Self-schemas, gender, sex-roles, and crying. Paper presented at a meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta.
63. Tedeschi, J. T., Gaes, G. G., Norman, N., & Melburg, V. (1986). Pills and attitude change: Misattribution of arousal or excuses for negative actions. Journal of General Psychology, 113, 309-328.
64. Williams, D. G. (1982). Weeping by adults: Personality correlates and sex differences. The Journal of Psychology, 110, 217-226.
65. Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1974). Dissonance and the pill: An attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 703-709.