Development policies and identity politics: Class and collectivity in Belize

American Ethnologist

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 148-169

  Medina, Laurie Kroshus ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Class; Economic development; Identity; Ideology; Nationalism

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031517863     PISSN: 00940496     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/ae.1997.24.1.148     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Armstrong, Robert, and Janet Shenk 1982 El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. Boston: South End Press.
2. Balibar, Etienne 1991 Is There a "Neo-Racism"? In Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, eds. Pp. 17-28. New York: Verso.
3. Barrett, Michele, Philip Corrigan, Annette Kuhn, and Janet Wolff 1979 Representation and Cultural Production. In Ideology and Cultural Production. Michele Barrett, Philip Corrigan, Annette Kuhn, and Janet Wolff, eds. Pp. 9-24. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4. Barry, Tom 1992 Inside Belize. Albuquerque, NM: The Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center.
5. Birdwell-Pheasant, Donna 1985 Language Change and Ethnic Identity in Eastern Corozal. Belizean Studies 13(5/6):1-12.
6. Bolland, O. Nigel 1991 Society and Politics in Belize. In Society and Politics in the Caribbean. Colin Clarke, ed. Pp. 78-109. Oxford: Macmillan.
7. Brockmann, Thomas C. 1977 Ethnic and Racial Relations in Northern Belize. Ethnicity 4:246-262. 1985 Ethnic Participation in Orange Walk Economic Development. Ethnic Groups 6:187-208.
8. Brockmann, Thomas C. 1977 Ethnic and Racial Relations in Northern Belize. Ethnicity 4:246-262. 1985 Ethnic Participation in Orange Walk Economic Development. Ethnic Groups 6:187-208.
9. Cal, Angel 1991 Rural Society and Economic Development: British Mercantile Capital in Nineteenth-Century Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona.
10. Carmack, Robert M., ed. 1988 Harvest of Violence. The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
11. Central Statistical Office (CSO) 1984 Belize Labour Force Survey, 1983-84. Preliminary Report. Belmopan, Belize: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance. 1992-91 Population Census Major Findings. Belmopan, Belize: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance.
12. Central Statistical Office (CSO) 1984 Belize Labour Force Survey, 1983-84. Preliminary Report. Belmopan, Belize: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance. 1992-91 Population Census Major Findings. Belmopan, Belize: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance.
13. Citrus Company of Belize (CCB) 1990 Citrus News. Pomona, Belize: Citrus Company of Belize.
14. Deere, Carmen Diana, Peggy Antrobus, Lynn Bolles, Edwin Melendez, Peter Phillips, Marcia Rivera, and Helen Safa 1990 In the Shadows of the Sun: Caribbean Development Alternatives and U.S. Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
15. de Janvry, Alain 1981 The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
16. Diskin, Jonathan, and Blair Sandler 1993 Essentialism and the Economy in the Post-Marxist Imaginary: Reopening the Sutures. Rethinking Marxism 6(3):28-48.
17. Escobar, Arturo 1995 Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
18. Ferguson, Ann 1990 The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class in the United States Today. Rethinking Marxism 3(3-4):45-64.
19. Fox, Richard 1985 Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1990a Hindu Nationalism in the Making, or the Rise of the Hindian. In Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Cultures. AES Monograph Series, 2. Richard Fox, ed. Pp. 63-80. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
20. Fox, Richard 1985 Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1990a Hindu Nationalism in the Making, or the Rise of the Hindian. In Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Cultures. AES Monograph Series, 2. Richard Fox, ed. Pp. 63-80. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
21. Fox, Richard, ed. 1990b Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Cultures. AES Monograph Series, 2. Richard Fox, ed. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
22. Gellner, Ernest 1983 Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Gilroy, Paul 1987 There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
24. Glenn, Evelyn Nakano 1985 Racial Ethnic Women's Labor: The Intersection of Race, Gender and Class Oppression. Review of Radical Political Economics 17(3):86-108.
25. Gonzalez, Nancie Solien 1988 Sojourners of the Caribbean: Ethnogenesis and Ethnohistory of the Garifuna. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
26. Gordon, David, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich 1982 Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Gramsci, Antonio 1971 Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
28. Gregory, James 1976 The Modification of an Interethnic Boundary in Belize. American Ethnologist 3:683-709. 1984 The Mopan: Culture and Ethnicity in a Changing Belizean Community. Columbia: University of Missouri Monographs in Anthropology, 7.
29. Gregory, James 1976 The Modification of an Interethnic Boundary in Belize. American Ethnologist 3:683-709. 1984 The Mopan: Culture and Ethnicity in a Changing Belizean Community. Columbia: University of Missouri Monographs in Anthropology, 7.
30. Hall, Stuart 1983 Ideology in the Modern World. Address and discussion at La Trobe University, April 14th. (Jointly organized by Media Centre, Department of Sociology, and Department of Legal Studies.) 1986a Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:5-27. 1986b On Postmodernism and Articulation. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:45-60. 1986c The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:29-43. 1988 The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism Among the Theorists. In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Pp. 35-73. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
31. Hall, Stuart 1983 Ideology in the Modern World. Address and discussion at La Trobe University, April 14th. (Jointly organized by Media Centre, Department of Sociology, and Department of Legal Studies.) 1986a Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:5-27. 1986b On Postmodernism and Articulation. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:45-60. 1986c The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:29-43. 1988 The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism Among the Theorists. In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Pp. 35-73. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
32. Hall, Stuart 1983 Ideology in the Modern World. Address and discussion at La Trobe University, April 14th. (Jointly organized by Media Centre, Department of Sociology, and Department of Legal Studies.) 1986a Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:5-27. 1986b On Postmodernism and Articulation. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:45-60. 1986c The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:29-43. 1988 The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism Among the Theorists. In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Pp. 35-73. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
33. Hall, Stuart 1983 Ideology in the Modern World. Address and discussion at La Trobe University, April 14th. (Jointly organized by Media Centre, Department of Sociology, and Department of Legal Studies.) 1986a Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:5-27. 1986b On Postmodernism and Articulation. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:45-60. 1986c The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:29-43. 1988 The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism Among the Theorists. In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Pp. 35-73. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
34. Hall, Stuart 1983 Ideology in the Modern World. Address and discussion at La Trobe University, April 14th. (Jointly organized by Media Centre, Department of Sociology, and Department of Legal Studies.) 1986a Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:5-27. 1986b On Postmodernism and Articulation. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:45-60. 1986c The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees. The Journal of Communication Inquiry 10:29-43. 1988 The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism Among the Theorists. In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Pp. 35-73. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
35. Hall, Stuart, and James Donald 1985 Politics and Ideology. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.
36. Hall, Stuart, Bob Lumley, and Gregor McLennan 1977 Politics and Ideology: Gramsci. In On Ideology. Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies. Pp. 45-75. London, UK: Hutchinson.
37. Handler, Richard 1988 Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
38. Henderson, Peta 1990 Development and Dependency in a Belizean Village. SPEAReports, 4. Pp. 71-91. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research.
39. Herzfeld, Michael 1982 Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology, and the Making of Modern Greece. Austin: University of Texas Press.
40. Judd, Karen 1989 Cultural Synthesis or Ethnic Struggle? Creolization in Belize. Cimarron 2:103-118. 1992 Elite Reproduction and Ethnic Identity in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York.
41. Judd, Karen 1989 Cultural Synthesis or Ethnic Struggle? Creolization in Belize. Cimarron 2:103-118. 1992 Elite Reproduction and Ethnic Identity in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York.
42. Kapferer, Bruce 1988 Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
43. Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantai Mouffe 1985 Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. New York: Verso.
44. Medina, Laurie Kroshus 1990a Contests for Continuity or Change: A Local-Level View of the Organization of Power Relations in the Belizean Citrus Industry. Caribbean Studies 23(3-4):51-68. 1990b "For the Good of the Small Man": The Source of Small Growers' Power. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 44-51. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992a Immigration, Labor, and Government Policy: Class Conflict and Alternative Paths Towards Development. SPEAReports, 8. Pp. 144-158. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992b Power and Development: The Political-Economy of Identities in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 1994 Constructing an Afro-Belizean "Race": African and Belizean against a Spanish/"Alien" Other. Paper presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Santa Monica, April. In press Defining Difference, Forging Unity: The Co-Construction of Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Belize. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1998. n.d. Development Discourses: "Democracy" v. "Efficiency" in Belize. Unpublished manuscript.
45. Medina, Laurie Kroshus 1990a Contests for Continuity or Change: A Local-Level View of the Organization of Power Relations in the Belizean Citrus Industry. Caribbean Studies 23(3-4):51-68. 1990b "For the Good of the Small Man": The Source of Small Growers' Power. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 44-51. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992a Immigration, Labor, and Government Policy: Class Conflict and Alternative Paths Towards Development. SPEAReports, 8. Pp. 144-158. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992b Power and Development: The Political-Economy of Identities in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 1994 Constructing an Afro-Belizean "Race": African and Belizean against a Spanish/"Alien" Other. Paper presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Santa Monica, April. In press Defining Difference, Forging Unity: The Co-Construction of Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Belize. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1998. n.d. Development Discourses: "Democracy" v. "Efficiency" in Belize. Unpublished manuscript.
46. Medina, Laurie Kroshus 1990a Contests for Continuity or Change: A Local-Level View of the Organization of Power Relations in the Belizean Citrus Industry. Caribbean Studies 23(3-4):51-68. 1990b "For the Good of the Small Man": The Source of Small Growers' Power. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 44-51. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992a Immigration, Labor, and Government Policy: Class Conflict and Alternative Paths Towards Development. SPEAReports, 8. Pp. 144-158. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992b Power and Development: The Political-Economy of Identities in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 1994 Constructing an Afro-Belizean "Race": African and Belizean against a Spanish/"Alien" Other. Paper presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Santa Monica, April. In press Defining Difference, Forging Unity: The Co-Construction of Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Belize. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1998. n.d. Development Discourses: "Democracy" v. "Efficiency" in Belize. Unpublished manuscript.
47. Medina, Laurie Kroshus 1990a Contests for Continuity or Change: A Local-Level View of the Organization of Power Relations in the Belizean Citrus Industry. Caribbean Studies 23(3-4):51-68. 1990b "For the Good of the Small Man": The Source of Small Growers' Power. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 44-51. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992a Immigration, Labor, and Government Policy: Class Conflict and Alternative Paths Towards Development. SPEAReports, 8. Pp. 144-158. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992b Power and Development: The Political-Economy of Identities in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 1994 Constructing an Afro-Belizean "Race": African and Belizean against a Spanish/"Alien" Other. Paper presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Santa Monica, April. In press Defining Difference, Forging Unity: The Co-Construction of Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Belize. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1998. n.d. Development Discourses: "Democracy" v. "Efficiency" in Belize. Unpublished manuscript.
48. Medina, Laurie Kroshus 1990a Contests for Continuity or Change: A Local-Level View of the Organization of Power Relations in the Belizean Citrus Industry. Caribbean Studies 23(3-4):51-68. 1990b "For the Good of the Small Man": The Source of Small Growers' Power. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 44-51. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992a Immigration, Labor, and Government Policy: Class Conflict and Alternative Paths Towards Development. SPEAReports, 8. Pp. 144-158. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1992b Power and Development: The Political-Economy of Identities in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 1994 Constructing an Afro-Belizean "Race": African and Belizean against a Spanish/"Alien" Other. Paper presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Santa Monica, April. In press Defining Difference, Forging Unity: The Co-Construction of Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Belize. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1998. n.d. Development Discourses: "Democracy" v. "Efficiency" in Belize. Unpublished manuscript.
49. In press Defining Difference, Forging Unity: The Co-Construction of Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Belize. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1998.
50. n.d. Development Discourses: "Democracy" v. "Efficiency" in Belize. Unpublished manuscript.
51. Minister of Labor 1990 Interview by Norris Hall. Belize Radio One, March 30.
52. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Economic Development 1985 Five Year Macro-Economic Plan for Belize 1985-1989. Belmopan, Belize: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Economic Development.
53. Moberg, Mark 1992 Citrus, Class, and Strategy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
54. Nash, June, and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. 1983 Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. Albany: State University of New York Press.
55. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant 1986 Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
56. Palacio, Joseph 1988 Illegal Aliens in Belize: Findings from the 1984 Amnesty. In When Borders Don't Divide: Labor Migration and Refugee Movements in the Americas. Patricia Pessar, ed. Pp. 156-177. New York: Center for Migration Studies.
57. Prezworski, Adam 1977 Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Kautsky's "The Class Struggle" to Recent Controversies. Politics and Society 7:343-401.
58. Price, George 1989 Address to the Annual General Meeting of the Citrus Growers Association.
59. Pulse 1990 Citrus Industry Sold. January 21:1, 20.
60. Roseberry, William 1989 Anthropologies and Histories. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
61. Roxborough, Ian 1979 Theories of Underdevelopment. London: Macmillan.
62. Rutheiser, Charles 1990 Culture, Schooling, and Neocolonialism in Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.
63. Sacks, Karen Brodkin 1989 Toward a Unified Theory of Class, Race and Gender. American Ethnologist 16:534-550.
64. San Juan Jr., Epifanio 1989 Problems in the Marxist Project of Theorizing Race. Rethinking Marxism 2:58-80.
65. Shoman, Assad 1987 Double Jeopardy: Trade Union Relations with Party and State - The Case of the UGWU. Paper presented at the First Annual Studies on Belize Conference, Belize City, March 26-27.
66. Smith, Carol 1990 Failed Nationalist Movements in 19th-century Guatemala: A Parable for the Third World. In Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Cultures. AES Monograph Series, 2. Richard Fox, ed. Pp. 148-177. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
67. Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR) 1990 Profile of Belize. SPEAReports, 3. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research.
68. Stone, Michael 1990 Backabush: Settlement on the Belmopan Periphery and the Challenge to Rural Development. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 82-134. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1994 Caribbean Nation, Central American State: Ethnicity, Race, and National Formation in Belize, 1798-1990. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
69. Stone, Michael 1990 Backabush: Settlement on the Belmopan Periphery and the Challenge to Rural Development. SPEAReports, 6. Pp. 82-134. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research. 1994 Caribbean Nation, Central American State: Ethnicity, Race, and National Formation in Belize, 1798-1990. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
70. United Democratic Party (UDP) 1984 UDP Government Manifesto: Belize's Future: Free, Prosperous and Secure. Belmopan, Belize: United Democratic Party.
71. Verdery, Katherine 1991 National Ideology under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceausesceu's Romania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
72. Vernon, Dylan 1990 Belize Exodus to the United States: For Better or for Worse. SPEAReports, 4. Pp. 6-28. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research.
73. Weston, Kath 1990 Production as Means, Production as Metaphor: Women's Struggle to Enter the Trades. In Uncertain Terms. Faye Ginsberg and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, eds. Pp. 137-151. Boston: Beacon Press.
74. Wilk, Richard 1986 Mayan Ethnicity in Belize. Cultural Survival Quarterly 10:73-77.
75. Wilk, Richard, and Mac Chapin 1990 Ethnic Minorities in Belize: Mopan, Kekchi, and Garifuna. SPEAReport, 2. Belize City: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research.
76. Williams, Brackette 1989 A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Terrain. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 18:401-444. 1991 Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
77. Williams, Brackette 1989 A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Terrain. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 18:401-444. 1991 Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
78. Willis, Paul 1977 Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.
79. Wolpe, Harold 1986 Class Concepts, Class Struggle and Racism. In Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations. John Rex and David Mason, eds. Pp. 110-130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80. Wright, Pamela 1986 Language Shift and the Redefinition of Social Boundaries among the Carib of Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York.