Is a Rose Always a Rose? The Role of Social Category Exemplar Change in Attitude Stability and Attitude-Behavior Consistency

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 501-514

  Sia, Tiffiny L ^b   Lord, Charles G ^a   Blessum, Kenneth A ^b   Ratcliff, Christopher D ^b   Lepper, Mark R ^b  

^a TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031512978     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.501     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918.
2. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3. Alwin, D. F. (1976). Making inferences from attitude-behavior correlations. Sociometry, 36, 253-278.
4. Asch, S. E. (1940). Studies in the principles of judgments and attitudes: II. Determination of judgments by group and by ego standards. Journal of Social Psychology, SPSSI Bulletin, 12, 433-465.
5. Bellezza, F. S. V. (1984). Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: Common categories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 324-326.
6. Biernat, M., & Manis, M. (1994). Shifting standards and stereotype-based judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 5-20.
7. Bodenhausen, G. V., Schwarz, N., Bless, H., & Wänke, M. (1995). Effects of atypical exemplars on racial beliefs: Enlightened racism or generalized appraisals? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 48-63.
8. Carlston, D.E. (1994). Associated systems theory: A systematic approach to cognitive representations of persons. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 7, pp. 1-78). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R. (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 184-210). New York: Guilford.
10. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
11. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
12. Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Otto, S. (1994). Cognitive and affective bases of attitudes toward social groups and social policies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 113-137.
13. Esses, V. M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1994). The role of mood in the expression of intergroup stereotypes. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 77-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 75-110). New York: Academic Press.
15. Fazio, R. H., & Williams, C. J. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.
16. Fishbein, M. (1976). Attitude and the prediction of behavior. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Readings in attitude theory and measurement (pp. 477-492). New York: Wiley.
17. Graham, S., Weiner, B., Giuliano, T., & Williams, E. (1993). An attributional analysis of reactions to Magic Johnson. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 996-1010.
18. LaPiere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes versus actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-237.
19. Lord, C. G., Desforges, D. M., Fein, S., Pugh, M. A., & Lepper, M. R. (1994). Typicality effects in attitudes toward social policies: A concept-mapping approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 658-673.
20. Lord, C. G., Desforges, D. M., Ramsey, S. L., Trezza, G. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1991). Typicality effects in attitude-behavior consistency: Effects of category discrimination and category knowledge. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 550-575.
21. Lord, C. G., Lepper, M. R., & Mackie, D. (1984). Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude-behavior consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1254-1266.
22. Millar, M. G., & Tesser, A. (1992). The role of beliefs and feelings in guiding behavior: The mismatch model. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 277-300). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Ramsey, S. L., Lord, C. G., Wallace, D. S., & Pugh, M. A. (1994). The role of subtypes in attitudes towards superordinate social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 387-403.
24. Salancik, J. R., & Conway, M. (1975). Attitude inferences from salient and relevant cognitive content about behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 829-840.
25. Schuman, H., & Johnson, M. P. (1967). Attitudes and behavior. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 161-207.
26. Schwartz, S. H. (1978). Temporal instability as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 715-724.
27. Schwartz, S. H., & Tessler, R. C. (1972). A test of a model for reducing measured attitude-behavior discrepancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 225-236.
28. Schwarz, N., & Bless, H. (1992a). Constructing reality and its alternatives: An inclusion/exclusion model of assimilation and contrast effects in social judgment. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 217-245). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Schwarz, N., & Bless, H. (1992b). Scandals and the public's trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 574-579.
30. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F. Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simmons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 195-202.
31. Smith, E. R. (1992). The role of exemplars in social judgment. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 37-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Smith, E. R. (in press). Mental representation and memory. In G. Lindzey, S. T. Fiske, & D. Gilbert (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
33. Smith, E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1990). Exemplar and prototype use in social categorization. Social Cognition, 8, 243-262.
34. Smith, E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3-21.
35. Tesser, A. (1978). Self-generated attitude change. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 289-338). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
36. Thurstone, L. L. (1931). The measurement of attitudes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 26, 249-269.
37. Weigel, R. H., Vernon, D. T. A., & Tognacci, L. N. (1974). Specificity of the attitude as a determinant of attitude behavior congruence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 724-728.
38. Werth, J.L., & Lord, C. G. (1992). Previous conceptions of the typical group member and the contact hypothesis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13, 351-369.
39. Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-78.
40. Wilson, T. D., & Hodges, S. D. (1992). Attitudes as temporary constructions. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 37-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. Wilson, T. D., Kraft, D., & Dunn, D. S. (1989). The disruptive effects of explaining attitudes: The moderating effect of knowledge about the attitude object. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 379-400.
42. Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D. J., & Kraft, D. (1990). Effects of self-reflection on attitudes and consumer decisions. Advances in Consumer Research, 17, 79-85.
43. Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D. J., & Schooler, J. (1990). Some undesirable effects of self-reflection. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
44. Zanna, M. P., & Rempel, J. K. (1988). Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D. Bar-Tal & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), The social psychology of knowledge (pp. 315-334). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
45. Zarate, M. A., & Smith, E. R. (1990). Person categorization and stereo-typing. Social Cognition, 8, 161-185.