President Nixon sees a 'cover up': Public relations in federal agencies

Public Relations Review

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 301-325

  Lee, Mordecai ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0031498161     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(97)90048-5     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Coverage in the general press was quite limited: See Green Sterling F. Puffery. Associated Press. November 13, 1970.
2. The High Cost of Horn-Blowing. News-week. November 23, 1970.
3. Knap Ted. Nixon Budget Calls for Drastic Cuts in PRO's. Washington Daily News. February 2, 1971.
4. Easton William J. US Press Agent Bill: $116 Million Per Year. Chicago Daily News. June 1, 1971; More detailed coverage occurred in either columns or specialized publications that were oriented for federal employees. See.
5. column in the The Federal Diary. Washington Post. November 13, 1970.
6. See The Federal Diary. column in the Washington Post. November 26, 1970.
7. See The Federal Diary. column in the Washington Post. December 12, 1970.
8. See The Federal Diary. column in the Washington Post. February 23, 1971.
9. See The Federal Diary. column in the Washington Post. April 6, 1971.
10. See The Federal Diary. column in the Washington Post. March 13, 1972.
11. The Federal Spotlight. Washington Star. February 24, 1971.
12. Also Federal Times. January 14, 1970.
13. Also Federal Times. November 25, 1970.
14. Also Federal Times. December 9, 1970.
15. Also Federal Times. January 27, 1971.
16. Also Federal Times. February 24, 1971.
17. Also Federal Times. March 17, 1971.
18. Army Times. January 27, 1971.
19. Air Force Times. November 25, 1970.
20. Navy Times. January 21, 1970.
21. Government Executive. March 1970.
22. Government Executive. March 1971.
23. Government Photography. July 1970.
24. Government Photography. December 1970.
25. Government Photography. January 1971.
26. Government Photography. March 1971.
27. Government Photography. April 1971.
28. The only public presidential document mentioned in this article was neither published in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: Monday, November 9, 1970. 1970;Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
29. nor in the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 1970. 1971;Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
30. None of the in-house memoranda to and from the president that are quoted in this article were published Oudes Bruce. From: The President, Richard Nixon's Secret Files. 1989;Harper & Row, New York.
31. The events recounted in this article are not mentioned in the memoirs of the people who were personally involved Nixon Richard. RN, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. 1978;Grosset & Dunlap, New York.
32. Haldeman H.R. The Ends of Power. 1978;Times Books, New York.
33. Ehrlichman John. Witness to Power: The Nixon Years. 1982;New Day, Simon and Schuster.
34. Magruder Jeb Stuart. An American Life: One Man's Road to Watergate. 1974;Atheneum, New York.
35. Safire William. Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House. 1975;Double day Books, Garden City, NY.
36. Dean John. Blind Ambition: The White House Years. 1976;Simon and Schuster, New York.
37. Also, interviewees Strober Deborah H., Gerald S. Nixon: An Oral History of His Presidency. 1994;HarperCollins, New York, included Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Klein, and Finch, but no reference is made to the topic of this article. The published (and abridged) version of Haldeman's diaries refers to one meeting that was related. See note 17.
38. For example, see Ambrose Stephen E. Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962-1972, Volume 2. 1987;Simon and Schuster, New York.
39. Genovese Michael A. The Nixon Presidency: Power and Politics in Turbulent Times. 1990;Greenwood Press, New York.
40. Hoff Joan. Nixon Reconsidered. 1994;Basic Books, New York.
41. Interview with Joseph Laitin, Assistant to the Director, Office of Management and Budget, December 20, 1972.
42. Interview with Herbert G. Klein, Director of Communications, White House, May 8, 1973.
43. Letter to the author from Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, June 15, 1973.
44. Interview with Samuel M. Cohn, Assistant Director, Office of Management and Budget, May 18, 1973.
45. Interview with Paul W. Costello, Deputy Director of Communications, White House, March 9, 1973.
46. Interview with Costello, May 13, 1973.
47. Interview with William L. Safire, Special Assistant to the President, February 21, 1973.
48. Letter to the author from Robert P. Mayo, Director, Bureau of the Budget, February 21, 1973.
49. Haldeman H.R. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. 1994;115 G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
50. Interview with George H. Strauss, Chief of the Resources Systems Branch, Budget Review Division, Office of Management and Budget, February 28, 1973.
51. Attributed to a "Budget Bureau Official" Bonafede Dom. Nixon orders 500 jobs, $10 million cut from public relations budgets. National Journal. May 7, 1970;912.
52. Interview with Carl Tiller, Special Advisor on Budget Development, Office of Budget Review, Office of Management and Budget, March 27, 1973.
53. Commission on the Organization of the Executive Branch of Government. Report No. 7: Budgeting and Accounting. 1949;29-30.
54. Commission on the Organization of the Executive Branch of Government. Report No. 7: Budgeting and Accounting. 1949;73.
55. For the effort to reduce publications by federal agencies see Bureau of the Budget. War on Waste. 1964;43 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
56. Johnson Lyndon B. Public Papers of Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. 1965;340-341 Government Printing Office, Washington. DC.
57. Johnson Lyndon B. Public Papers of Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. 1965;599 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
58. Johnson Lyndon B. Public Papers of Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. 1965;712 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
59. Johnson Lyndon B. Public Papers of Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. 1965;865 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
60. Johnson Lyndon B. Public Papers of Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. 1965;1219 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
61. Johnson Lyndon B. Public Papers of Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. 1965;1548 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
62. For the effort to control audio-visual materials of federal agencies see Bureau of the Budget Bulletin 69-7. October 30, 1968;. and BOB press release OD-212 (November 1, 1968).
63. Interview with Clifford C. Oberlander, Resources Systems Branch, Budget Review Division, Office of Management and Budget, March 4, 1973.
64. A term coined by Herbert Simon to mean a decision that is satisfactory and sufficient rather than perfectly rational. He outlines this approach Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations. 4th ed. 1997;118-120 Free Press, New York.
65. Attributed to a "Budget Bureau Official" Bonafede Dom. Nixon orders 500 jobs, $10 million cut from public relations budgets. National Journal. May 7, 1970;912.
66. Interview with Laitin, April 2, 1973.
67. Memorandum To: The Director / From: James M. Fry / December 30, 1969. Obtained from OMB files.
68. Memorandum for the President / Subject: Agency staffing for public and press relations / from Robert Mayo / December 30, 1969. Obtained from OMB fi.
69. Interview with Samuel M. Cohn, Assistant Director, Office of Management and Budget, May 18, 1973.
70. Interview with Clifford C. Oberlander, Resources Systems Branch, Budget Review Division, Office of Management and Budget, March 4, 1973.
71. Interview with Samuel M. Cohn, Assistant Director, Office of Management and Budget, May 18, 1973.
72. Interview with Cohn, October 11, 1973.
73. Interview with Oberlander, April 3, 1973.
74. Niskanen William A. Structural Reform of the Federal Budget Process. 1973;55-56 American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC. Emphasis in original.
75. Interview with Laitin, April 2, 1973.
76. Pimlott J.A.R. Public Relations and American Democracy. 1951;69-101 Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
77. Letter to the author from Robert P. Mayo, Director, Bureau of the Budget, February 21, 1973.
78. Interview with William Boleyn, Chief of the Program Implementation Branch, Program Coordination Division, Office of Management and Budget, April 25.
79. Interview with Cohn, October 11, 1973.
80. Interview with Roger L. Greene, Director of Resources Systems Branch, Budget Review Division, Office of Management and Budget, March 5, 1973.
81. Attributed to "Assistant to Mayo," Bonafede Dom. Nixon orders 500 jobs, $10 million cut from public relations budgets. National Journal. May 7, 1970.
82. Interview with Laitin, December 20, 1972.
83. Interview with Neal Ball, Deputy Press Secretary to the President, April 5, 1973.
84. Interview with Jeb Stuart Magruder, Deputy Director of Communications, White House, March 21, 1973.
85. Interview with Oberlander, April 3, 1973.
86. U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Subject: Agency Public Relations Activities. Bulletin No. 70-10. April 2, 1970.
87. Interview with Edmund Morrison, Fiscal Branch, Budget Review Division, Office of Management and Budget, February 21, 1973.
88. U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Subject: Agency Public Relations Activities. Budget Procedures Memorandum No. 381. April 27, 1970;1.
89. U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Subject: Agency Public Relations Activities. Budget Procedures Memorandum No. 381. April 27, 1970;2.
90. U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Subject: Agency Public Relations Activities. Budget Procedures Memorandum No. 381. April 27, 1970;3.
91. Memorandum for Mr. Kenneth R. Cole, Deputy Assistant to the President / Subject: Report on Public Relations Activities / From William A. Boleyn, Executive Assistant Director. Obtained from OMB files.
92. Schlesinger, who had been BOB's Assistant Director, was named Acting Director when Mayo was 'kicked upstairs' with the title of Counselor to th.
93. U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Subject: Reductions in Agency Public Relations Activities. Budget Procedures Memorandum No. 384. June 1, 1970;1.
94. Interview with George H. Strauss, Chief of the Resources Systems Branch, Budget Review Division, Office of Management and Budget, February 28, 1973.
95. Interview with Cohn, June 23, 1973.
96. Interview with Jeb Stuart Magruder, Deputy Director of Communications, White House, March 21, 1973. interview with Marguita E. White, Assistant Deputy Director, Office of Communications, White House, January 30, 1973. and interview with Ronald O. Baukol, White House Fellow, February 7, 1973.
97. Interview with Jeb Stuart Magruder, Deputy Director of Communications, White House, March 21, 1973. interview with Marguita E. White, Assistant Deputy Director, Office of Communications, White House, January 30, 1973. and interview with Ronald O. Baukol, White House Fellow, February 7, 1973.
98. Interview with Jeb Stuart Magruder, Deputy Director of Communications, White House, March 21, 1973. interview with Marguita E. White, Assistant Deputy Director, Office of Communications, White House, January 30, 1973. and interview with Ronald O. Baukol, White House Fellow, February 7, 1973.
99. Ehrlichman declined to be interviewed. Letter to the author, July 31, 1973.
100. Obtained from OMB files.
101. Obtained from OMB files. This memorandum was not officially published. See endnote 2.
102. Interview with Kelly Campbell, Program Coordination Division, Office of Management and Budget, April 10, 1973.
103. White House orders multi-million-dollar cuts in agency '71 and '72 public relations funds. Government Photography. March 1971;10.
104. Interview with Campbell, March 27, 1973.
105. Interview with Campbell, February 14, 1973.
106. Agencies to file quarterly reports of PR cutbacks. Government Photography. April 1971;7.
107. The Office of Budget Review was renamed the Budget Review Division when the Bureau of the Budget became the Office of Management and Budget. See endnote 59.
108. Interview with Morrison, April 23, 1973.
109. Letter to the author from Arnold W. Weber, Associate Director, Office of Management and Budget, April 11, 1973.
110. Oberdorfer Don. Government Pitchmen Still Sell Hard; Despite PR Cuts, Selling of the Government Still Intense. Washington Post. June 1, 1971;A1.
111. Interview with Laitin, March 8, 1972.
112. Interview with Laitin, January 16, 1973.
113. Interview with Morrison, April 23, 1973.
114. Interview with Campbell, February 9, 1973.
115. Interview with Campbell, March 27, 1973.
116. Interview with Laitin, July 6, 1972.
117. Quoted in Bonafede Dom. Administration tries public relations to reestablish image and promote its efforts. National Journal. June 23, 1973;909.
118. Interview with Campbell, February 14, 1973.
119. Obtained from OMB files.