The impact of spatial mismatch on female labor force participation

Economic Development Quarterly

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 138-145

  Thompson, Mark A ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031497441     PISSN: 08912424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/089124249701100203     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. This is evidenced by four recent reviews of the spatial mismatch literature: Christopher Jencks and Susan E. Mayer, "Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Opportunities," in Inner-City Poverty in the United States, ed. Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Michael G. H. McGreary (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990), pp. 187-222; Harry J. Holzer, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?" Urban Studies 28 (January 1991): 105-22; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, Job Accessibility and the Employment and School Enrollment of Teenagers (Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1992); and John F. Kain, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later," Housing Policy Debate 3 (1992): 371-460.
2. This is evidenced by four recent reviews of the spatial mismatch literature: Christopher Jencks and Susan E. Mayer, "Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Opportunities," in Inner-City Poverty in the United States, ed. Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Michael G. H. McGreary (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990), pp. 187-222; Harry J. Holzer, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?" Urban Studies 28 (January 1991): 105-22; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, Job Accessibility and the Employment and School Enrollment of Teenagers (Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1992); and John F. Kain, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later," Housing Policy Debate 3 (1992): 371-460.
3. This is evidenced by four recent reviews of the spatial mismatch literature: Christopher Jencks and Susan E. Mayer, "Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Opportunities," in Inner-City Poverty in the United States, ed. Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Michael G. H. McGreary (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990), pp. 187-222; Harry J. Holzer, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?" Urban Studies 28 (January 1991): 105-22; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, Job Accessibility and the Employment and School Enrollment of Teenagers (Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1992); and John F. Kain, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later," Housing Policy Debate 3 (1992): 371-460.
4. This is evidenced by four recent reviews of the spatial mismatch literature: Christopher Jencks and Susan E. Mayer, "Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Opportunities," in Inner-City Poverty in the United States, ed. Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Michael G. H. McGreary (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990), pp. 187-222; Harry J. Holzer, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?" Urban Studies 28 (January 1991): 105-22; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, Job Accessibility and the Employment and School Enrollment of Teenagers (Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1992); and John F. Kain, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later," Housing Policy Debate 3 (1992): 371-460.
5. John F. Kain, "Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization," Quarterly Journal of Economics 82 (May 1968): 175-97.
6. Duran Bell, Jr., "Residential Location, Economic Performance, and Public Employment," in Patterns of Racial Discrimination, vol. 1, ed. George M. Von Furstenberg, Bennett Harrison, and Ann R. Horowitz (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1974), pp. 55-76; Clifford E. Reid, "The Effect of Residential Location on the Wages of Black Women and White Women," Journal of Urban Economics 18 (November 1985): 350-63; and John Vrooman and Stuart Greenfield, "Are Blacks Making It in the Suburbs? Some New Evidence on Intrametropolitan Spatial Segmentation," Journal of Urban Economics 7 (March 1980): 155-67.
7. Duran Bell, Jr., "Residential Location, Economic Performance, and Public Employment," in Patterns of Racial Discrimination, vol. 1, ed. George M. Von Furstenberg, Bennett Harrison, and Ann R. Horowitz (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1974), pp. 55-76; Clifford E. Reid, "The Effect of Residential Location on the Wages of Black Women and White Women," Journal of Urban Economics 18 (November 1985): 350-63; and John Vrooman and Stuart Greenfield, "Are Blacks Making It in the Suburbs? Some New Evidence on Intrametropolitan Spatial Segmentation," Journal of Urban Economics 7 (March 1980): 155-67.
8. Duran Bell, Jr., "Residential Location, Economic Performance, and Public Employment," in Patterns of Racial Discrimination, vol. 1, ed. George M. Von Furstenberg, Bennett Harrison, and Ann R. Horowitz (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1974), pp. 55-76; Clifford E. Reid, "The Effect of Residential Location on the Wages of Black Women and White Women," Journal of Urban Economics 18 (November 1985): 350-63; and John Vrooman and Stuart Greenfield, "Are Blacks Making It in the Suburbs? Some New Evidence on Intrametropolitan Spatial Segmentation," Journal of Urban Economics 7 (March 1980): 155-67.
9. Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
10. Harold Rose, "The All Black Town: Suburban Prototype or Rural Slum?" in People and Politics in Urban Society, vol. 6: Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, ed. Harlan Hahn (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1972), pp. 397-431 ; and John F. Kain, "Black Suburbanization in the Eighties: A New Beginning or a False Hope?" in American Domestic Priorities: An Economic Appraisal, ed. John M. Quigley and Daniel Rubinfeld (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 253-84.
11. Harold Rose, "The All Black Town: Suburban Prototype or Rural Slum?" in People and Politics in Urban Society, vol. 6: Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, ed. Harlan Hahn (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1972), pp. 397-431 ; and John F. Kain, "Black Suburbanization in the Eighties: A New Beginning or a False Hope?" in American Domestic Priorities: An Economic Appraisal, ed. John M. Quigley and Daniel Rubinfeld (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 253-84.
12. Sara McLafferty and Valerie Preston, "Spatial Mismatch and Labor Market Segmentation for African-American and Latina Women," Economic Geography 68 (October 1992): 406-31.
13. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the United States: 1990, Current Population Reports P-60, 175 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1991).
14. Ibid.
15. Janice F. Madden, "Why Women Work Closer to Home," Urban Studies 18 (June 1981): 181-94; and Janice F. Madden and Michelle J. White, "Spatial Implications of Increases in the Female Labor Force: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis," Land Economics 56 (November 1980): 432-46.
16. Janice F. Madden, "Why Women Work Closer to Home," Urban Studies 18 (June 1981): 181-94; and Janice F. Madden and Michelle J. White, "Spatial Implications of Increases in the Female Labor Force: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis," Land Economics 56 (November 1980): 432-46.
17. Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist, "Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates," American Economic Review 80 (March 1990): 267-76.
18. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of the Population and Housing, 1990: Public Use Microdata Samples (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992).
19. David T. Ellwood, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Are There Teenage Jobs Missing in the Ghetto?" in The Black Youth Employment Crisis, ed. Richard B. Freeman and Harry J. Holzer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 147-85; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility," p. 63.
20. David T. Ellwood, "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Are There Teenage Jobs Missing in the Ghetto?" in The Black Youth Employment Crisis, ed. Richard B. Freeman and Harry J. Holzer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 147-85; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility," p. 63.
21. Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
22. Ihlanfeldt and Sjoquist, "Job Accessibility and Racial Differences."
23. Ibid.; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist, "The Effect of Job Access on Black and White Youth Employment: A Cross-Sectional Analysis," Urban Studies 28 (1991): 255-65; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
24. Ibid.; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist, "The Effect of Job Access on Black and White Youth Employment: A Cross-Sectional Analysis," Urban Studies 28 (1991): 255-65; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
25. Ibid.; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist, "The Effect of Job Access on Black and White Youth Employment: A Cross-Sectional Analysis," Urban Studies 28 (1991): 255-65; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
26. Daniel McFadden, "The Measurement of Urban Travel Demand," Journal of Public Economics 3 (November 1974): 303-28.
27. The job access measure employed is imperfect but is consistent with that used by Ellwood as well as by I&S as indicated in the text. Many of the women in the sample may rely on public transportation; basing their estimated commute times on auto users may make their job access appear better than it is. Therefore, the job access measure may be a conservative estimate; the results, based on mean commute times, should be interpreted as lower bound estimates.
28. Holzer, "Spatial Mismatch"; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
29. Holzer, "Spatial Mismatch"; and Ihlanfeldt, "Job Accessibility."
30. If we focus on the variables describing individual characteristics, the presence of children under 6 years old in the household is negatively and significantly correlated with labor force participation probability. The coefficients on children ages 6 to 17 years are statistically insignificant. Children in this age group are likely to be enrolled in school or are old enough to care for themselves or for younger siblings, precluding the need for child care. As expected, the estimated coefficients on the dummy variable for a disability limiting work are negative and statistically significant for all samples except the Los Angeles Hispanic sample.
31. Ronald Oaxaca, "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review 14 (October 1973): 693-708; and Alan S. Blinder, "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates," Journal of Human Resources 8 (Fall 1973): 436-55.
32. Ronald Oaxaca, "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review 14 (October 1973): 693-708; and Alan S. Blinder, "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates," Journal of Human Resources 8 (Fall 1973): 436-55.