Productive clerks: White-collar productivism and state-building in Palestine's Jewish community, 1920-1950

International Review of Social History

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 187-218

  De Vries, David ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031493161     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0020859000114889     Document Type: Article

References (232)

1. E. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf [Urgent Assignment]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), p. 5; P. Naphtali, "Meshek Milchmati [War Economy]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 2-4; I. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad [Rationalization in Office Work]", Shurot, 113 (May 1951), p. 7. Since 1938 Shurot has been the monthly bulletin of Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (Union of Clerical Employees). For international advice see H. Fish, "Raising Productivity in Israel", International Labour Review, 68, 4-5 (October-November 1953), pp. 3-20. For comparison see A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Detroit, 1987), pp. 136-138; M. Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).
2. E. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf [Urgent Assignment]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), p. 5; P. Naphtali, "Meshek Milchmati [War Economy]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 2-4; I. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad [Rationalization in Office Work]", Shurot, 113 (May 1951), p. 7. Since 1938 Shurot has been the monthly bulletin of Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (Union of Clerical Employees). For international advice see H. Fish, "Raising Productivity in Israel", International Labour Review, 68, 4-5 (October-November 1953), pp. 3-20. For comparison see A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Detroit, 1987), pp. 136-138; M. Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).
3. E. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf [Urgent Assignment]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), p. 5; P. Naphtali, "Meshek Milchmati [War Economy]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 2-4; I. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad [Rationalization in Office Work]", Shurot, 113 (May 1951), p. 7. Since 1938 Shurot has been the monthly bulletin of Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (Union of Clerical Employees). For international advice see H. Fish, "Raising Productivity in Israel", International Labour Review, 68, 4-5 (October-November 1953), pp. 3-20. For comparison see A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Detroit, 1987), pp. 136-138; M. Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).
4. E. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf [Urgent Assignment]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), p. 5; P. Naphtali, "Meshek Milchmati [War Economy]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 2-4; I. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad [Rationalization in Office Work]", Shurot, 113 (May 1951), p. 7. Since 1938 Shurot has been the monthly bulletin of Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (Union of Clerical Employees). For international advice see H. Fish, "Raising Productivity in Israel", International Labour Review, 68, 4-5 (October-November 1953), pp. 3-20. For comparison see A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Detroit, 1987), pp. 136-138; M. Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).
5. E. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf [Urgent Assignment]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), p. 5; P. Naphtali, "Meshek Milchmati [War Economy]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 2-4; I. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad [Rationalization in Office Work]", Shurot, 113 (May 1951), p. 7. Since 1938 Shurot has been the monthly bulletin of Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (Union of Clerical Employees). For international advice see H. Fish, "Raising Productivity in Israel", International Labour Review, 68, 4-5 (October-November 1953), pp. 3-20. For comparison see A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Detroit, 1987), pp. 136-138; M. Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).
6. E. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf [Urgent Assignment]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), p. 5; P. Naphtali, "Meshek Milchmati [War Economy]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 2-4; I. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad [Rationalization in Office Work]", Shurot, 113 (May 1951), p. 7. Since 1938 Shurot has been the monthly bulletin of Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (Union of Clerical Employees). For international advice see H. Fish, "Raising Productivity in Israel", International Labour Review, 68, 4-5 (October-November 1953), pp. 3-20. For comparison see A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Detroit, 1987), pp. 136-138; M. Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).
7. The Clerks' Union was founded in 1919 on the basis of small local clerical unions already operating from 1913. It became part of the union structure of the Histadrut when the latter was established at the end of 1920. It was a Jewish organization based on clerks working at Zionist, labor and private capital institutions. Only a few of the clerks who worked in the bureaucracy of the British Mandatory Government were Histadrut members. They were represented either by the Union of Railways, Post and Telegraph Workers, or the Union of Government Clerks. The Union of State Employees was set up (despite opposition from the Histadrut Clerks' Union) in February 1948, in conjunction with the establishment of Israel. See Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh: Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, 1945-1948 [In Test of Practice, The Union of Clerks, 1945-1948] (Tel Aviv, 1949); S. Rolbant, Ha-Mivneh Ha-Demographi, Ha-Kalkali Ve-Ha-Chevrati Shel Tsibur Ha-Pekidim Be-Israel [The Demographic, Economic and Social Structure of the Clerks in Israel] (Tel Aviv, 1961).
8. The Clerks' Union was founded in 1919 on the basis of small local clerical unions already operating from 1913. It became part of the union structure of the Histadrut when the latter was established at the end of 1920. It was a Jewish organization based on clerks working at Zionist, labor and private capital institutions. Only a few of the clerks who worked in the bureaucracy of the British Mandatory Government were Histadrut members. They were represented either by the Union of Railways, Post and Telegraph Workers, or the Union of Government Clerks. The Union of State Employees was set up (despite opposition from the Histadrut Clerks' Union) in February 1948, in conjunction with the establishment of Israel. See Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh: Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, 1945-1948 [In Test of Practice, The Union of Clerks, 1945-1948] (Tel Aviv, 1949); S. Rolbant, Ha-Mivneh Ha-Demographi, Ha-Kalkali Ve-Ha-Chevrati Shel Tsibur Ha-Pekidim Be-Israel [The Demographic, Economic and Social Structure of the Clerks in Israel] (Tel Aviv, 1961).
9. For Zionist ideology see D. Horowitz and M. Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity: The Political System of the Jewish Community in Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago, 1978), ch. 6. For physical work see H. Hever, Paitanim U-Birionim: Tsmeichat Ha-Shir Ha-Politi Ha-Ivri Be-Eretz-Israel [Poets and Zealots: The Rise of Political Hebrew Poetry in Eretz-Israel] (Jerusalem, 1994), ch. 2. For the modern image see D.J. Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918 (Bloomington, 1991). For the conflictual nature of town society see M. Avizohar, Bir'i Saduk: Idealim Chevrati'im U-Leumi'im Ve-Hishtakfutam Be-Olama Shel Mapai [National and Social Ideals as Reflected in the Party of the Workers of Palestine] (Tel Aviv, 1990), chs 13-16. For Taylorism and labor see M.J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932: A Historical Analysis (Cambridge, MA, 1955), esp. ch. 9; and D. Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of Industrial Democracy (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 160-172.
10. For Zionist ideology see D. Horowitz and M. Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity: The Political System of the Jewish Community in Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago, 1978), ch. 6. For physical work see H. Hever, Paitanim U-Birionim: Tsmeichat Ha-Shir Ha-Politi Ha-Ivri Be-Eretz-Israel [Poets and Zealots: The Rise of Political Hebrew Poetry in Eretz-Israel] (Jerusalem, 1994), ch. 2. For the modern image see D.J. Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918 (Bloomington, 1991). For the conflictual nature of town society see M. Avizohar, Bir'i Saduk: Idealim Chevrati'im U-Leumi'im Ve-Hishtakfutam Be-Olama Shel Mapai [National and Social Ideals as Reflected in the Party of the Workers of Palestine] (Tel Aviv, 1990), chs 13-16. For Taylorism and labor see M.J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932: A Historical Analysis (Cambridge, MA, 1955), esp. ch. 9; and D. Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of Industrial Democracy (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 160-172.
11. For Zionist ideology see D. Horowitz and M. Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity: The Political System of the Jewish Community in Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago, 1978), ch. 6. For physical work see H. Hever, Paitanim U-Birionim: Tsmeichat Ha-Shir Ha-Politi Ha-Ivri Be-Eretz-Israel [Poets and Zealots: The Rise of Political Hebrew Poetry in Eretz-Israel] (Jerusalem, 1994), ch. 2. For the modern image see D.J. Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918 (Bloomington, 1991). For the conflictual nature of town society see M. Avizohar, Bir'i Saduk: Idealim Chevrati'im U-Leumi'im Ve-Hishtakfutam Be-Olama Shel Mapai [National and Social Ideals as Reflected in the Party of the Workers of Palestine] (Tel Aviv, 1990), chs 13-16. For Taylorism and labor see M.J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932: A Historical Analysis (Cambridge, MA, 1955), esp. ch. 9; and D. Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of Industrial Democracy (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 160-172.
12. For Zionist ideology see D. Horowitz and M. Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity: The Political System of the Jewish Community in Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago, 1978), ch. 6. For physical work see H. Hever, Paitanim U-Birionim: Tsmeichat Ha-Shir Ha-Politi Ha-Ivri Be-Eretz-Israel [Poets and Zealots: The Rise of Political Hebrew Poetry in Eretz-Israel] (Jerusalem, 1994), ch. 2. For the modern image see D.J. Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918 (Bloomington, 1991). For the conflictual nature of town society see M. Avizohar, Bir'i Saduk: Idealim Chevrati'im U-Leumi'im Ve-Hishtakfutam Be-Olama Shel Mapai [National and Social Ideals as Reflected in the Party of the Workers of Palestine] (Tel Aviv, 1990), chs 13-16. For Taylorism and labor see M.J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932: A Historical Analysis (Cambridge, MA, 1955), esp. ch. 9; and D. Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of Industrial Democracy (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 160-172.
13. For Zionist ideology see D. Horowitz and M. Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity: The Political System of the Jewish Community in Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago, 1978), ch. 6. For physical work see H. Hever, Paitanim U-Birionim: Tsmeichat Ha-Shir Ha-Politi Ha-Ivri Be-Eretz-Israel [Poets and Zealots: The Rise of Political Hebrew Poetry in Eretz-Israel] (Jerusalem, 1994), ch. 2. For the modern image see D.J. Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918 (Bloomington, 1991). For the conflictual nature of town society see M. Avizohar, Bir'i Saduk: Idealim Chevrati'im U-Leumi'im Ve-Hishtakfutam Be-Olama Shel Mapai [National and Social Ideals as Reflected in the Party of the Workers of Palestine] (Tel Aviv, 1990), chs 13-16. For Taylorism and labor see M.J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932: A Historical Analysis (Cambridge, MA, 1955), esp. ch. 9; and D. Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of Industrial Democracy (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 160-172.
14. For Zionist ideology see D. Horowitz and M. Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity: The Political System of the Jewish Community in Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago, 1978), ch. 6. For physical work see H. Hever, Paitanim U-Birionim: Tsmeichat Ha-Shir Ha-Politi Ha-Ivri Be-Eretz-Israel [Poets and Zealots: The Rise of Political Hebrew Poetry in Eretz-Israel] (Jerusalem, 1994), ch. 2. For the modern image see D.J. Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918 (Bloomington, 1991). For the conflictual nature of town society see M. Avizohar, Bir'i Saduk: Idealim Chevrati'im U-Leumi'im Ve-Hishtakfutam Be-Olama Shel Mapai [National and Social Ideals as Reflected in the Party of the Workers of Palestine] (Tel Aviv, 1990), chs 13-16. For Taylorism and labor see M.J. Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, 1900-1932: A Historical Analysis (Cambridge, MA, 1955), esp. ch. 9; and D. Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of Industrial Democracy (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 160-172.
15. See C.S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Cambridge, 1987). For productivism see also A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (New York, 1990), pp. 272-273.
16. See C.S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Cambridge, 1987). For productivism see also A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (New York, 1990), pp. 272-273.
17. The idea for the article originated from J. Coakley (ed.), The Social Origins of Nationalist Movements: The Contemporary West European Experience (London, 1992); and Y. Shenhav, "Al Ha-Havnaya Ha-Chevratit Shel Pirion Ha-Avoda [On the Social Construction of Labor Productivity]", Shenaton Mishpat Ha-Avoda (1992), pp. 195-212.
18. The idea for the article originated from J. Coakley (ed.), The Social Origins of Nationalist Movements: The Contemporary West European Experience (London, 1992); and Y. Shenhav, "Al Ha-Havnaya Ha-Chevratit Shel Pirion Ha-Avoda [On the Social Construction of Labor Productivity]", Shenaton Mishpat Ha-Avoda (1992), pp. 195-212.
19. The article does not intend to deal with the maturation of the ideology of productivism in Israel during the 1950s, but only with a segment of its social history. Its wider dissemination requires further research. The article is based on primary archival material of the Clerks' Union and the Histadrut in the Archives of the Labor Movement in the Lavon Institute, Tel Aviv (hereafter LA). Most citations are from the periodical press of the organized clerks - Pinkas Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim [A Booklet on Clerks' Issues], published 1930-1938 (hereafter Pinkas), and Shurot: Pinkas Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim [Lines: A Booklet on Clerks' Issues], published from 1938 until today (hereafter Shurot).
20. The numbers exclude clerks' wives who worked at home and were members of the Histadrut. See Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, pp. 13-16. Between 1922 and 1946 the share of clerks in the Jewish population increased from 2.3 per cent to 5.5 per cent. During the same period the share of the organized clerks in the total clerical sector increased from 42.9 per cent to 63.4 per cent. See Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Sikumim, 13 and 18. See also G. Ofer, The Service Industries in a Developing Economy: The Case of Israel (New York, 1967); Y. Shapiro, Ha-Deomkratia Be-Israel [Democracy in Israel] (Ramat-Gan, 1977).
21. The numbers exclude clerks' wives who worked at home and were members of the Histadrut. See Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, pp. 13-16. Between 1922 and 1946 the share of clerks in the Jewish population increased from 2.3 per cent to 5.5 per cent. During the same period the share of the organized clerks in the total clerical sector increased from 42.9 per cent to 63.4 per cent. See Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Sikumim, 13 and 18. See also G. Ofer, The Service Industries in a Developing Economy: The Case of Israel (New York, 1967); Y. Shapiro, Ha-Deomkratia Be-Israel [Democracy in Israel] (Ramat-Gan, 1977).
22. The numbers exclude clerks' wives who worked at home and were members of the Histadrut. See Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, pp. 13-16. Between 1922 and 1946 the share of clerks in the Jewish population increased from 2.3 per cent to 5.5 per cent. During the same period the share of the organized clerks in the total clerical sector increased from 42.9 per cent to 63.4 per cent. See Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Sikumim, 13 and 18. See also G. Ofer, The Service Industries in a Developing Economy: The Case of Israel (New York, 1967); Y. Shapiro, Ha-Deomkratia Be-Israel [Democracy in Israel] (Ramat-Gan, 1977).
23. The numbers exclude clerks' wives who worked at home and were members of the Histadrut. See Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, pp. 13-16. Between 1922 and 1946 the share of clerks in the Jewish population increased from 2.3 per cent to 5.5 per cent. During the same period the share of the organized clerks in the total clerical sector increased from 42.9 per cent to 63.4 per cent. See Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Sikumim, 13 and 18. See also G. Ofer, The Service Industries in a Developing Economy: The Case of Israel (New York, 1967); Y. Shapiro, Ha-Deomkratia Be-Israel [Democracy in Israel] (Ramat-Gan, 1977).
24. D. Weinryb, "Me-Ha-Ba'aiot Ha-Sotsiologiot Ba-Arets [Among the Sociological Problems of the Country]", Mozna'im, 5:29 (Sivan 5679) [May-June 1937], pp. 539-547; J. Metzer, " 'Hon Leumi' Ke-Musag Yesod Ba-Tsionut: Hashkafat Ha-Olam Ha-Kalkalit Ba-Machshava Ha-Tsionit, 1918-1921 ['National Capital'as a Basic Concept in Zionism: The Economic World View in Zionist Thought, 1918-1921]", Falk Discussion Papers, 763 (Jerusalem, 1976); M.R. Bessinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power (Cambridge, MA, 1988). The discrepancy between the clerks' improving economic status and low social and cultural prestige is elaborated in my "National Construction of Occupational Identity: Jewish Clerks in British-Ruled Palestine", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39, 2.
25. D. Weinryb, "Me-Ha-Ba'aiot Ha-Sotsiologiot Ba-Arets [Among the Sociological Problems of the Country]", Mozna'im, 5:29 (Sivan 5679) [May-June 1937], pp. 539-547; J. Metzer, " 'Hon Leumi' Ke-Musag Yesod Ba-Tsionut: Hashkafat Ha-Olam Ha-Kalkalit Ba-Machshava Ha-Tsionit, 1918-1921 ['National Capital'as a Basic Concept in Zionism: The Economic World View in Zionist Thought, 1918-1921]", Falk Discussion Papers, 763 (Jerusalem, 1976); M.R. Bessinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power (Cambridge, MA, 1988). The discrepancy between the clerks' improving economic status and low social and cultural prestige is elaborated in my "National Construction of Occupational Identity: Jewish Clerks in British-Ruled Palestine", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39, 2.
26. D. Weinryb, "Me-Ha-Ba'aiot Ha-Sotsiologiot Ba-Arets [Among the Sociological Problems of the Country]", Mozna'im, 5:29 (Sivan 5679) [May-June 1937], pp. 539-547; J. Metzer, " 'Hon Leumi' Ke-Musag Yesod Ba-Tsionut: Hashkafat Ha-Olam Ha-Kalkalit Ba-Machshava Ha-Tsionit, 1918-1921 ['National Capital'as a Basic Concept in Zionism: The Economic World View in Zionist Thought, 1918-1921]", Falk Discussion Papers, 763 (Jerusalem, 1976); M.R. Bessinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power (Cambridge, MA, 1988). The discrepancy between the clerks' improving economic status and low social and cultural prestige is elaborated in my "National Construction of Occupational Identity: Jewish Clerks in British-Ruled Palestine", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39, 2.
27. D. Weinryb, "Me-Ha-Ba'aiot Ha-Sotsiologiot Ba-Arets [Among the Sociological Problems of the Country]", Mozna'im, 5:29 (Sivan 5679) [May-June 1937], pp. 539-547; J. Metzer, " 'Hon Leumi' Ke-Musag Yesod Ba-Tsionut: Hashkafat Ha-Olam Ha-Kalkalit Ba-Machshava Ha-Tsionit, 1918-1921 ['National Capital'as a Basic Concept in Zionism: The Economic World View in Zionist Thought, 1918-1921]", Falk Discussion Papers, 763 (Jerusalem, 1976); M.R. Bessinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power (Cambridge, MA, 1988). The discrepancy between the clerks' improving economic status and low social and cultural prestige is elaborated in my "National Construction of Occupational Identity: Jewish Clerks in British-Ruled Palestine", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39, 2.
28. Yoman Mazkir Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Diary of the Secretary of the Clerks' Union (Akiva Globman)] (February-July 1931), LA/236-2-229; Y. Shohami, "Ba'aiat Ha-Pakid Ha-Ivri Ba'aretz [The Problem of the Jewish Clerk in Palestine]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 27 March 1946, pp. 10-11; Z. Carmi, "Neged Rigshei Kipu'ach Ve-Haflaya [Against Feelings of Deprivation and Discrimination]", Shurot, 208 (April-May 1959), p. 4.
29. Yoman Mazkir Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Diary of the Secretary of the Clerks' Union (Akiva Globman)] (February-July 1931), LA/236-2-229; Y. Shohami, "Ba'aiat Ha-Pakid Ha-Ivri Ba'aretz [The Problem of the Jewish Clerk in Palestine]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 27 March 1946, pp. 10-11; Z. Carmi, "Neged Rigshei Kipu'ach Ve-Haflaya [Against Feelings of Deprivation and Discrimination]", Shurot, 208 (April-May 1959), p. 4.
30. Yoman Mazkir Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Diary of the Secretary of the Clerks' Union (Akiva Globman)] (February-July 1931), LA/236-2-229; Y. Shohami, "Ba'aiat Ha-Pakid Ha-Ivri Ba'aretz [The Problem of the Jewish Clerk in Palestine]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 27 March 1946, pp. 10-11; Z. Carmi, "Neged Rigshei Kipu'ach Ve-Haflaya [Against Feelings of Deprivation and Discrimination]", Shurot, 208 (April-May 1959), p. 4.
31. Y. Zandbank, "Pe'ulateinu Ha-Tarbutit, Tafkide-ha U-Keshaye-ha [Our Cultural Action, Its Roles and Difficulties]", Pinkas (April 1935), pp. 4-10; G.A. Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The Questions of Cultural Action Among Commercial Clerks]", in Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon Shel Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The First National Convention of Commercial Clerks] (Tel Aviv, May 1938), pp. 18-21. For background see M. Levin, Erchei Chevra Ve-Kalkala Ba-Ide'ologia Shel Tekufat Ha-Haskala [Social and Economic Values in the Ideology of the Enlightenment] (Jerusalem, 1975), chs 4-5.
32. Y. Zandbank, "Pe'ulateinu Ha-Tarbutit, Tafkide-ha U-Keshaye-ha [Our Cultural Action, Its Roles and Difficulties]", Pinkas (April 1935), pp. 4-10; G.A. Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The Questions of Cultural Action Among Commercial Clerks]", in Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon Shel Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The First National Convention of Commercial Clerks] (Tel Aviv, May 1938), pp. 18-21. For background see M. Levin, Erchei Chevra Ve-Kalkala Ba-Ide'ologia Shel Tekufat Ha-Haskala [Social and Economic Values in the Ideology of the Enlightenment] (Jerusalem, 1975), chs 4-5.
33. Y. Zandbank, "Pe'ulateinu Ha-Tarbutit, Tafkide-ha U-Keshaye-ha [Our Cultural Action, Its Roles and Difficulties]", Pinkas (April 1935), pp. 4-10; G.A. Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The Questions of Cultural Action Among Commercial Clerks]", in Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon Shel Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The First National Convention of Commercial Clerks] (Tel Aviv, May 1938), pp. 18-21. For background see M. Levin, Erchei Chevra Ve-Kalkala Ba-Ide'ologia Shel Tekufat Ha-Haskala [Social and Economic Values in the Ideology of the Enlightenment] (Jerusalem, 1975), chs 4-5.
34. D.B. Weinryb, "Me-Ba'aiot Ha-Pekidut Ha-Yehudit [Among the Problems of Jewish Clerks)", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 540. See also R., "Matsav Ha-Pekidim Be-Eretz Israel [The Condition of the Clerks in Palestine]", Michtav Chozer, Agudat Ha-Pekidim, Yafo (1922), 3-6, LA/IV-143-25; N. Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali Shel Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The Economic Condition of the Commercial Clerks]", in Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, pp. 5-9.
35. D.B. Weinryb, "Me-Ba'aiot Ha-Pekidut Ha-Yehudit [Among the Problems of Jewish Clerks)", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 540. See also R., "Matsav Ha-Pekidim Be-Eretz Israel [The Condition of the Clerks in Palestine]", Michtav Chozer, Agudat Ha-Pekidim, Yafo (1922), 3-6, LA/IV-143-25; N. Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali Shel Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The Economic Condition of the Commercial Clerks]", in Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, pp. 5-9.
36. D.B. Weinryb, "Me-Ba'aiot Ha-Pekidut Ha-Yehudit [Among the Problems of Jewish Clerks)", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 540. See also R., "Matsav Ha-Pekidim Be-Eretz Israel [The Condition of the Clerks in Palestine]", Michtav Chozer, Agudat Ha-Pekidim, Yafo (1922), 3-6, LA/IV-143-25; N. Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali Shel Pekidei Ha-Mischar [The Economic Condition of the Commercial Clerks]", in Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, pp. 5-9.
37. Ger, "Ha-Pekidut Ha-Tsiburit [Public Clerking]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 15-16 (15 Nissan 5679) [15 April 1919]. See also N. Ben-Shalom, "Ramat Ha-Chaim Ve-Odef Pekidim [Living Standards and Clerks' Surplus]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 12.
38. Ger, "Ha-Pekidut Ha-Tsiburit [Public Clerking]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 15-16 (15 Nissan 5679) [15 April 1919]. See also N. Ben-Shalom, "Ramat Ha-Chaim Ve-Odef Pekidim [Living Standards and Clerks' Surplus]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 12.
39. A.Y. S.H., "Ha-Pakid Ve-Ha-Yeshuv [The Clerk and the Jewish Settlement]", in Michtav Chozer, pp. 2-3.
40. A. Globman, "Shalosh Ha-Mesimot [The Three Assignments]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), p. 4. See also M. Krupnik, "Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Union of Clerks]", Kuntres, 258 (2 Iyar 5686) [16 April 1926]; D. Smilanski, "Min Ha-Yamin Ha-Rishonim [From the First Days]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), pp. 21-24.
41. A. Globman, "Shalosh Ha-Mesimot [The Three Assignments]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), p. 4. See also M. Krupnik, "Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Union of Clerks]", Kuntres, 258 (2 Iyar 5686) [16 April 1926]; D. Smilanski, "Min Ha-Yamin Ha-Rishonim [From the First Days]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), pp. 21-24.
42. A. Globman, "Shalosh Ha-Mesimot [The Three Assignments]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), p. 4. See also M. Krupnik, "Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Union of Clerks]", Kuntres, 258 (2 Iyar 5686) [16 April 1926]; D. Smilanski, "Min Ha-Yamin Ha-Rishonim [From the First Days]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), pp. 21-24.
43. M. Benenson, "Chelko Shel Ha-Pakid Ba-Mivneh Ha-Chadash [The Role of the Clerk in the New Structure]", Shurot, 31 (July 1943), pp. 5-6.
44. Z. Ben-Ya'akov, "Yeilut Be-Avoda Misradit [Efficiency in Office Work]", Shurot, 140-141 (August-September 1953), p. 16.
45. "Me-Hirhurei Pakid [Some Clerk's Thoughts]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 13. See also M. Nemirovski, "Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ivrim Be-Eretz-Israel [Jewish Clerks in Palestine]", Mischar Ve-Ta'asia, 14 (1929), p. 236; Y. Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel [The Organized Clerk in the State of Israel]", Shurot, 96/97 (December 1949), pp. 4-5; E. Bonneh, "Be-Sha'ar Niveinu [At the First Page of the Bulletin of the Workers of Haifa's Municipality]", Niveinu, 13 (January 1951), pp. 3-6; D. Ben-Gurion, "Be-Yom Pekuda [At the Day of Reckoning]", Shurot, 41 (August 1944), p. 3.
46. "Me-Hirhurei Pakid [Some Clerk's Thoughts]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 13. See also M. Nemirovski, "Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ivrim Be-Eretz-Israel [Jewish Clerks in Palestine]", Mischar Ve-Ta'asia, 14 (1929), p. 236; Y. Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel [The Organized Clerk in the State of Israel]", Shurot, 96/97 (December 1949), pp. 4-5; E. Bonneh, "Be-Sha'ar Niveinu [At the First Page of the Bulletin of the Workers of Haifa's Municipality]", Niveinu, 13 (January 1951), pp. 3-6; D. Ben-Gurion, "Be-Yom Pekuda [At the Day of Reckoning]", Shurot, 41 (August 1944), p. 3.
47. "Me-Hirhurei Pakid [Some Clerk's Thoughts]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 13. See also M. Nemirovski, "Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ivrim Be-Eretz-Israel [Jewish Clerks in Palestine]", Mischar Ve-Ta'asia, 14 (1929), p. 236; Y. Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel [The Organized Clerk in the State of Israel]", Shurot, 96/97 (December 1949), pp. 4-5; E. Bonneh, "Be-Sha'ar Niveinu [At the First Page of the Bulletin of the Workers of Haifa's Municipality]", Niveinu, 13 (January 1951), pp. 3-6; D. Ben-Gurion, "Be-Yom Pekuda [At the Day of Reckoning]", Shurot, 41 (August 1944), p. 3.
48. "Me-Hirhurei Pakid [Some Clerk's Thoughts]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 13. See also M. Nemirovski, "Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ivrim Be-Eretz-Israel [Jewish Clerks in Palestine]", Mischar Ve-Ta'asia, 14 (1929), p. 236; Y. Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel [The Organized Clerk in the State of Israel]", Shurot, 96/97 (December 1949), pp. 4-5; E. Bonneh, "Be-Sha'ar Niveinu [At the First Page of the Bulletin of the Workers of Haifa's Municipality]", Niveinu, 13 (January 1951), pp. 3-6; D. Ben-Gurion, "Be-Yom Pekuda [At the Day of Reckoning]", Shurot, 41 (August 1944), p. 3.
49. "Me-Hirhurei Pakid [Some Clerk's Thoughts]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 13. See also M. Nemirovski, "Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ivrim Be-Eretz-Israel [Jewish Clerks in Palestine]", Mischar Ve-Ta'asia, 14 (1929), p. 236; Y. Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel [The Organized Clerk in the State of Israel]", Shurot, 96/97 (December 1949), pp. 4-5; E. Bonneh, "Be-Sha'ar Niveinu [At the First Page of the Bulletin of the Workers of Haifa's Municipality]", Niveinu, 13 (January 1951), pp. 3-6; D. Ben-Gurion, "Be-Yom Pekuda [At the Day of Reckoning]", Shurot, 41 (August 1944), p. 3.
50. A. Globman, "Amida Meusheshet [Firm Standing]", Pinkas, 19 (October 1936), pp. 3-4; Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali", pp. 5-9; L. Klein, "Hilchot Mechira Be-Veit Ha-Mischar [Selling Practices in a Commercial Establishment]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), pp. 10-11; D. Misradai, "Ovdei Ha-Misradim: Eich Itmechu Ba-Ta'asia [Office Workers - How Would They Support Industry]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), pp. 11-12; H. Dagesh " 'Hasneh' U-Bitucho Shel Ha-Pakid [The Hasneh Insurance Company and Clerks' Insurance]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut [Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 105 (September 1950), pp. 20-21.
51. A. Globman, "Amida Meusheshet [Firm Standing]", Pinkas, 19 (October 1936), pp. 3-4; Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali", pp. 5-9; L. Klein, "Hilchot Mechira Be-Veit Ha-Mischar [Selling Practices in a Commercial Establishment]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), pp. 10-11; D. Misradai, "Ovdei Ha-Misradim: Eich Itmechu Ba-Ta'asia [Office Workers - How Would They Support Industry]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), pp. 11-12; H. Dagesh " 'Hasneh' U-Bitucho Shel Ha-Pakid [The Hasneh Insurance Company and Clerks' Insurance]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut [Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 105 (September 1950), pp. 20-21.
52. A. Globman, "Amida Meusheshet [Firm Standing]", Pinkas, 19 (October 1936), pp. 3-4; Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali", pp. 5-9; L. Klein, "Hilchot Mechira Be-Veit Ha-Mischar [Selling Practices in a Commercial Establishment]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), pp. 10-11; D. Misradai, "Ovdei Ha-Misradim: Eich Itmechu Ba-Ta'asia [Office Workers - How Would They Support Industry]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), pp. 11-12; H. Dagesh " 'Hasneh' U-Bitucho Shel Ha-Pakid [The Hasneh Insurance Company and Clerks' Insurance]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut [Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 105 (September 1950), pp. 20-21.
53. A. Globman, "Amida Meusheshet [Firm Standing]", Pinkas, 19 (October 1936), pp. 3-4; Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali", pp. 5-9; L. Klein, "Hilchot Mechira Be-Veit Ha-Mischar [Selling Practices in a Commercial Establishment]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), pp. 10-11; D. Misradai, "Ovdei Ha-Misradim: Eich Itmechu Ba-Ta'asia [Office Workers -How Would They Support Industry]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), pp. 11-12; H. Dagesh " 'Hasneh' U-Bitucho Shel Ha-Pakid [The Hasneh Insurance Company and Clerks' Insurance]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut [Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 105 (September 1950), pp. 20-21.
54. A. Globman, "Amida Meusheshet [Firm Standing]", Pinkas, 19 (October 1936), pp. 3-4; Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali", pp. 5-9; L. Klein, "Hilchot Mechira Be-Veit Ha-Mischar [Selling Practices in a Commercial Establishment]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), pp. 10-11; D. Misradai, "Ovdei Ha-Misradim: Eich Itmechu Ba-Ta'asia [Office Workers - How Would They Support Industry]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), pp. 11-12; H. Dagesh " 'Hasneh' U-Bitucho Shel Ha-Pakid [The Hasneh Insurance Company and Clerks' Insurance]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut [Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 105 (September 1950), pp. 20-21.
55. A. Globman, "Amida Meusheshet [Firm Standing]", Pinkas, 19 (October 1936), pp. 3-4; Meltser, "Ha-Matsav Ha-Kalkali", pp. 5-9; L. Klein, "Hilchot Mechira Be-Veit Ha-Mischar [Selling Practices in a Commercial Establishment]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), pp. 10-11; D. Misradai, "Ovdei Ha-Misradim: Eich Itmechu Ba-Ta'asia [Office Workers - How Would They Support Industry]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), pp. 11-12; H. Dagesh " 'Hasneh' U-Bitucho Shel Ha-Pakid [The Hasneh Insurance Company and Clerks' Insurance]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut [Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 105 (September 1950), pp. 20-21.
56. Hu-Pakid Ba-Ta'asia [The Clerk in Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1943), pp. 3-4; A. Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha [Industry and its Clerks]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 2; Benenson, "Chelko Shel Ha-Pakid", pp. 5-6; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, p. 6; T. Greenberg, "Na'amod Ba-Mivchan [We Shall Stand the Test]", Shurot, 11/12 (Februrary 1940), p. 8.
57. Hu-Pakid Ba-Ta'asia [The Clerk in Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1943), pp. 3-4; A. Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha [Industry and its Clerks]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 2; Benenson, "Chelko Shel Ha-Pakid", pp. 5-6; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, p. 6; T. Greenberg, "Na'amod Ba-Mivchan [We Shall Stand the Test]", Shurot, 11/12 (Februrary 1940), p. 8.
58. Hu-Pakid Ba-Ta'asia [The Clerk in Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1943), pp. 3-4; A. Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha [Industry and its Clerks]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 2; Benenson, "Chelko Shel Ha-Pakid", pp. 5-6; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, p. 6; T. Greenberg, "Na'amod Ba-Mivchan [We Shall Stand the Test]", Shurot, 11/12 (Februrary 1940), p. 8.
59. Hu-Pakid Ba-Ta'asia [The Clerk in Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1943), pp. 3-4; A. Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha [Industry and its Clerks]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 2; Benenson, "Chelko Shel Ha-Pakid", pp. 5-6; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, p. 6; T. Greenberg, "Na'amod Ba-Mivchan [We Shall Stand the Test]", Shurot, 11/12 (Februrary 1940), p. 8.
60. Hu-Pakid Ba-Ta'asia [The Clerk in Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1943), pp. 3-4; A. Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha [Industry and its Clerks]", Shurot, 37/38 (March-April 1944), p. 2; Benenson, "Chelko Shel Ha-Pakid", pp. 5-6; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artsi Ha-Rishon, p. 6; T. Greenberg, "Na'amod Ba-Mivchan [We Shall Stand the Test]", Shurot, 11/12 (Februrary 1940), p. 8.
61. Y.L. Ben-Tovim, "Pekidim [Clerks]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), p. 28; C. Gavrielli, "Hagana Beinle'umit [International Protection]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930) p. 17-20; T. Greenberg, "Tafkid Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Medinat Israel [The Role of the Clerks Union in the State of Israeli", Shurot, 90 (June 1949), pp. 2-3; S. Keren-Tsvi, "Charashnu, Zara'anu Ve-Gam Katsarnu: La-Kenes Ha-Artsi Ha-Shlishi Shel Ha-Ovdim Ha-Munitsipali'im [We Ploughed, Sowed and Reaped: On the Third National Convention of Municipal Workers]", Shurot, 172 (April 1956), p. 5.
62. Y.L. Ben-Tovim, "Pekidim [Clerks]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), p. 28; C. Gavrielli, "Hagana Beinle'umit [International Protection]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930) p. 17-20; T. Greenberg, "Tafkid Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Medinat Israel [The Role of the Clerks Union in the State of Israeli", Shurot, 90 (June 1949), pp. 2-3; S. Keren-Tsvi, "Charashnu, Zara'anu Ve-Gam Katsarnu: La-Kenes Ha-Artsi Ha-Shlishi Shel Ha-Ovdim Ha-Munitsipali'im [We Ploughed, Sowed and Reaped: On the Third National Convention of Municipal Workers]", Shurot, 172 (April 1956), p. 5.
63. Y.L. Ben-Tovim, "Pekidim [Clerks]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), p. 28; C. Gavrielli, "Hagana Beinle'umit [International Protection]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930) p. 17-20; T. Greenberg, "Tafkid Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Medinat Israel [The Role of the Clerks Union in the State of Israeli", Shurot, 90 (June 1949), pp. 2-3; S. Keren-Tsvi, "Charashnu, Zara'anu Ve-Gam Katsarnu: La-Kenes Ha-Artsi Ha-Shlishi Shel Ha-Ovdim Ha-Munitsipali'im [We Ploughed, Sowed and Reaped: On the Third National Convention of Municipal Workers]", Shurot, 172 (April 1956), p. 5.
64. Y.L. Ben-Tovim, "Pekidim [Clerks]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930), p. 28; C. Gavrielli, "Hagana Beinle'umit [International Protection]", Pinkas, 1 (March 1930) p. 17-20; T. Greenberg, "Tafkid Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Medinat Israel [The Role of the Clerks Union in the State of Israeli", Shurot, 90 (June 1949), pp. 2-3; S. Keren-Tsvi, "Charashnu, Zara'anu Ve-Gam Katsarnu: La-Kenes Ha-Artsi Ha-Shlishi Shel Ha-Ovdim Ha-Munitsipali'im [We Ploughed, Sowed and Reaped: On the Third National Convention of Municipal Workers]", Shurot, 172 (April 1956), p. 5.
65. For the first quotation see Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf", p. 5. For the second see Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid [Labor Productivity in the Clerk's Work]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), p. 14. See also A. Govrin (Globman), "Bedek Ha-Manganon [Bureaucracy Repair]", Davor (5 December 1948).
66. For the first quotation see Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf", p. 5. For the second see Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid [Labor Productivity in the Clerk's Work]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), p. 14. See also A. Govrin (Globman), "Bedek Ha-Manganon [Bureaucracy Repair]", Davor (5 December 1948).
67. For the first quotation see Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf", p. 5. For the second see Y. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid [Labor Productivity in the Clerk's Work]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), p. 14. See also A. Govrin (Globman), "Bedek Ha-Manganon [Bureaucracy Repair]", Davor (5 December 1948).
68. Ha-Mo'atsa Ha-Tesha-Esreh Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (The 19th Council of the Clerks' Union], October 1950 (Tel Aviv, 1951); see also H. Braverman, Labor and Monopaly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (London, 1974), pp. 410-423; R. Sobel, The White Collar Working Class: From Structure to Politics (New York, 1989), pp. 29-30. For "panic-status" see C.W. Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (London, 1956), pp. 239-249.
69. Ha-Mo'atsa Ha-Tesha-Esreh Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (The 19th Council of the Clerks' Union], October 1950 (Tel Aviv, 1951); see also H. Braverman, Labor and Monopaly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (London, 1974), pp. 410-423; R. Sobel, The White Collar Working Class: From Structure to Politics (New York, 1989), pp. 29-30. For "panic-status" see C.W. Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (London, 1956), pp. 239-249.
70. Ha-Mo'atsa Ha-Tesha-Esreh Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (The 19th Council of the Clerks' Union], October 1950 (Tel Aviv, 1951); see also H. Braverman, Labor and Monopaly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (London, 1974), pp. 410-423; R. Sobel, The White Collar Working Class: From Structure to Politics (New York, 1989), pp. 29-30. For "panic-status" see C.W. Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (London, 1956), pp. 239-249.
71. Ha-Mo'atsa Ha-Tesha-Esreh Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim (The 19th Council of the Clerks' Union], October 1950 (Tel Aviv, 1951); see also H. Braverman, Labor and Monopaly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (London, 1974), pp. 410-423; R. Sobel, The White Collar Working Class: From Structure to Politics (New York, 1989), pp. 29-30. For "panic-status" see C.W. Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (London, 1956), pp. 239-249.
72. B. Katsenelson, "Ovdei Ha-Mada Le-Sherut Ha'am [Scientific Workers in the Service of the People]", Shurot, 42 (September 1942), pp. 1-8; See also J. Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 1-16, 183.
73. B. Katsenelson, "Ovdei Ha-Mada Le-Sherut Ha'am [Scientific Workers in the Service of the People]", Shurot, 42 (September 1942), pp. 1-8; See also J. Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 1-16, 183.
74. Krupnik, "Histadrut Ha-Pekidim".
75. A.M., "Tafkid Ha-Oved Be-Mosad Tsiburi Ve-Histadruti [The Role of the Worker in Public and Histadrut Institution]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Senif Cheifa [Haifa Branch of the Clerks' Union], Bulletin, 2 (January 1931), pp. 2-3.
76. D. Flanberg, "Mitsvot Asseh Le-Pekidei Ha-Mischar [Practical Commandments for Commercial Clerks]", Pinkas, 25 (December 1935), pp. 22-23; H. Ben-Abba, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Memshalti Ve-Ha-Tsibur [The Government Clerk and the Public]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), pp. 16-17. For theoretical inspiration see M. Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York, 1966).
77. D. Flanberg, "Mitsvot Asseh Le-Pekidei Ha-Mischar [Practical Commandments for Commercial Clerks]", Pinkas, 25 (December 1935), pp. 22-23; H. Ben-Abba, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Memshalti Ve-Ha-Tsibur [The Government Clerk and the Public]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), pp. 16-17. For theoretical inspiration see M. Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York, 1966).
78. D. Flanberg, "Mitsvot Asseh Le-Pekidei Ha-Mischar [Practical Commandments for Commercial Clerks]", Pinkas, 25 (December 1935), pp. 22-23; H. Ben-Abba, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Memshalti Ve-Ha-Tsibur [The Government Clerk and the Public]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), pp. 16-17. For theoretical inspiration see M. Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York, 1966).
79. T. Greenberg, "Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Ha-Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education]", Shurot, 108 (December 1950), pp. 6-7.
80. Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 101 (May 1950), pp. 11-14.
81. Hachlatot Mo'etset Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [Resolutions of the Council of the Clerks' Union] (17-19 December 1931), in Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933), pp. 26-29; A. Bonneh, "Al Hachsharat Pekidim Le-Meshek U-le-Hanhala [On Training Clerks for Economic Administration and Management]", Shurot, 33 (October 1943), p. 11; S. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Ha-Medina Ha-Yehudit [Industrial Clerks and the Jewish State]", Shurot, 76 (January 1948), pp. 3-5. See also J.R. Dale, The Clerk in Industry (Liverpool, 1962), ch. 3; Y. Reuveni, Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsiburi Be-Israel: Hamanganon Ha-Memshalti Be-Israel Ve-Hitpatchuto Ba-Shanim 1948-1973 [Public Administration in Israel: The Government Bureaucracy and its Evolution in the Years 1948-1973] (Ramat-Gan, 1974); I. Troen, "Yetsirat Madaei Chevra Tsioni'im: Chishuv 'Kosher Ha-Klita Ha-Kalkali' Shel Eretz-Israel [The Creation of Zionist Social Science: The Calculation of Palestine's 'Economic Absorptive Capacity']", Iunim Be-Tekumat Israel, 1 (1991), pp. 481-495.
82. Hachlatot Mo'etset Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [Resolutions of the Council of the Clerks' Union] (17-19 December 1931), in Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933), pp. 26-29; A. Bonneh, "Al Hachsharat Pekidim Le-Meshek U-le-Hanhala [On Training Clerks for Economic Administration and Management]", Shurot, 33 (October 1943), p. 11; S. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Ha-Medina Ha-Yehudit [Industrial Clerks and the Jewish State]", Shurot, 76 (January 1948), pp. 3-5. See also J.R. Dale, The Clerk in Industry (Liverpool, 1962), ch. 3; Y. Reuveni, Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsiburi Be-Israel: Hamanganon Ha-Memshalti Be-Israel Ve-Hitpatchuto Ba-Shanim 1948-1973 [Public Administration in Israel: The Government Bureaucracy and its Evolution in the Years 1948-1973] (Ramat-Gan, 1974); I. Troen, "Yetsirat Madaei Chevra Tsioni'im: Chishuv 'Kosher Ha-Klita Ha-Kalkali' Shel Eretz-Israel [The Creation of Zionist Social Science: The Calculation of Palestine's 'Economic Absorptive Capacity']", Iunim Be-Tekumat Israel, 1 (1991), pp. 481-495.
83. Hachlatot Mo'etset Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [Resolutions of the Council of the Clerks' Union] (17-19 December 1931), in Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933), pp. 26-29; A. Bonneh, "Al Hachsharat Pekidim Le-Meshek U-le-Hanhala [On Training Clerks for Economic Administration and Management]", Shurot, 33 (October 1943), p. 11; S. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Ha-Medina Ha-Yehudit [Industrial Clerks and the Jewish State]", Shurot, 76 (January 1948), pp. 3-5. See also J.R. Dale, The Clerk in Industry (Liverpool, 1962), ch. 3; Y. Reuveni, Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsiburi Be-Israel: Hamanganon Ha-Memshalti Be-Israel Ve-Hitpatchuto Ba-Shanim 1948-1973 [Public Administration in Israel: The Government Bureaucracy and its Evolution in the Years 1948-1973] (Ramat-Gan, 1974); I. Troen, "Yetsirat Madaei Chevra Tsioni'im: Chishuv 'Kosher Ha-Klita Ha-Kalkali' Shel Eretz-Israel [The Creation of Zionist Social Science: The Calculation of Palestine's 'Economic Absorptive Capacity']", Iunim Be-Tekumat Israel, 1 (1991), pp. 481-495.
84. Hachlatot Mo'etset Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [Resolutions of the Council of the Clerks' Union] (17-19 December 1931), in Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933), pp. 26-29; A. Bonneh, "Al Hachsharat Pekidim Le-Meshek U-le-Hanhala [On Training Clerks for Economic Administration and Management]", Shurot, 33 (October 1943), p. 11; S. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Ha-Medina Ha-Yehudit [Industrial Clerks and the Jewish State]", Shurot, 76 (January 1948), pp. 3-5. See also J.R. Dale, The Clerk in Industry (Liverpool, 1962), ch. 3; Y. Reuveni, Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsiburi Be-Israel: Hamanganon Ha-Memshalti Be-Israel Ve-Hitpatchuto Ba-Shanim 1948-1973 [Public Administration in Israel: The Government Bureaucracy and its Evolution in the Years 1948-1973] (Ramat-Gan, 1974); I. Troen, "Yetsirat Madaei Chevra Tsioni'im: Chishuv 'Kosher Ha-Klita Ha-Kalkali' Shel Eretz-Israel [The Creation of Zionist Social Science: The Calculation of Palestine's 'Economic Absorptive Capacity']", Iunim Be-Tekumat Israel, 1 (1991), pp. 481-495.
85. Hachlatot Mo'etset Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [Resolutions of the Council of the Clerks' Union] (17-19 December 1931), in Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933), pp. 26-29; A. Bonneh, "Al Hachsharat Pekidim Le-Meshek U-le-Hanhala [On Training Clerks for Economic Administration and Management]", Shurot, 33 (October 1943), p. 11; S. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Ha-Medina Ha-Yehudit [Industrial Clerks and the Jewish State]", Shurot, 76 (January 1948), pp. 3-5. See also J.R. Dale, The Clerk in Industry (Liverpool, 1962), ch. 3; Y. Reuveni, Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsiburi Be-Israel: Hamanganon Ha-Memshalti Be-Israel Ve-Hitpatchuto Ba-Shanim 1948-1973 [Public Administration in Israel: The Government Bureaucracy and its Evolution in the Years 1948-1973] (Ramat-Gan, 1974); I. Troen, "Yetsirat Madaei Chevra Tsioni'im: Chishuv 'Kosher Ha-Klita Ha-Kalkali' Shel Eretz-Israel [The Creation of Zionist Social Science: The Calculation of Palestine's 'Economic Absorptive Capacity']", Iunim Be-Tekumat Israel, 1 (1991), pp. 481-495.
86. Hachlatot Mo'etset Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [Resolutions of the Council of the Clerks' Union] (17-19 December 1931), in Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933), pp. 26-29; A. Bonneh, "Al Hachsharat Pekidim Le-Meshek U-le-Hanhala [On Training Clerks for Economic Administration and Management]", Shurot, 33 (October 1943), p. 11; S. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Ha-Medina Ha-Yehudit [Industrial Clerks and the Jewish State]", Shurot, 76 (January 1948), pp. 3-5. See also J.R. Dale, The Clerk in Industry (Liverpool, 1962), ch. 3; Y. Reuveni, Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsiburi Be-Israel: Hamanganon Ha-Memshalti Be-Israel Ve-Hitpatchuto Ba-Shanim 1948-1973 [Public Administration in Israel: The Government Bureaucracy and its Evolution in the Years 1948-1973] (Ramat-Gan, 1974); I. Troen, "Yetsirat Madaei Chevra Tsioni'im: Chishuv 'Kosher Ha-Klita Ha-Kalkali' Shel Eretz-Israel [The Creation of Zionist Social Science: The Calculation of Palestine's 'Economic Absorptive Capacity']", Iunim Be-Tekumat Israel, 1 (1991), pp. 481-495.
87. B. Repetor, "Ha-Pakid Be-Tenuat Ha-Avoda [The Clerk in the Labor Movement]", Pinkas, 11-12 (February 1937), pp. 8-10; Y. Mimon, "Ha-Stenograph Ve-Darchei Umanuto [The Stenographer and the Practices of His Art]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 14-15; Y.A., "Roe'eh Ha-Chesbon Ha-Musmach [The Authorized Accountant]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 16; "Petach Davar [Preface]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon Le-Mo'etset Ha-Sochnut Ha-Yehudit [Report of the Clerks' Union to the Council of the Jewish Agency] (1943-1944), p. 3; T. Greenberg, Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education] (Tel Aviv, 1951); Shifra, "Ba-Ma'abada Shel Lishkat Hamas [In the Laboratory of the Tax-Collecting Office]", Shurot, 87-88 (February-March 1959), p. 5.
88. B. Repetor, "Ha-Pakid Be-Tenuat Ha-Avoda [The Clerk in the Labor Movement]", Pinkas, 11-12 (February 1937), pp. 8-10; Y. Mimon, "Ha-Stenograph Ve-Darchei Umanuto [The Stenographer and the Practices of His Art]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 14-15; Y.A., "Roe'eh Ha-Chesbon Ha-Musmach [The Authorized Accountant]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 16; "Petach Davar [Preface]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon Le-Mo'etset Ha-Sochnut Ha-Yehudit [Report of the Clerks' Union to the Council of the Jewish Agency] (1943-1944), p. 3; T. Greenberg, Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education] (Tel Aviv, 1951); Shifra, "Ba-Ma'abada Shel Lishkat Hamas [In the Laboratory of the Tax-Collecting Office]", Shurot, 87-88 (February-March 1959), p. 5.
89. B. Repetor, "Ha-Pakid Be-Tenuat Ha-Avoda [The Clerk in the Labor Movement]", Pinkas, 11-12 (February 1937), pp. 8-10; Y. Mimon, "Ha-Stenograph Ve-Darchei Umanuto [The Stenographer and the Practices of His Art]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 14-15; Y.A., "Roe'eh Ha-Chesbon Ha-Musmach [The Authorized Accountant]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 16; "Petach Davar [Preface]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon Le-Mo'etset Ha-Sochnut Ha-Yehudit [Report of the Clerks' Union to the Council of the Jewish Agency] (1943-1944), p. 3; T. Greenberg, Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education] (Tel Aviv, 1951); Shifra, "Ba-Ma'abada Shel Lishkat Hamas [In the Laboratory of the Tax-Collecting Office]", Shurot, 87-88 (February-March 1959), p. 5.
90. B. Repetor, "Ha-Pakid Be-Tenuat Ha-Avoda [The Clerk in the Labor Movement]", Pinkas, 11-12 (February 1937), pp. 8-10; Y. Mimon, "Ha-Stenograph Ve-Darchei Umanuto [The Stenographer and the Practices of His Art]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 14-15; Y.A., "Roe'eh Ha-Chesbon Ha-Musmach [The Authorized Accountant]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 16; "Petach Davar [Preface]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon Le-Mo'etset Ha-Sochnut Ha-Yehudit [Report of the Clerks' Union to the Council of the Jewish Agency] (1943-1944), p. 3; T. Greenberg, Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education] (Tel Aviv, 1951); Shifra, "Ba-Ma'abada Shel Lishkat Hamas [In the Laboratory of the Tax-Collecting Office]", Shurot, 87-88 (February-March 1959), p. 5.
91. B. Repetor, "Ha-Pakid Be-Tenuat Ha-Avoda [The Clerk in the Labor Movement]", Pinkas, 11-12 (February 1937), pp. 8-10; Y. Mimon, "Ha-Stenograph Ve-Darchei Umanuto [The Stenographer and the Practices of His Art]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 14-15; Y.A., "Roe'eh Ha-Chesbon Ha-Musmach [The Authorized Accountant]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 16; "Petach Davar [Preface]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon Le-Mo'etset Ha-Sochnut Ha-Yehudit [Report of the Clerks' Union to the Council of the Jewish Agency] (1943-1944), p. 3; T. Greenberg, Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education] (Tel Aviv, 1951); Shifra, "Ba-Ma'abada Shel Lishkat Hamas [In the Laboratory of the Tax-Collecting Office]", Shurot, 87-88 (February-March 1959), p. 5.
92. B. Repetor, "Ha-Pakid Be-Tenuat Ha-Avoda [The Clerk in the Labor Movement]", Pinkas, 11-12 (February 1937), pp. 8-10; Y. Mimon, "Ha-Stenograph Ve-Darchei Umanuto [The Stenographer and the Practices of His Art]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), pp. 14-15; Y.A., "Roe'eh Ha-Chesbon Ha-Musmach [The Authorized Accountant]", Shurot, 11/12 (February 1940), p. 16; "Petach Davar [Preface]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon Le-Mo'etset Ha-Sochnut Ha-Yehudit [Report of the Clerks' Union to the Council of the Jewish Agency] (1943-1944), p. 3; T. Greenberg, Tarbut Ivrit Ve-Hinuch Pekidim [Hebrew Culture and Clerks' Education] (Tel Aviv, 1951); Shifra, "Ba-Ma'abada Shel Lishkat Hamas [In the Laboratory of the Tax-Collecting Office]", Shurot, 87-88 (February-March 1959), p. 5.
93. Weinryb, "Me-Ha-Ba'aiot Ha-Sotsiologiot Ba-Arets", p. 542.
94. Pakid Vatik [A Veteran Clerk], "Bein Ha-Pekidim Le-Vein Atsmam [Among the Clerks and Themselves]", Shurot, 36 (February 1944), p. 8.
95. D. Remez, "Oved Ha-Histadrat [The Histadrut Worker]", Alon Le-Personel Kupat Cholim [Bulletin of the Staff of the Histadrut Sick-Fund] (February 1936), pp. 6-8; "Ha-Peula Ha-Miktsoi'it Ve-Kivuna [Union Action and its Orientation]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Doch La-Vei'ida Ha-Chamishit [Report to the 5th Convention of the Clerks' Union] (1933-1941), p. 19. For disciplinary space see M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth, 1979); and A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 145-158. Compare also with the notion of the political transformation of rationalization in G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York, 1977).
96. D. Remez, "Oved Ha-Histadrat [The Histadrut Worker]", Alon Le-Personel Kupat Cholim [Bulletin of the Staff of the Histadrut Sick-Fund] (February 1936), pp. 6-8; "Ha-Peula Ha-Miktsoi'it Ve-Kivuna [Union Action and its Orientation]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Doch La-Vei'ida Ha-Chamishit [Report to the 5th Convention of the Clerks' Union] (1933-1941), p. 19. For disciplinary space see M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth, 1979); and A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 145-158. Compare also with the notion of the political transformation of rationalization in G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York, 1977).
97. D. Remez, "Oved Ha-Histadrat [The Histadrut Worker]", Alon Le-Personel Kupat Cholim [Bulletin of the Staff of the Histadrut Sick-Fund] (February 1936), pp. 6-8; "Ha-Peula Ha-Miktsoi'it Ve-Kivuna [Union Action and its Orientation]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Doch La-Vei'ida Ha-Chamishit [Report to the 5th Convention of the Clerks' Union] (1933-1941), p. 19. For disciplinary space see M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth, 1979); and A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 145-158. Compare also with the notion of the political transformation of rationalization in G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York, 1977).
98. D. Remez, "Oved Ha-Histadrat [The Histadrut Worker]", Alon Le-Personel Kupat Cholim [Bulletin of the Staff of the Histadrut Sick-Fund] (February 1936), pp. 6-8; "Ha-Peula Ha-Miktsoi'it Ve-Kivuna [Union Action and its Orientation]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Doch La-Vei'ida Ha-Chamishit [Report to the 5th Convention of the Clerks' Union] (1933-1941), p. 19. For disciplinary space see M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth, 1979); and A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 145-158. Compare also with the notion of the political transformation of rationalization in G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York, 1977).
99. D. Remez, "Oved Ha-Histadrat [The Histadrut Worker]", Alon Le-Personel Kupat Cholim [Bulletin of the Staff of the Histadrut Sick-Fund] (February 1936), pp. 6-8; "Ha-Peula Ha-Miktsoi'it Ve-Kivuna [Union Action and its Orientation]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Doch La-Vei'ida Ha-Chamishit [Report to the 5th Convention of the Clerks' Union] (1933-1941), p. 19. For disciplinary space see M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth, 1979); and A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 145-158. Compare also with the notion of the political transformation of rationalization in G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York, 1977).
100. C. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Tariff Politics of the Clerks' Union]", Chovert Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 14-22; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi [The Bulletin of the Central Committee of the Clerks' Union], 7 (June 1934), p. 3.
101. C. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim [The Tariff Politics of the Clerks' Union]", Chovert Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 14-22; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi [The Bulletin of the Central Committee of the Clerks' Union], 7 (June 1934), p. 3.
102. Y. Mimon, "Al Ha-Stenographia Ve-Atidote-ha [On Stenography and its Future]", Chovert Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), p. 30. See also Editorial, "Min Ha-Tsad [On the Side]", Shurot, 82 (August 1948), p. 7. For various cases of Taylorite practices see J.A. Merkle, Management and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley, 1969). Compare with an earlier American example in I.A. De Vault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the-Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, 1990).
103. Y. Mimon, "Al Ha-Stenographia Ve-Atidote-ha [On Stenography and its Future]", Chovert Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), p. 30. See also Editorial, "Min Ha-Tsad [On the Side]", Shurot, 82 (August 1948), p. 7. For various cases of Taylorite practices see J.A. Merkle, Management and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley, 1969). Compare with an earlier American example in I.A. De Vault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the-Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, 1990).
104. Y. Mimon, "Al Ha-Stenographia Ve-Atidote-ha [On Stenography and its Future]", Chovert Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), p. 30. See also Editorial, "Min Ha-Tsad [On the Side]", Shurot, 82 (August 1948), p. 7. For various cases of Taylorite practices see J.A. Merkle, Management and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley, 1969). Compare with an earlier American example in I.A. De Vault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the-Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, 1990).
105. Y. Mimon, "Al Ha-Stenographia Ve-Atidote-ha [On Stenography and its Future]", Chovert Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), p. 30. See also Editorial, "Min Ha-Tsad [On the Side]", Shurot, 82 (August 1948), p. 7. For various cases of Taylorite practices see J.A. Merkle, Management and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley, 1969). Compare with an earlier American example in I.A. De Vault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the-Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, 1990).
106. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
107. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
108. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
109. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
110. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
111. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
112. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
113. Y. Berman, "Havu Lanu Sefarim Miktsoi'im [Give us Professional Books]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), p. 20; D. Remez, "Efod Bad [Cloth Efod]", Pinkas, 6-8 (April 1936), pp. 3-5; D. Horwitz, "Ha-Sikui'im Ha-Kalkali'im [The Economic Prospecte]", Shurot, 56 (December 1945), p. 3; F. Naphtali, "Yesodot Ha-Seder Ha-Kapitalisti [Foundations of the Capitalist Order]", Shurot, 68 (April 1947), p. 2. Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yitsur U-Pirion Ha-Avoda [Production Committees and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 94/95 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; Ben-Ya'akov, "Ye'ilut Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 16; T. Ben-Ya'akov, "Irgun Ya'il Shel Avodat Ha-Misrad [Efficient Organization of Office Work]", Shurot, 146 (February 1954), p. 10, See also M. Frenkel, "Idiolog'iot Te'us BeFalestina-Ai: Bein Te'us Le-Le'umiut, Ha-Mikreh Shel Chevrat Ha-Ashlag [Industrialization Ideologies in Palestine, Between Industrialization and Nationalism, The Case of Palestine Potash Limited]" (M.A. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1992), pp. 100-101.
114. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut", p. 21. See also Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid", pp. 14-16; M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid? [Why was the Clerk Made Absent?]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950) p. 17.
115. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut", p. 21. See also Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid", pp. 14-16; M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid? [Why was the Clerk Made Absent?]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950) p. 17.
116. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut", p. 21. See also Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid", pp. 14-16; M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid? [Why was the Clerk Made Absent?]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950) p. 17.
117. Devoskin, "Rationalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7. See also Z. Carmi, "Le-Ba'ayat Ha-Tefuka Ba-Sherut Ha-Tsiburi [On the Problem of Output in the Public Service]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 5.
118. Devoskin, "Rationalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7. See also Z. Carmi, "Le-Ba'ayat Ha-Tefuka Ba-Sherut Ha-Tsiburi [On the Problem of Output in the Public Service]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 5.
119. A. Globerson, "Le-Ba'aiat Pirion Avoda Be-Pekidut [On The Problem of Labor Productivity in Clerical Work]", Shurot, 124 (April 1952), p. 7. See also A. Almagor, "Ha-Arachat Pirion Ha-Avoda Shel Ha-Pakid - Keitsad? [The Evaluation of Labor Productivity of the Clerk - How?]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 4.
120. A. Globerson, "Le-Ba'aiat Pirion Avoda Be-Pekidut [On The Problem of Labor Productivity in Clerical Work]", Shurot, 124 (April 1952), p. 7. See also A. Almagor, "Ha-Arachat Pirion Ha-Avoda Shel Ha-Pakid - Keitsad? [The Evaluation of Labor Productivity of the Clerk - How?]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 4.
121. "Khronika [Chronicle]", Ha-Achdut, 34 (25 sivan 5674) [19 June 1914]; Echad Ha-Pekidim, "Hishtatfut Ha-Pekidim Ba-Asefa Ha-Meyasedet [The Participation of the Clerks' in the Founding Assembly]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 20 June 1919; R.D. Sola Paul (of the Jewish Delegates' Committee to Palestine) to M. Lederer (of the Clerks' Union), 12 January 1920, LA/143-9.
122. "Khronika [Chronicle]", Ha-Achdut, 34 (25 sivan 5674) [19 June 1914]; Echad Ha-Pekidim, "Hishtatfut Ha-Pekidim Ba-Asefa Ha-Meyasedet [The Participation of the Clerks' in the Founding Assembly]", Ha-Poel Ha-Tsair, 20 June 1919; R.D. Sola Paul (of the Jewish Delegates' Committee to Palestine) to M. Lederer (of the Clerks' Union), 12 January 1920, LA/143-9.
123. Karoz Le-She'elon Le-Pekidim, Shel Va'ad Agudat Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Be-Vatei Mischar Be-Cheifa [A Questionnaire for Clerks, Announced by the Committee of the Haifa Union of Clerical and Commercial Workers, 16 January 1925], LA/236-1-82. See also Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar", pp. 18-21; Katzenelson, "Ovdei Ha-Mada Le-Sheurt Ha-Am", p. 108; Y. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva [The Woman-Typist and the Typewriter]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 14-16; Y. Dotan, "Re'iat Cheshbon Be-Yameinu [Accounting Nowadays]", Shurot, 99 (February 1950), pp. 10-11.
124. Karoz Le-She'elon Le-Pekidim, Shel Va'ad Agudat Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Be-Vatei Mischar Be-Cheifa [A Questionnaire for Clerks, Announced by the Committee of the Haifa Union of Clerical and Commercial Workers, 16 January 1925], LA/236-1-82. See also Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar", pp. 18-21; Katzenelson, "Ovdei Ha-Mada Le-Sheurt Ha-Am", p. 108; Y. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva [The Woman-Typist and the Typewriter]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 14-16; Y. Dotan, "Re'iat Cheshbon Be-Yameinu [Accounting Nowadays]", Shurot, 99 (February 1950), pp. 10-11.
125. Karoz Le-She'elon Le-Pekidim, Shel Va'ad Agudat Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Be-Vatei Mischar Be-Cheifa [A Questionnaire for Clerks, Announced by the Committee of the Haifa Union of Clerical and Commercial Workers, 16 January 1925], LA/236-1-82. See also Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar", pp. 18-21; Katzenelson, "Ovdei Ha-Mada Le-Sheurt Ha-Am", p. 108; Y. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva [The Woman-Typist and the Typewriter]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 14-16; Y. Dotan, "Re'iat Cheshbon Be-Yameinu [Accounting Nowadays]", Shurot, 99 (February 1950), pp. 10-11.
126. Karoz Le-She'elon Le-Pekidim, Shel Va'ad Agudat Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Be-Vatei Mischar Be-Cheifa [A Questionnaire for Clerks, Announced by the Committee of the Haifa Union of Clerical and Commercial Workers, 16 January 1925], LA/236-1-82. See also Zavol, "She'elot Ha-Peula Ha-Tarbutit Bein Pekidei Ha-Mischar", pp. 18-21; Katzenelson, "Ovdei Ha-Mada Le-Sheurt Ha-Am", p. 108; Y. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva [The Woman-Typist and the Typewriter]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 14-16; Y. Dotan, "Re'iat Cheshbon Be-Yameinu [Accounting Nowadays]", Shurot, 99 (February 1950), pp. 10-11.
127. Karni, "Tafkid Dachuf", p. 5.
128. "Mitsvot Asseh Shel Pekidei Ha-Bankim [Practical Commandments for Bank Clerks]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 102 (June 1950), pp. 14-17; Y. Levi, "Hachshara Miktsoit Le-Pekidim - Keitsad? [Professional Training for Clerks - How?]", Shurot, 114 (June 1951), p. 6; Shapiro, Ha-Demokratia Be-Israel, pp. 134-144; ; D.J. Penslar, "Mumchim Be-Sherut Ha-Hityashvut Ha-Tsionist [Experts in the Service of Zionist Settlement]", Research Institute for the History of the Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel (Jewish National Fund), Land and Settlement, 14 (September 1994); Penslar, Zionism, and Technocracy, ch. 6.
129. "Mitsvot Asseh Shel Pekidei Ha-Bankim [Practical Commandments for Bank Clerks]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 102 (June 1950), pp. 14-17; Y. Levi, "Hachshara Miktsoit Le-Pekidim - Keitsad? [Professional Training for Clerks - How?]", Shurot, 114 (June 1951), p. 6; Shapiro, Ha-Demokratia Be-Israel, pp. 134-144; ; D.J. Penslar, "Mumchim Be-Sherut Ha-Hityashvut Ha-Tsionist [Experts in the Service of Zionist Settlement]", Research Institute for the History of the Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel (Jewish National Fund), Land and Settlement, 14 (September 1994); Penslar, Zionism, and Technocracy, ch. 6.
130. "Mitsvot Asseh Shel Pekidei Ha-Bankim [Practical Commandments for Bank Clerks]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 102 (June 1950), pp. 14-17; Y. Levi, "Hachshara Miktsoit Le-Pekidim - Keitsad? [Professional Training for Clerks - How?]", Shurot, 114 (June 1951), p. 6; Shapiro, Ha-Demokratia Be-Israel, pp. 134-144; ; D.J. Penslar, "Mumchim Be-Sherut Ha-Hityashvut Ha-Tsionist [Experts in the Service of Zionist Settlement]", Research Institute for the History of the Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel (Jewish National Fund), Land and Settlement, 14 (September 1994); Penslar, Zionism, and Technocracy, ch. 6.
131. "Mitsvot Asseh Shel Pekidei Ha-Bankim [Practical Commandments for Bank Clerks]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 102 (June 1950), pp. 14-17; Y. Levi, "Hachshara Miktsoit Le-Pekidim - Keitsad? [Professional Training for Clerks - How?]", Shurot, 114 (June 1951), p. 6; Shapiro, Ha-Demokratia Be-Israel, pp. 134-144; ; D.J. Penslar, "Mumchim Be-Sherut Ha-Hityashvut Ha-Tsionist [Experts in the Service of Zionist Settlement]", Research Institute for the History of the Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel (Jewish National Fund), Land and Settlement, 14 (September 1994); Penslar, Zionism, and Technocracy, ch. 6.
132. "Mitsvot Asseh Shel Pekidei Ha-Bankim [Practical Commandments for Bank Clerks]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 102 (June 1950), pp. 14-17; Y. Levi, "Hachshara Miktsoit Le-Pekidim - Keitsad? [Professional Training for Clerks - How?]", Shurot, 114 (June 1951), p. 6; Shapiro, Ha-Demokratia Be-Israel, pp. 134-144; ; D.J. Penslar, "Mumchim Be-Sherut Ha-Hityashvut Ha-Tsionist [Experts in the Service of Zionist Settlement]", Research Institute for the History of the Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel (Jewish National Fund), Land and Settlement, 14 (September 1994); Penslar, Zionism, and Technocracy, ch. 6.
133. "Mitsvot Asseh Shel Pekidei Ha-Bankim [Practical Commandments for Bank Clerks]", Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 18-19; Y. Dotan, "Torat Ha-Statistika Ve-Ha-Diagrama [Statistical and Diagramatic Theory]", Shurot, 102 (June 1950), pp. 14-17; Y. Levi, "Hachshara Miktsoit Le-Pekidim - Keitsad? [Professional Training for Clerks - How?]", Shurot, 114 (June 1951), p. 6; Shapiro, Ha-Demokratia Be-Israel, pp. 134-144; ; D.J. Penslar, "Mumchim Be-Sherut Ha-Hityashvut Ha-Tsionist [Experts in the Service of Zionist Settlement]", Research Institute for the History of the Keren Kayemeth Le-Israel (Jewish National Fund), Land and Settlement, 14 (September 1994); Penslar, Zionism, and Technocracy, ch. 6.
134. Ger, "Ha-Pekidut Ha-Tsiburit"; see also B. Chaiut, "Machalot Ha-Atsabim Be-Chayei Ha-Pakid [Nervous Diseases in the Life of the Clerk]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), pp. 22-23, For fatigue see Rabinbach, The Human Motor, pp. 136-145, 272.
135. Ger, "Ha-Pekidut Ha-Tsiburit"; see also B. Chaiut, "Machalot Ha-Atsabim Be-Chayei Ha-Pakid [Nervous Diseases in the Life of the Clerk]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), pp. 22-23, For fatigue see Rabinbach, The Human Motor, pp. 136-145, 272.
136. Ger, "Ha-Pekidut Ha-Tsiburit"; see also B. Chaiut, "Machalot Ha-Atsabim Be-Chayei Ha-Pakid [Nervous Diseases in the Life of the Clerk]", Pinkas, 3 (October 1935), pp. 22-23, For fatigue see Rabinbach, The Human Motor, pp. 136-145, 272.
137. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim", pp. 14-22; A.A., "Machalot Miktso'iot Shel Pekidim [Professional Diseases of Clerks]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 11-12; Avi-Moshe, "Khok Ha-Chufsha Ha-Shenatit Ve-Ha-Makhsor Be-Vatei Ha-Avra'a [The Law of Annual Leave and the Shortage in Convalescence Homes]", Shurot, 117-118 (September-October 1951), p. 9.
138. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim", pp. 14-22; A.A., "Machalot Miktso'iot Shel Pekidim [Professional Diseases of Clerks]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 11-12; Avi-Moshe, "Khok Ha-Chufsha Ha-Shenatit Ve-Ha-Makhsor Be-Vatei Ha-Avra'a [The Law of Annual Leave and the Shortage in Convalescence Homes]", Shurot, 117-118 (September-October 1951), p. 9.
139. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim", pp. 14-22; A.A., "Machalot Miktso'iot Shel Pekidim [Professional Diseases of Clerks]", Shurot, 103 (July 1950), pp. 11-12; Avi-Moshe, "Khok Ha-Chufsha Ha-Shenatit Ve-Ha-Makhsor Be-Vatei Ha-Avra'a [The Law of Annual Leave and the Shortage in Convalescence Homes]", Shurot, 117-118 (September-October 1951), p. 9.
140. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva", pp. 14-16.
141. Telephonistit, "Ha-Telphonist'iot [The Women-Telephonists]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), p. 17. Feminization is reflected in the fact that between 1931 and 1961 the share of Jewish women in the Jewish labor force employed in governmental and public services increased from approximately 11.7 per cent to 20.8 per cent, and their share in the Jewish labor force employed in the private sector of commerce, banking and insurance increased from 10.4 per cent to 27.4 per cent. See E. Mills, The Census of Palestine, 1931 (Alexandria, 1933), vol. II, and Population and Housing Census 1961 (Jerusalem 1961), 21, pp. 18-23.
142. Telephonistit, "Ha-Telphonist'iot [The Women-Telephonists]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), p. 17. Feminization is reflected in the fact that between 1931 and 1961 the share of Jewish women in the Jewish labor force employed in governmental and public services increased from approximately 11.7 per cent to 20.8 per cent, and their share in the Jewish labor force employed in the private sector of commerce, banking and insurance increased from 10.4 per cent to 27.4 per cent. See E. Mills, The Census of Palestine, 1931 (Alexandria, 1933), vol. II, and Population and Housing Census 1961 (Jerusalem 1961), 21, pp. 18-23.
143. Telephonistit, "Ha-Telphonist'iot [The Women-Telephonists]", Shurot, 104 (August 1950), p. 17. Feminization is reflected in the fact that between 1931 and 1961 the share of Jewish women in the Jewish labor force employed in governmental and public services increased from approximately 11.7 per cent to 20.8 per cent, and their share in the Jewish labor force employed in the private sector of commerce, banking and insurance increased from 10.4 per cent to 27.4 per cent. See E. Mills, The Census of Palestine, 1931 (Alexandria, 1933), vol. II, and Population and Housing Census 1961 (Jerusalem 1961), 21, pp. 18-23.
144. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Miktsoa Ha-Pekidut", p. 20.
145. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7. See also Z. Shaket, "Hashpa'at Mekom Ve-Tenaei Ha-Avoda al Pirion Ha-Avoda [The Influence of the Work-Place and Working Conditions on Labor Productivity]", La-Matara: Alon Penimi Shel Pekidei Bank Anglo-Palestinia Be'am Be-Snifiei Cheifa Rabati [On Target: Internal Bulletin of the Clerks of Anglo-Palestine Bank Limited in Branches of Greater Haifa], 3 (November-December 1950), pp. 5-6.
146. Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7. See also Z. Shaket, "Hashpa'at Mekom Ve-Tenaei Ha-Avoda al Pirion Ha-Avoda [The Influence of the Work-Place and Working Conditions on Labor Productivity]", La-Matara: Alon Penimi Shel Pekidei Bank Anglo-Palestinia Be'am Be-Snifiei Cheifa Rabati [On Target: Internal Bulletin of the Clerks of Anglo-Palestine Bank Limited in Branches of Greater Haifa], 3 (November-December 1950), pp. 5-6.
147. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva", pp. 14-16. See also Chayut, "Machalot Ha-Atsabim Be-Chayei Ha-Pakid", pp. 22-23.
148. Dotan, "Ha-Katvanit U-Mechonat Ha-Ketiva", pp. 14-16. See also Chayut, "Machalot Ha-Atsabim Be-Chayei Ha-Pakid", pp. 22-23.
149. Ger, "Ha-Pekidut Ha-Tsiburit".
150. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid", p. 14. See also D. Yohannes, "Paradoxim [Paradoxes]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 5; M. Idit, "Ta'arucha Le-Ye'ul Misradi Be-Cheifa [An Exhibition in Haifa on Making Office More Efficient]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 14.
151. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid", p. 14. See also D. Yohannes, "Paradoxim [Paradoxes]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 5; M. Idit, "Ta'arucha Le-Ye'ul Misradi Be-Cheifa [An Exhibition in Haifa on Making Office More Efficient]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 14.
152. Dotan, "Pirion Avoda Be-Avodat Ha-Pakid", p. 14. See also D. Yohannes, "Paradoxim [Paradoxes]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 5; M. Idit, "Ta'arucha Le-Ye'ul Misradi Be-Cheifa [An Exhibition in Haifa on Making Office More Efficient]", Shurot, 178 (October 1956), p. 14.
153. R., "Matsav Ha-Pekidim Be-Eretz-Israel", p. 6. See also Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7; T. Kroy, "Ye'ul Ha-Avoda Ve-Tohar Ha-Midot - Keitsad? [Combining Work Efficiency and Integrity - How?]", Shurot, 159 (March 1955), pp. 8-9.
154. R., "Matsav Ha-Pekidim Be-Eretz-Israel", p. 6. See also Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7; T. Kroy, "Ye'ul Ha-Avoda Ve-Tohar Ha-Midot - Keitsad? [Combining Work Efficiency and Integrity - How?]", Shurot, 159 (March 1955), pp. 8-9.
155. R., "Matsav Ha-Pekidim Be-Eretz-Israel", p. 6. See also Devoskin, "Ratsionalizatsia Be-Avodat Ha-Misrad", p. 7; T. Kroy, "Ye'ul Ha-Avoda Ve-Tohar Ha-Midot - Keitsad? [Combining Work Efficiency and Integrity - How?]", Shurot, 159 (March 1955), pp. 8-9.
156. Weinryb, "Me-Ba'aiot Ha-Pekidut Ha-Yehudit", pp. 4-5. See also I. Devoskin, "Ha-Pakid Ve-Ha-Misrad [The Clerk and the Office]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 10; A. Globerson, "Le-Ba'aiat Pirion Avoda Be-Pekidut [On the Problem of Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 123 (March 1952). pp. 6-7.
157. Weinryb, "Me-Ba'aiot Ha-Pekidut Ha-Yehudit", pp. 4-5. See also I. Devoskin, "Ha-Pakid Ve-Ha-Misrad [The Clerk and the Office]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 10; A. Globerson, "Le-Ba'aiat Pirion Avoda Be-Pekidut [On the Problem of Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 123 (March 1952). pp. 6-7.
158. Weinryb, "Me-Ba'aiot Ha-Pekidut Ha-Yehudit", pp. 4-5. See also I. Devoskin, "Ha-Pakid Ve-Ha-Misrad [The Clerk and the Office]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 10; A. Globerson, "Le-Ba'aiat Pirion Avoda Be-Pekidut [On the Problem of Labor Productivity in the Clerical Profession]", Shurot, 123 (March 1952). pp. 6-7.
159. Maier, In Search of Stability, chs 1 and 3; Nolan, Visions of Modernity. For an earlier discussion see Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, ch. 9.
160. Maier, In Search of Stability, chs 1 and 3; Nolan, Visions of Modernity. For an earlier discussion see Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, ch. 9.
161. Maier, In Search of Stability, chs 1 and 3; Nolan, Visions of Modernity. For an earlier discussion see Nadworny, Scientific Management and the Unions, ch. 9.
162. Kupferberg, "Bitu'aeh Ha-Pakid - Tsav Ha-Sha'a [Insuring the Clerk - the Need of the Hour]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 3. See also Frenkel, Idiolog'iot Te'us Be-Falestina-Ai, pp. 99-101.
163. Kupferberg, "Bitu'aeh Ha-Pakid - Tsav Ha-Sha'a [Insuring the Clerk - the Need of the Hour]", in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 3. See also Frenkel, Idiolog'iot Te'us Be-Falestina-Ai, pp. 99-101.
164. Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshon [Report of the Clerks' Union] (August 1929-November 1931); A. Argov, "Al Chilufei Pekidim [On Exchanging Clerks]", Pinkas, 2 (October 1935), pp. 23-25. See also the Clerks' Union correspondence with the Jewish Agency in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933); N. Meltser, "Me-Saviv Le-Ba'aiat Ha-Ye'ul Ba-Pekidut [On the Problem of Making Clerical Work More Efficient]", Shurot, 169 (January 1956), p. 6.
165. Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshon [Report of the Clerks' Union] (August 1929-November 1931); A. Argov, "Al Chilufei Pekidim [On Exchanging Clerks]", Pinkas, 2 (October 1935), pp. 23-25. See also the Clerks' Union correspondence with the Jewish Agency in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933); N. Meltser, "Me-Saviv Le-Ba'aiat Ha-Ye'ul Ba-Pekidut [On the Problem of Making Clerical Work More Efficient]", Shurot, 169 (January 1956), p. 6.
166. Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshon [Report of the Clerks' Union] (August 1929-November 1931); A. Argov, "Al Chilufei Pekidim [On Exchanging Clerks]", Pinkas, 2 (October 1935), pp. 23-25. See also the Clerks' Union correspondence with the Jewish Agency in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933); N. Meltser, "Me-Saviv Le-Ba'aiat Ha-Ye'ul Ba-Pekidut [On the Problem of Making Clerical Work More Efficient]", Shurot, 169 (January 1956), p. 6.
167. Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshon [Report of the Clerks' Union] (August 1929-November 1931); A. Argov, "Al Chilufei Pekidim [On Exchanging Clerks]", Pinkas, 2 (October 1935), pp. 23-25. See also the Clerks' Union correspondence with the Jewish Agency in Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Revi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit [Union of Clerks' Report to the Histadrut Fourth General Convention] (1933); N. Meltser, "Me-Saviv Le-Ba'aiat Ha-Ye'ul Ba-Pekidut [On the Problem of Making Clerical Work More Efficient]", Shurot, 169 (January 1956), p. 6.
168. Resolutions of the National Convention of the Clerks' Union, in Choveret Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 32-35. The largest collective agreements were signed between the Clerks' Union and the Jewish Agency for the years 1934-1937, for which see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 4-5. Between the beginning of 1933 and summer 1934 at least ten complex collective agreements were finalized and others were under negotiation; see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 2. By April 1937 23 collective agreements were signed, 8 in public offices, 5 in banks, 5 in commercial companies, and 5 in local committees. See the chapter on collective agreements in Report of the Clerks' Union, Pinkas, 13-14 (May 1937), pp. 7-17. For later developments see Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha", pp. 2-3.
169. Resolutions of the National Convention of the Clerks' Union, in Choveret Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 32-35. The largest collective agreements were signed between the Clerks' Union and the Jewish Agency for the years 1934-1937, for which see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 4-5. Between the beginning of 1933 and summer 1934 at least ten complex collective agreements were finalized and others were under negotiation; see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 2. By April 1937 23 collective agreements were signed, 8 in public offices, 5 in banks, 5 in commercial companies, and 5 in local committees. See the chapter on collective agreements in Report of the Clerks' Union, Pinkas, 13-14 (May 1937), pp. 7-17. For later developments see Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha", pp. 2-3.
170. Resolutions of the National Convention of the Clerks' Union, in Choveret Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 32-35. The largest collective agreements were signed between the Clerks' Union and the Jewish Agency for the years 1934-1937, for which see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 4-5. Between the beginning of 1933 and summer 1934 at least ten complex collective agreements were finalized and others were under negotiation; see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 2. By April 1937 23 collective agreements were signed, 8 in public offices, 5 in banks, 5 in commercial companies, and 5 in local committees. See the chapter on collective agreements in Report of the Clerks' Union, Pinkas, 13-14 (May 1937), pp. 7-17. For later developments see Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha", pp. 2-3.
171. Resolutions of the National Convention of the Clerks' Union, in Choveret Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 32-35. The largest collective agreements were signed between the Clerks' Union and the Jewish Agency for the years 1934-1937, for which see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 4-5. Between the beginning of 1933 and summer 1934 at least ten complex collective agreements were finalized and others were under negotiation; see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 2. By April 1937 23 collective agreements were signed, 8 in public offices, 5 in banks, 5 in commercial companies, and 5 in local committees. See the chapter on collective agreements in Report of the Clerks' Union, Pinkas, 13-14 (May 1937), pp. 7-17. For later developments see Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha", pp. 2-3.
172. Resolutions of the National Convention of the Clerks' Union, in Choveret Le-Inianei Ha-Pekidim (1929), pp. 32-35. The largest collective agreements were signed between the Clerks' Union and the Jewish Agency for the years 1934-1937, for which see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 7 (June 1934), pp. 4-5. Between the beginning of 1933 and summer 1934 at least ten complex collective agreements were finalized and others were under negotiation; see Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Alon Ha-Va'ad Ha-Merkazi, 8 (July 1934), p. 2. By April 1937 23 collective agreements were signed, 8 in public offices, 5 in banks, 5 in commercial companies, and 5 in local committees. See the chapter on collective agreements in Report of the Clerks' Union, Pinkas, 13-14 (May 1937), pp. 7-17. For later developments see Glazer, "Ha-Ta'asia U-Pekide-ha", pp. 2-3.
173. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim", p. 17. See also T. Cohen, "Heskemei Avoda Collectivi'im [Collective Agreements]", Shurot, 117/118 (September-October 1951), pp. 16-17.
174. Gavrielli, "Ha-Politika Ha-Ta'arifit shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim", p. 17. See also T. Cohen, "Heskemei Avoda Collectivi'im [Collective Agreements]", Shurot, 117/118 (September-October 1951), pp. 16-17.
175. Achituv, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia Ve-Hamedina Ha-Yehudit", pp. 4-5.
176. L. Bendix, "Choze Ha-Avoda Ve-Erko La-Oved Ha-Ivri [The Labor Contract and its Value for the Jewish Laborer]", Shurot, 3 (October 1938), p. 8.
177. Ben-Ze'ev, "Pekidei Ha-Misradim U-Batei Ha-Mischar [Office Clerks and Commercial Establishments]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), p. 34.
178. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
179. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
180. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
181. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
182. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
183. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
184. D. Cohen, Secretary of Mo'etset Poalei Cheifa (Haifa Labor Council), to Histadrut Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim [Union of Office Workers, namely the Clerks' Union], 4 January 1923, LA/236-1-79; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Heshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Artsit Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Ha-Ovdim Be-Misradim U-Bevatei Mischar Beretz Israel [Report of the Clerks' Union to the National Convention of the Union], 9-12 March 1927 (Jerusalem, 1927); Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Shlishit [Histadrut Report to its Third General Convention], 1927, pp. 48-59; A. Globmann, "Likrat Chukat Ha-Avoda [Towards Work Agreement]", Pinkas, 2 (September 1930), pp. 3-5; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 4 (December 1938), p. 1; Editorial, "Be-Ikvot Ha-Yamim [Following the Days]", Shurot, 9/10 (December 1939), p. 1; Histadrut Ha-Pekidim, Din Ve-Cheshbon La-Ve'ida Ha-Chamisihit [Clerks' Union Report to its Fifth National Convention], 1933-1941.
185. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
186. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
187. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
188. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
189. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
190. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
191. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
192. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
193. S. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur [On the Production Councils]", Hapoel Hatsair, 26 July 1945; Y. Dochan, "Va'adot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda [The Production Councils and Labor Productivity]", Shurot, 95/9 (October-November 1949), pp. 12-14; A. Khushi, "Ha-Poel Ve-Ha-Meshek: Tots'ote-ha Shel Shitat Ha-Premi'ot [The Worker and the Economy: The Consequences of the Bonus System]", Ha-Dor, 23 December 1949; Z. Barash, "Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Moatsot Ha-Yetsur [Industrial Clerks and Productivity Councils]", Shurot, 98 (January 1950), pp. 12-13; A. Heller, "Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia U-Ba-Sherutim [Productivity Councils in Industry and Services", Alei Sadan (October 1950), pp. 20-22; M. Mokasei, "Moe'etset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim [Work Council in the Histadrut Sick-Fund]", Shurot, 122 (February 1952), p. 9; Ma'asim: Ha-Histadrut Be-Cheifa Ba-Shanim 1945-1953 [Deeds: The Histadrut In Haifa during 1945-1953] (Haifa, 1953); U. Heller, Moatsot Yitsur Ba-Ta'asia [Production Councils in Industry) (Tel Aviv, 1954); A.L. Globerson, Hiva'atsut Meshutefet Ba-Ta'asia Ha-Israelit [Joint Consultation in Israeli Industry] (Tel Aviv, 1955).
194. "Ha-Igud Ha-Miktsoi Ve-Ha-Medina", an interview with M. Brantental, Ha-Dor, 2 September 1949; M. Tavor, "Le-Hagdil Ha-Tefuka, Le-Harim Perion Ha-Avoda, Le-Horid et Mechirei Ha-Totseret [To Raise Output, Increase Productivity and Decrease Output Prices]", Ha-Dor, 4 September 1949; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5.
195. "Ha-Igud Ha-Miktsoi Ve-Ha-Medina", an interview with M. Brantental, Ha-Dor, 2 September 1949; M. Tavor, "Le-Hagdil Ha-Tefuka, Le-Harim Perion Ha-Avoda, Le-Horid et Mechirei Ha-Totseret [To Raise Output, Increase Productivity and Decrease Output Prices]", Ha-Dor, 4 September 1949; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5.
196. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur". See also A. Becker, "Ha-Oved Im Kom Ha-Medina [The Worker at the Establishment of the State]" (1951), in idem, Ha-Oved Be-Israel [The Worker in Israel] (Tel-Aviv, 1970), pp. 36-40. For British background from which some of these ideas were borrowed see J. Hinton, Shop Floor Citizens: Engineering Democracy in 1940s Britain (Aldershot, 1994).
197. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur". See also A. Becker, "Ha-Oved Im Kom Ha-Medina [The Worker at the Establishment of the State]" (1951), in idem, Ha-Oved Be-Israel [The Worker in Israel] (Tel-Aviv, 1970), pp. 36-40. For British background from which some of these ideas were borrowed see J. Hinton, Shop Floor Citizens: Engineering Democracy in 1940s Britain (Aldershot, 1994).
198. Ziedenbank, "Al Va'adot Ha-Yetsur". See also A. Becker, "Ha-Oved Im Kom Ha-Medina [The Worker at the Establishment of the State]" (1951), in idem, Ha-Oved Be-Israel [The Worker in Israel] (Tel-Aviv, 1970), pp. 36-40. For British background from which some of these ideas were borrowed see J. Hinton, Shop Floor Citizens: Engineering Democracy in 1940s Britain (Aldershot, 1994).
199. Z. Barash, "Chativat Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Bea'iot-eha [The Section of Industrial Clerks and its Problems]", Shurot, 123 (March 1952), p. 9. See also Mokasei, "Moe'tset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim", p. 9; Y. Streit, "Mo'atsot Avoda Meshutafot Be-Pekidut [Joint Work Councils in Clerical Work]", Shurot, 134 (February 1954), p. 7.
200. Z. Barash, "Chativat Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Bea'iot-eha [The Section of Industrial Clerks and its Problems]", Shurot, 123 (March 1952), p. 9. See also Mokasei, "Moe'tset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim", p. 9; Y. Streit, "Mo'atsot Avoda Meshutafot Be-Pekidut [Joint Work Councils in Clerical Work]", Shurot, 134 (February 1954), p. 7.
201. Z. Barash, "Chativat Pekidei Ha-Ta'asia U-Bea'iot-eha [The Section of Industrial Clerks and its Problems]", Shurot, 123 (March 1952), p. 9. See also Mokasei, "Moe'tset Avoda Be-Kupat Cholim", p. 9; Y. Streit, "Mo'atsot Avoda Meshutafot Be-Pekidut [Joint Work Councils in Clerical Work]", Shurot, 134 (February 1954), p. 7.
202. A. Becker, "Ba-Ma'aracha Ha-Kalkalit [In the Economic Battle]", Hapoel Hatsair, 18 October 1949. Despite initial opposition of the industrialists, by January 1950 50 councils were established in industry: 28 in the private sector, 19 in the Histadrut enterprises and 3 in the public sector. They served 11,500 workers, 30 per cent in the private sector, 40 per cent in the Histadrut, and 30 per cent in the public sector. See "Moatsot Ha-Yetsur", in Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Be-Shnot Ha-Sheloshim: Sekirot Ve-Sikumim, 1921-1951 [In the Thirtieth Year: Surveys and Summaries] (Tel Aviv, 1951), pp. 324-326. For comparison see Y. Shenhav, Mechonat Ha-Irgun: Chakira Bikortit Be-Yesodot Torat Ha-Nihul [The Organization Machine: A Critical Inquiry into the Foundations of Management Theory] (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1995), p. 198.
203. A. Becker, "Ba-Ma'aracha Ha-Kalkalit [In the Economic Battle]", Hapoel Hatsair, 18 October 1949. Despite initial opposition of the industrialists, by January 1950 50 councils were established in industry: 28 in the private sector, 19 in the Histadrut enterprises and 3 in the public sector. They served 11,500 workers, 30 per cent in the private sector, 40 per cent in the Histadrut, and 30 per cent in the public sector. See "Moatsot Ha-Yetsur", in Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Be-Shnot Ha-Sheloshim: Sekirot Ve-Sikumim, 1921-1951 [In the Thirtieth Year: Surveys and Summaries] (Tel Aviv, 1951), pp. 324-326. For comparison see Y. Shenhav, Mechonat Ha-Irgun: Chakira Bikortit Be-Yesodot Torat Ha-Nihul [The Organization Machine: A Critical Inquiry into the Foundations of Management Theory] (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1995), p. 198.
204. A. Becker, "Ba-Ma'aracha Ha-Kalkalit [In the Economic Battle]", Hapoel Hatsair, 18 October 1949. Despite initial opposition of the industrialists, by January 1950 50 councils were established in industry: 28 in the private sector, 19 in the Histadrut enterprises and 3 in the public sector. They served 11,500 workers, 30 per cent in the private sector, 40 per cent in the Histadrut, and 30 per cent in the public sector. See "Moatsot Ha-Yetsur", in Ha-Histadrut Ha-Klalit, Be-Shnot Ha-Sheloshim: Sekirot Ve-Sikumim, 1921-1951 [In the Thirtieth Year: Surveys and Summaries] (Tel Aviv, 1951), pp. 324-326. For comparison see Y. Shenhav, Mechonat Ha-Irgun: Chakira Bikortit Be-Yesodot Torat Ha-Nihul [The Organization Machine: A Critical Inquiry into the Foundations of Management Theory] (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1995), p. 198.
205. Editorial, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur Ve-Tsibur Ha-Pekidim [Production Committees and the Clerks' Community]", Shurot, 93 (September 1949), pp. 10-11. See also Ha-Ve'ida Ha-Shevi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut [The Histadrut Seventh General Convention] (September 1949); Dochan, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda", pp. 12-14; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artzi Shel Va'adei Poalim be-Mifalei Ha-Charoshet Ha-Histadruti'im [The National Convention of Workers' Committees in Histadrut Industrial Enterprises], 11-12 January 1946, Ba-Histadrut (April 1946); M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid", p. 17.
206. Editorial, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur Ve-Tsibur Ha-Pekidim [Production Committees and the Clerks' Community]", Shurot, 93 (September 1949), pp. 10-11. See also Ha-Ve'ida Ha-Shevi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut [The Histadrut Seventh General Convention] (September 1949); Dochan, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda", pp. 12-14; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artzi Shel Va'adei Poalim be-Mifalei Ha-Charoshet Ha-Histadruti'im [The National Convention of Workers' Committees in Histadrut Industrial Enterprises], 11-12 January 1946, Ba-Histadrut (April 1946); M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid", p. 17.
207. Editorial, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur Ve-Tsibur Ha-Pekidim [Production Committees and the Clerks' Community]", Shurot, 93 (September 1949), pp. 10-11. See also Ha-Ve'ida Ha-Shevi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut [The Histadrut Seventh General Convention] (September 1949); Dochan, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda", pp. 12-14; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artzi Shel Va'adei Poalim be-Mifalei Ha-Charoshet Ha-Histadruti'im [The National Convention of Workers' Committees in Histadrut Industrial Enterprises], 11-12 January 1946, Ba-Histadrut (April 1946); M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid", p. 17.
208. Editorial, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur Ve-Tsibur Ha-Pekidim [Production Committees and the Clerks' Community]", Shurot, 93 (September 1949), pp. 10-11. See also Ha-Ve'ida Ha-Shevi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut [The Histadrut Seventh General Convention] (September 1949); Dochan, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda", pp. 12-14; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artzi Shel Va'adei Poalim be-Mifalei Ha-Charoshet Ha-Histadruti'im [The National Convention of Workers' Committees in Histadrut Industrial Enterprises], 11-12 January 1946, Ba-Histadrut (April 1946); M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid", p. 17.
209. Editorial, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur Ve-Tsibur Ha-Pekidim [Production Committees and the Clerks' Community]", Shurot, 93 (September 1949), pp. 10-11. See also Ha-Ve'ida Ha-Shevi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut [The Histadrut Seventh General Convention] (September 1949); Dochan, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda", pp. 12-14; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artzi Shel Va'adei Poalim be-Mifalei Ha-Charoshet Ha-Histadruti'im [The National Convention of Workers' Committees in Histadrut Industrial Enterprises], 11-12 January 1946, Ba-Histadrut (April 1946); M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid", p. 17.
210. Editorial, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur Ve-Tsibur Ha-Pekidim [Production Committees and the Clerks' Community]", Shurot, 93 (September 1949), pp. 10-11. See also Ha-Ve'ida Ha-Shevi'it Shel Ha-Histadrut [The Histadrut Seventh General Convention] (September 1949); Dochan, "Vadot Ha-Yetsur U-Perion Ha-Avoda", pp. 12-14; Levi, "Ha-Pakid Ha-Meurgan Be-Medinat Israel", pp. 4-5; Ha-Kinus Ha-Artzi Shel Va'adei Poalim be-Mifalei Ha-Charoshet Ha-Histadruti'im [The National Convention of Workers' Committees in Histadrut Industrial Enterprises], 11-12 January 1946, Ba-Histadrut (April 1946); M.G., "Lama Ne'edar Mekomo Shel Ha-Pakid", p. 17.
211. For background see Horowitz and Lissak, The Origins of the Israeli Polity, ch. 9.
212. M. Lissak, "Strategies of Class Formation: The Case of the Labour Movement in the Jewish Community of Palestine: 1918-1948", in E. Cohen, M. Lissak and U. Almagor (eds), Comparative Social Dynamics (London, 1985), pp. 245-261; D. De Vries, "Proletarianization and National Segregation: Haifa in the 1920s", Middle Eastern Studies, 30, 4 (October 1994), pp. 860-882; Y. Gelber, " 'Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ve-Itsuvo Ba-Chevra Ha-Israelit [The 'New Jew' and Its Molding in Israeli Society]", in I. Gutman (ed.), Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi Be'Ikvot Ha-Sho'a [Major Changes Within the Jewish People in the Wake of the Holocaust] (Jerusalem, 1996), pp. 425-442.
213. M. Lissak, "Strategies of Class Formation: The Case of the Labour Movement in the Jewish Community of Palestine: 1918-1948", in E. Cohen, M. Lissak and U. Almagor (eds), Comparative Social Dynamics (London, 1985), pp. 245-261; D. De Vries, "Proletarianization and National Segregation: Haifa in the 1920s", Middle Eastern Studies, 30, 4 (October 1994), pp. 860-882; Y. Gelber, " 'Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ve-Itsuvo Ba-Chevra Ha-Israelit [The 'New Jew' and Its Molding in Israeli Society]", in I. Gutman (ed.), Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi Be'Ikvot Ha-Sho'a [Major Changes Within the Jewish People in the Wake of the Holocaust] (Jerusalem, 1996), pp. 425-442.
214. M. Lissak, "Strategies of Class Formation: The Case of the Labour Movement in the Jewish Community of Palestine: 1918-1948", in E. Cohen, M. Lissak and U. Almagor (eds), Comparative Social Dynamics (London, 1985), pp. 245-261; D. De Vries, "Proletarianization and National Segregation: Haifa in the 1920s", Middle Eastern Studies, 30, 4 (October 1994), pp. 860-882; Y. Gelber, " 'Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ve-Itsuvo Ba-Chevra Ha-Israelit [The 'New Jew' and Its Molding in Israeli Society]", in I. Gutman (ed.), Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi Be'Ikvot Ha-Sho'a [Major Changes Within the Jewish People in the Wake of the Holocaust] (Jerusalem, 1996), pp. 425-442.
215. D. Ben-Gurion, "Ha-Yi'ud Ha-Leumi Shel Ma'amad Ha-Poalim [The National Destiny of the Working Class]", Kuntres, 210 (24 Adar 5685) [20 March 1925]; M.A. Perlmutter, "Ha-Ein Ha-Pekìdut Zekuka Le-Chalutsim? [Does Not Clerking Need Pioneers?]", Shurot, 42 (September 1944), p. 10; Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, 1949.
216. D. Ben-Gurion, "Ha-Yi'ud Ha-Leumi Shel Ma'amad Ha-Poalim [The National Destiny of the Working Class]", Kuntres, 210 (24 Adar 5685) [20 March 1925]; M.A. Perlmutter, "Ha-Ein Ha-Pekìdut Zekuka Le-Chalutsim? [Does Not Clerking Need Pioneers?]", Shurot, 42 (September 1944), p. 10; Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, 1949.
217. D. Ben-Gurion, "Ha-Yi'ud Ha-Leumi Shel Ma'amad Ha-Poalim [The National Destiny of the Working Class]", Kuntres, 210 (24 Adar 5685) [20 March 1925]; M.A. Perlmutter, "Ha-Ein Ha-Pekìdut Zekuka Le-Chalutsim? [Does Not Clerking Need Pioneers?]", Shurot, 42 (September 1944), p. 10; Be-Mivchan Ha-Ma'aseh, 1949.
218. Y. Norman, "Ha-Intelligentsia Ha-Ovedet [The Labor Intelligentsia]", Ha'Adama, 3 (1 Kislev 5680) [23 November 1919], pp. 327-333; D. Giladi, "Yozma Pratìt, Hon Le'umi Ve-Gibush Politi Shel Ha-Yamin [Private Initiative, National Capital and the Political Integration of the Right]", in S.N. Eisenstadt et al. (eds), Ha-Mivneh Ha-Chevrati Shel Israel [Israel's Social Structure] (Jerusalem, 1969), pp. 86-98; J. Gorni, Achdut Ha-Avoda 1919-1930 [The Union of Labor) (Tel Aviv, 1973), ch. 3; A. Shapira, "Demuto Shel Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ba-Chevra Ha-Yeshuvit [The Image of the 'New Jew' in Jewish Society in Palestine]", in Gutman, Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi, pp. 411-423.
219. Y. Norman, "Ha-Intelligentsia Ha-Ovedet [The Labor Intelligentsia]", Ha'Adama, 3 (1 Kislev 5680) [23 November 1919], pp. 327-333; D. Giladi, "Yozma Pratìt, Hon Le'umi Ve-Gibush Politi Shel Ha-Yamin [Private Initiative, National Capital and the Political Integration of the Right]", in S.N. Eisenstadt et al. (eds), Ha-Mivneh Ha-Chevrati Shel Israel [Israel's Social Structure] (Jerusalem, 1969), pp. 86-98; J. Gorni, Achdut Ha-Avoda 1919-1930 [The Union of Labor) (Tel Aviv, 1973), ch. 3; A. Shapira, "Demuto Shel Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ba-Chevra Ha-Yeshuvit [The Image of the 'New Jew' in Jewish Society in Palestine]", in Gutman, Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi, pp. 411-423.
220. Y. Norman, "Ha-Intelligentsia Ha-Ovedet [The Labor Intelligentsia]", Ha'Adama, 3 (1 Kislev 5680) [23 November 1919], pp. 327-333; D. Giladi, "Yozma Pratìt, Hon Le'umi Ve-Gibush Politi Shel Ha-Yamin [Private Initiative, National Capital and the Political Integration of the Right]", in S.N. Eisenstadt et al. (eds), Ha-Mivneh Ha-Chevrati Shel Israel [Israel's Social Structure] (Jerusalem, 1969), pp. 86-98; J. Gorni, Achdut Ha-Avoda 1919-1930 [The Union of Labor) (Tel Aviv, 1973), ch. 3; A. Shapira, "Demuto Shel Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ba-Chevra Ha-Yeshuvit [The Image of the 'New Jew' in Jewish Society in Palestine]", in Gutman, Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi, pp. 411-423.
221. Y. Norman, "Ha-Intelligentsia Ha-Ovedet [The Labor Intelligentsia]", Ha'Adama, 3 (1 Kislev 5680) [23 November 1919], pp. 327-333; D. Giladi, "Yozma Pratìt, Hon Le'umi Ve-Gibush Politi Shel Ha-Yamin [Private Initiative, National Capital and the Political Integration of the Right]", in S.N. Eisenstadt et al. (eds), Ha-Mivneh Ha-Chevrati Shel Israel [Israel's Social Structure] (Jerusalem, 1969), pp. 86-98; J. Gorni, Achdut Ha-Avoda 1919-1930 [The Union of Labor) (Tel Aviv, 1973), ch. 3; A. Shapira, "Demuto Shel Ha-Yehudi He-Chadash' Ba-Chevra Ha-Yeshuvit [The Image of the 'New Jew' in Jewish Society in Palestine]", in Gutman, Temurot Yesod Ba-Am Ha-Yehudi, pp. 411-423.
222. M. Shalev, Labour and the Political Economy in Israel (Oxford, 1992), introduction. For comparison see Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, chs 9-12.
223. M. Shalev, Labour and the Political Economy in Israel (Oxford, 1992), introduction. For comparison see Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, chs 9-12.
224. Compare with a similar role related to teachers in R. Finer, Sochnim Shel Ha-Chinuch Ha-Tsioni [Agents of Zionist Education] (Tel Aviv, 1985).
225. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
226. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
227. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
228. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
229. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
230. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
231. See Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Va'ad Ha-Senif Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim Be-Yerushala'im [Report of the Jerusalem Branch Committee of the Clerks' Union], 1943-1947 (Jerusalem, 1947); B. Aktzin, Ifarei Ha-Minhal Ha-Tsihuri [Principles of Public Administration] (Jerusalem, 1952); Din Ve-Cheshbon Shel Histadrut Ha-Pekidim La-Tekufa Yanuar 1950-Merz 1952 [Clerks' Union Report for the Period January 1950-March 1952] (Tel Aviv, 1952); A. Tartakover, "Chevra, Medinah Ve-Chinuch Pekidim [Society, State and Clerks' Education]", Ha-Minhal, 13 (Spring 1953), pp. 6-8; G. Uriel, Minhal Misradi [Office Administration] (Jerusalem, 1959); A. Globerson, Nihul Chever Ovdim: Ikarim [Managing A Group of Workers: Principles] (Tel Aviv, 1959). See also G. Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 11-13, 160-162.
232. Compare with S. Carmi and H. Rosenfeld, "The Rise of Militaristic Nationalism in Israel", International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 3, 1 (Fall 1989), pp. 5-49.