Ethnographic research in medical sociology: Its foci and distinctive contributions

Sociological Methods and Research

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 452-494

  Charmaz, Kathy ^b   Olesen, Virginia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031482515     PISSN: 00491241     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0049124197025004004     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. Ablon, Joan. 1988. Living With Differences: Families With Dwarf Children. New York: Praeger.
2. Agar, Michael A. 1986. Speaking of Ethnography. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3. Altheide, David L. and John M. Johnson. 1994. "Criteria for Assessing Interpretive Validity in Qualitative Research." Pp. 485-99 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Anspach, Renee R. 1993. Deciding Who Lives: Fateful Choices in the Intensive-Care Nursery. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5. Ashworth, Peter D. 1995. "The Meaning of 'Participation' in Participant Observation." Qualitative Health Research 5:366-87.
6. Atkinson, Paul. 1981. The Clinical Experience: An Ethnography of Medical Education. Farnborough, England: Gower.
7. _. 1995. Medical Talk and Medical Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8. Atkinson, Paul and Martyn Hammersley. 1994. "Ethnography and Participant Observation." Pp. 248-61 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Baszanger, Isabelle. 1989. "Pain: Its Experience and Treatments." Social Science & Medicine 29:425-34.
10. Becker, Gaylene. 1980. Growing Old in Silence. Berkeley: University of California Press.
11. Becker, Howard S. and Blanche Geer. 1958. "The Fate of Idealism in Medical School." American Sociological Review 23:50-56.
12. Becker, Howard S., Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes, and Anselm L. Strauss. 1961. Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
13. Bellaby, Paul. 1990. "What Is Genuine Sickness? The Relation Between Work Discipline and the Sick Role in a Pottery Factory." Sociology of Health & Illness 12:47-68.
14. Bendiksen, Robert. Forthcoming. "Death, Dying and Bioethics: Current Issues in the USA." In The Unknown Country: Experiences of Death in Australia, Britain and the USA, edited by Kathy Charmaz, Glennys Howarth, and Allan Kellehear. London: Macmillan.
15. Benner, Patricia. 1984. From Novice to Expert. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
16. Beuf, Ann Hill. 1979. Biting Off the Bracelet: A Study of Children in Hospitals. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
17. Bloor, Michael J. 1983. "Notes on Member Validation." Pp. 156-72 in Contemporary Field Research, edited by Robert M. Emerson. Boston: Little, Brown.
18. Bluebond-Langner, Myra. 1978. The Private Worlds of Dying Children. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19. Bosk, Charles L. 1979. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. _. 1992. All God's Mistakes: Genetic Counseling in a Pediatric Hospital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. Breitmayer, Bonnie, Lioness Ayres, and Kathleen A. Knafl. 1993. "Triangulation in Qualitative Research: Evaluation of Completeness and Confirmation Purpose." Image 25:237-43.
22. Broadhead, Robert S. and Kathryn J. Fox. 1990. "Takin' It to the Streets: AIDS Outreach as Ethnography." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:322-48.
23. Broadhead, Robert S. and Douglas D. Heckathorn. 1994. "AIDS Prevention Outreach Among Injection Drug Users: Agency Problems and New Approaches." Social Problems 41:473-95.
24. Broom, Dorothy H. 1991. Damned if We Do: Contradictions in Women's Health Care. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
25. Brown, Phil. 1987. "Popular Epidemology: Community Response to Toxic Waste-Induced Disease in Woburn, Massachusetts." Science, Technology, & Human Values 12:76-85.
26. Bucher, Rue and Joanne Stelling. 1977. Becoming Professional. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27. Buckingham, R. W., III, S. A. Lack, B. M. Mount, L. D. MacLean, and J. T. Collins. 1977. "Living With the Dying: Use of the Technique of Participant Observation." Canadian Journal of Medicine 115:1211-15.
28. Bulmer, Martin. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Bury, Michael. 1982. "Chronic Illness as Disruption." Sociology of Health & Illness 4:167-82.
30. Casper, Monica J. 1996. The Making of the Unborn Patient: Medical Work and the Politics of Reproductive Experimental Surgery, 1963-1993. Unpublished dissertation, Department of Social and Behavioral Science, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco.
31. Caudill, William. 1958. The Psychiatric Hospital as a Small Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Chambliss, Daniel F. 1993. "Is Bioethics Irrelevant?" Contemporary Sociology 22:649-52.
33. _. 1996. Beyond Caring: Hospitals, Nurses and the Social Organization of Ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. Charmaz, Kathy. 1987. "Struggling for a Self: Identity Levels of the Chronically Ill." Pp. 283-321 in Research in the Sociology of Health Care: The Experience and Management of Chronic Illness, Vol. 6, edited by Peter Conrad and Julius A. Roth. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
35. _. 1990. "Discovering Illness: Using Grounded Theory." Social Science & Medicine 30:1161-72.
36. _. 1991. Good Days, Bad Days: The Self in Chronic Illness and Time. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
37. _. 1994. "Discoveries of Self in Illness." Pp. 226-42 in Doing Everyday Life: Ethnography as Human Lived Experience, edited by Mary Lorenz Dietz, Robert Prus, and William Shaffir. Mississauga, Ontario: Copp Clark.
38. _. 1995a. "Between Positivism and Postmodernism: Implications for Methods." Pp. 43-72 in Studies in Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 17, edited by Norman K. Denzin. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
39. _. 1995b. "The Body, Identity, and Self: Adapting to Impairment." Sociological Quarterly 36:657-80.
40. Cherry, Keith. 1995. "The Best Years of Their Lives: A Portrait of a Residential Home for People With AIDS." Symbolic Interaction 18:463-86.
41. Clark, Margaret. 1959. Health in the Mexican-American Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
42. Conrad, Peter. 1987. "The Experience of Illness: Recent and New Directions." Pp. 1-32 in Research in the Sociology of Health Care: The Experience and Management of Chronic Illness, Vol. 6, edited by Julius A. Roth and Peter Conrad. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
43. _. 1990. "Qualitative Research on Chronic Illness: A Commentary on Method and Conceptual Development." Social Science & Medicine 30:1257-63.
44. Corbin, Juliet M. and Anselm Strauss. 1988. Unending Work and Care: Managing Chronic Illness at Home. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
45. Cornwall, Jocelyn. 1984. Hard-Earned Lives: Accounts of Health and Illness From East London. London: Tavistock.
46. Coser, Rose Laub. 1962. Life in the Ward. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
47. Cowie, Bill. 1976. "The Cardiac Patient's Perception of His Heart Attack." Social Science & Medicine 10:87-96.
48. Craddock, E. and M. Reid. 1993. "Structure and Struggle: Implementing a Social Model of a Well-Woman Clinic in Glasgow. Social Science & Medicine 19:35-45.
49. Davis, Fred. 1963. Passage Through Crisis: Polio Victims and Their Families. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
50. _. [1956] 1972. "Definitions of Time and Recovery in Paralytic Polio Convalescence." Pp. 83-91 in Illness, Interaction and the Self, edited by Fred Davis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
51. Diamond, Timothy. 1992. Making Gray Gold: Narratives of Nursing Home Care. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52. Dingwall Robert. 1977. The Social Organisation of Health Visitor Training. London: Croom Helm.
53. Dodier, Nicholas. 1985. "Social Uses of Illness at the Workplace: Sick Leave and Moral Evaluation." Social Science & Medicine 20:123-28.
54. Ellis, Carolyn. 1995. Final Negotiations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
55. Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure Science. Berkeley: University of California Press.
56. Estroff, Sue R. 1981. Making It Crazy: An Ethnography of Psychiatric Clients in an American Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
57. Fagerhaugh, Shizuko and Anselm L. Strauss. 1977. The Politics of Pain Management. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
58. Fineman, Norman. 1991. "The Social Construction of Compliance: A Study of Health Care and Social Service Providers in Everyday Practice." Sociology of Health & Illness 13:354-73.
59. Fisher, Bradley J. 1990. "The Stigma of Relocation to a Retirement Facility." Journal of Aging Studies 4:47-59.
60. Foner, Nancy. 1994a. The Caregiving Dilemma: Work in an American Nursing Home. Berkeley: University of California Press.
61. _. 1994b. "Nursing Home Aides: Saints or Monsters." The Gerontologist 34:245-50.
62. _. 1995. "The Hidden Injuries of Bureaucracy: Work in an American Nursing Home." Human Organization 54:229-37.
63. Fontana, Andrea. 1977. The Last Frontier. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
64. Fox, Nicholas. 1993. "Discourse, Organization and the Surgical Ward Round." Sociology of Health & Illness 15:16-42.
65. _. 1994a. "Anesthetists, the Discourse on Patient Fitness and the Organisation of Surgery." Sociology of Health & Illness 15:16-42.
66. _. 1994b. Postmodernism, Sociology and Health. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
67. Fox, Renee C. 1959. Experiment Perilous: Physicians and Patients Facing the Unknown. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
68. _. 1978. "The Medicalization and Demedicalization of American Society." Pp. 9-22 in Doing Better and Feeling Worse: Health in the United States, edited by John H. Knowles. New York: Norton.
69. Fox, Renee C. and Judith P. Swazey. 1992. Spare Parts: Organ Replacementin American Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Frank, Arthur. 1993. "The Rhetoric of Self-Change: Illness Experience as Narrative." Sociological Quarterly 34:39-52.
71. Freidson, Eliot. 1965. "Disability and Social Deviance." Pp. 71-99 in Sociology and Rehabilitation, edited by Marvin Sussman. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
72. Gallagher, Eugene B. 1994. "Quality of Life Issues and the Dialectic of Medical Progress: Illustrated by End-Stage Renal Disease Patients." Pp. 67-90 in Advances in Medical Sociology: Quality of Life in Health Care, Vol. 5, edited by Gary Albrecht and Ray Fitzpatrick. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
73. Gerhardt, Uta. 1989. Ideas About Illness: An Intellectual and Political History of Medical Sociology. New York: New York University Press.
74. Gerhardt, Uta and Marianne Brieskorn-Zinke. 1986. "The Normalization of Hemodialysis at Home." Pp. 271-317 in Research in the Sociology of Health Care, Vol. 4, edited by Julius A. Roth and Sheryl Burt Ruzek, Greenwich, CT: JAI.
75. Glaser, Barney G. 1978. Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
76. Glaser, Barney G. and Anselm L. Strauss. 1965. Awareness of Dying. Chicago: Aldine.
77. _. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
78. _. 1968. Time for Dying. Chicago: Aldine.
79. Glasser, Irene. 1988. More Than Bread: Ethnography of a Soup Kitchen. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
80. Goffman, Erving. 1961. Asylums. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
81. _. 1963. Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
82. Gubrium, Jaber F. 1975. Living and Dying in Murray Manor. New York: St. Martin's.
83. _. 1986. Oldtimers and Alzheimer's: The Descriptive Organization of Senility. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
84. _. 1987. "Structuring and Destructuring the Course of Illness: The Alzheimer's Disease Experience." Sociology of Health & Illness 9:1-24.
85. _. 1993. Speaking of Life: Horizons of Meaning for Nursing Home Residents. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
86. Gubrium, Jaber F. and Robert J. Lynott. 1987. "Measurement and the Interpretation of Burden in the Alzheimer's Disease Experience." Journal of Aging Studies 1:265-85.
87. Guillemin, Jeanne H. and Lynda L. Holmstrom. 1986. Mixed Blessings: Intensive Care for Newborns. New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Haas, Jack and William Shaffir. 1987. Becoming Doctors: The Adoption of a Cloak of Competence. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
89. Hafferty, Frederic W. 1988. "Cadaver Stories and the Emotional Socialization of Medical Students." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29:323-32.
90. _. 1991. Into the Valley: Death and the Socialization of Medical Students. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
91. Hammersley, Martyn and Paul Atkinson. 1983. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Tavistock.
92. Hayes-Bautista, David. 1976. "Modifying the Treatment: Patient Compliance, Patient Control and Medical Care." Social Science & Medicine 10:233-38.
93. Herzlich, Claudine and Janine Pierret. 1987. Illness and Self in Society. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
94. Hess, David J. 1995. "Misleading Boundaries." Anthropology News Letter (October):44.
95. Hilbert, Richard A. 1984. "The Acultural Dimensions of Chronic Pain: Flawed Reality Construction and the Problem of Meaning." Social Problems 31:365-78.
96. Hochschild, Arlie. 1973. The Unexpected Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
97. Hoffmaster, Barry. 1992. "Can Ethnography Save the Life of Medical Ethics?" Social Science & Medicine 35:1421-31.
98. _. 1994. "The Forms and Limits of Medical Ethics." Social Science & Medicine 39:1155-64.
99. Jackson, Jean E. 1992. "'After a While No One Believes You': Real and Unreal Pain." Pp. 138-68 in Pain as Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective, edited by Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Paul E. Brodwin, Byron J. Good, and Arthur Kleinman. Berkeley: University of California Press.
100. James, Nicky and David Field. 1992. "The Routinization of Hospice: Charisma and Bureaucratization." Social Science & Medicine 34:1363-75.
101. Jennings, Bruce. 1990. "Ethics and Ethnography in Neonatal Intensive Care." Pp. 261-72 in Social Science Perspectives on Medical Ethics, edited by George Weisz. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
102. Kayser-Jones, Jeannie S. 1981. Old, Alone and Neglected: Care of the Aged in the United States and Scotland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
103. Kleinman, Arthur. 1988. The Illness Narratives. New York: Basic Books.
104. Kleinman, Sherryl. 1996. Opposing Ambitions: Gender and Identity in an Alternative Organization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
105. Kotarba, Joseph A. 1980. "Discovering Amorphous Social Experience: The Case of Chronic Pain." Pp. 57-67 in Fieldwork Experience: Qualitative Approaches to Social Research, edited by William B. Shaffir, Robert A. Stebbins, and Allan Turowetz. New York: St. Martin's.
106. _. 1983. Chronic Pain: Its Social Dimensions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
107. _. 1990. "Ethnography and AIDS: Returning to the Streets." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:259-70.
108. Kotarba, Joseph A. and Pamela Bentley. 1988. "Workplace Wellness Participation and the Becoming of Self." Social Science & Medicine 26:551-58.
109. Kotarba, Joseph A. and Darlene Hurt. 1995. "An Ethnography of an AIDS Hospice: Towards a Theory of Organizational Pastiche." Symbolic Interaction 18:413-38.
110. Lather, Patti. 1993. "Fertile Obsession: Validity After Poststructuralism." Sociological Quarterly 34:673-93.
111. Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
112. Lawler, Jocalyn. 1991. Behind The Screens: Nursing, Somology and the Problem of the Body. Melbourne, Australia: Churchill Livingstone.
113. Levine, Adeline Gordon. 1982. Love Canal: Science, Politics and People. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
114. Levy, Judith A., Chuck P. Gallmeier and W. Wayne Wiebel. 1995. "The Outreach Assisted Peer-Support Model for Controlling Drug Dependency." Journal of Drug Issues 25:507-29.
115. Levy, Judith A. and Audrey K. Gordon. 1987. "Stress and Burnout in the Social World of Hospice." Hospice Journal 3:29-51.
116. Levy, Judith A., Teri Strenski, and Daniel J. Amick. 1995. "Community-Based Case Management for Active Injecting Drug Users." Pp. 183-206 in Advances in Medical Sociology, Vol. 6, edited by Gary L. Albrecht. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
117. Light, Donald. 1980. Becoming Psychiatrists: The Professional Transformation of Self. New York: Norton.
118. Light, Linda and Nancy Kleiber. 1981. "Interactive Research in a Feminist Setting: The Vancouver Women's Health Collective." Pp. 167-84 in Anthropologists at Home in North America: Methods and Issues in the Study of One's Own Society, edited by Donald A. Messerschmidt. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
119. Lincoln, Yvonna S. and Egon G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
120. Locker, David. 1983. Disability and Disadvantage: The Consequences of Chronic Illness. London: Tavistock.
121. Loseke, Donileen R. 1992. The Battered Woman and Shelters: The Social Construction of Wife Abuse. Albany: State University of New York Press.
122. Lowenberg, June S. 1989. Caring and Responsibility: The Crossroads Between Holistic Practice and Traditional Medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
123. Lyman, Karen A. 1988. "Infantilization of Elders: Day Care of Alzheimer's Disease Victims." Pp. 71-103 in Research in the Sociology of Health Care, Vol. 7, edited by Dorothy Wertz. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
124. _. 1989. "Bringing the Social Back In: A Critique of the Biomedicalization of Dementia." The Gerontologist 29:597-609.
125. _. 1993. Day In, Day Out With Alzheimer's: Stress in Caregiving Relationships. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
126. Maines, David M. 1991. "The Storied Nature of Health and Diabetic Self-Help Groups." Pp. 35-45 in Advances in Medical Sociology, Vol. 5, edited by Gary Albrecht and Judith Levy. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
127. Margolis, Eric. 1990. "Visual Ethnography: Tools for Mapping the AIDS Epidemic." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:370-91.
128. Matthews, Sarah H. 1988. "The Burdens of Parent Care: A Critical Evaluation of Recent Findings." Journal of Aging Studies 2:158-65.
129. McGuire, Meredith B. 1988. Ritual Healing in Suburban America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
130. Mechanic, David and Edmund H. Volkart. 1960. "Illness Behavior and Medical Diagnosis." Journal of Health and Human Behavior 1:86-94.
131. Melia, Kath M. 1987. Learning and Working: The Occupational Socialisation of Nurses. London: Tavistock.
132. Merton, Robert K., George G. Reader, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1957. The Student Physician. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
133. Millman, Marcia. 1976. The Unkindest Cut. New York: William Morrow.
134. Mishler, Elliot G. 1994. "The Struggle Between the Voice of Medicine and the Voice of the Lifeworld." Pp. 288-300 in The Sociology of Health and Illness: Critical Perspectives, edited by Peter Conrad and Rochelle Kern. New York: St. Martin's.
135. Mitchell, Richard G. 1993. Secrecy and Fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
136. Mitteness, Linda S. 1987. "The Management of Urinary Incontinence by Community-Living Elderly." The Gerontologist 27:185-97.
137. Mizrahi, Terry. 1986. Getting Rid of Patients. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
138. Morgan, David L. 1982. "Failing Health and the Desire for Independence: Two Conflicting Aspects of Health Care in Old Age." Social Problems 30:40-50.
139. Munley, Anne. 1983. The Hospice Alternative: A New Context for Death and Dying. New York: Basic Books.
140. Olesen, Virginia L. 1990. "The Neglected Emotions: A Challenge to Medical Sociology." Medical Sociology News 16:11-22.
141. _. 1994. "Problematic Bodies: Past, Present and Future." Symbolic Interaction 17:231-37.
142. Olesen, Virginia L. and Elvi W. Whittaker. 1968. The Silent Dialogue: The Social Psychology of Professional Socialization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
143. Olesen, Virginia L., Nellie Droes, Dianne Hatton, Nan Chico, and Leonard Schatzman. 1993. "Analyzing Together: Recollections of a Team Approach." Pp. 25-50 in Analysis of Qualitative Data, edited by Robert G. Burgess and Alan Bryman. London: Routledge.
144. Paget, Marianne. 1990. "Performing the Text." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:136-55.
145. Parsons, Talcott. 1953. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
146. Paterson, Elizabeth. 1981. "Food-work: Maids in a Hospital Kitchen." Pp. 152-71 in Medical Work: Realities and Routines, edited by Paul Atkinson and Christian Heath. Farnborough, England: Gower.
147. Pinderhughes, Howard. Forthcoming. Don't Cross the Lines: Racial Conflict and Violence Among Youth in New York City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
148. Plough, Alonzo L. 1986. Borrowed Tune: Artificial Organs and the Politics of Extending Lives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
149. Quint, Jeanne C. 1967. The Nurse and the Dying Patient. New York: Macmillan.
150. Reif, Laura. 1975. "Ulcerative Colitis: Strategies for Managing Life." Pp. 81-88 in Chronic Illness and the Quality of Life, edited by Anselm L. Strauss. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
151. Rhodes, Lorna A. 1991. Emptying Beds: The Work of an Emergency Psychiatric Unit. Berkeley: University of California Press.
152. Roth, Julius A. 1963. Timetables. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
153. _. 1972. "Some Contingencies of the Moral Evaluation and Control of Clientele: The Case of the Hospital Emergency Service." American Journal of Sociology 77:839-56.
154. Ruzek, Sheryl Burt. 1978. The Women's Health Movement: Feminist Alternatives to Medical Control. New York: Praeger.
155. Ruzek, Sheryl B., Virginia Olesen, and Adele E. Clarke, eds. 1996. Women's Health: Differences and Complexities. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
156. Sacks, Karen Brodkin. 1988. Caring by the Hour: Women, Work and Organizing at Duke Medical Center. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
157. Sandelowski, M. 1986. "The Problem of Rigor in Qualitative Research." Advances in Nursing Science 8:27-37.
158. Sandstrom, Kent L. 1990. "Confronting Deadly Disease: The Drama of Identity Construction Among Gay Men With AIDS." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:271-94.
159. Savishinsky, Joel S. 1991. The Ends of Time: Life and Work in a Nursing Home. New York: Bergin & Garvey.
160. Scheff, Thomas J. 1966. Being Mentally Ill. Chicago: Aldine.
161. Schneider, Joseph W. and Peter Conrad. 1983. Having Epilepsy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
162. Scott, Robert A. 1968. The Making of Blind Men. New York: Russell Sage.
163. Shield, Renee Rose. 1988. Uneasy Endings: Daily Life in an American Nursing Home. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
164. Silverman, David. 1987. Communication and Medical Practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
165. Smith, Allen C., III and Sherryl Kleinman. 1989. "Managing Emotions in Medical School: Students' Contacts With the Living and the Dead." Social Psychology Quarterly 52:56-69.
166. Smith, Pam. 1993. The Emotional Labour of Nursing. London: Macmillan.
167. Smithers, Janice A. 1976. "Institutionalized Dimensions of Senility." Urban Life 6:251-76.
168. _. 1990. "A Wheelchair Society: The Nursing Home Scene." Journal of Aging Studies 4:261-76.
169. Speedling, Edward J. 1982. Heart Attack: The Family Response at Home and in the Hospital. London: Tavistock.
170. Spradley, James. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winsto.
171. Stacey, Margaret. 1992. Regulating British Medicine: The General Medical Council. New York: John Wiley.
172. Stanton, Alfred H. and Morris S. Schwartz. 1954. The Mental Hospital: A Study of Institutional Participation in Psychiatric Illness and Treatment. New York: Basic Books.
173. Stoddardt, Kenneth. 1986. "The Presentation of Everyday Life: Some Textual Strategies for Adequate Ethnography." Urban Life 15:103-21.
174. Straus, Robert. 1957. "The Nature and Status of Medical Sociology." American Sociological Review 22:203-13.
175. Strauss, Anselm, ed. 1975. Chronic Illness and the Quality of Life. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
176. _. 1987. Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
177. Strauss, Anselm and Juliet Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
178. Strauss, Anselm L., Juliet Corbin, Shizuko Fagerhaugh, Barney G. Glaser, David Maines, Barbara Suczek, and Carolyn L. Wiener. 1984. Chronic Illness and the Quality of Life. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
179. Strauss, Anselm L., Shizuko Fagerhaugh, Barbara Suczek, and Carolyn L. Wiener. 1982a. "Sentimental Work in the Technological Hospital." Sociology of Health and Illness 12: 254-78.
180. _. 1982b. "The Work of Hospitalized Patients." Social Science & Medicine 16:977-86.
181. _. 1985. Social Organization of Medical Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
182. Strauss, Anselm, Leonard Schatzman, Rue Bucher, Danuta Ehrlich, and Melvin Sabshin. 1964. Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
183. Strong, Philip M. 1979. The Ceremonial Order of the Clinic: Parents, Doctors and Medical Bureaucracies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
184. Strong, Philip M. and Jane Robinson. 1990. The NHS Under New Management. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.
185. Szasz, Thomas S. 1961. The Manufacture of Madness. New York: Harper.
186. Tellis-Nayak, V. and Mary Tellis-Nayak. 1989. "Quality of Care and the Burden of Two Cultures: When the World of the Nurse's Aide Enters the World of the Nursing Home." The Gerontologist 29:307-20.
187. Tourigny, Sylvie C. 1994. "Integrating Ethics With Symbolic Interactionism: The Case of Oncology." Qualitative Health Research 4:163-85.
188. Vidich, Arthur J. and Stanford M. Lyman. 1994. "Qualitative Methods: Their History in Sociology and Anthropology." Pp. 23-60 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
189. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice Webb. [1932] 1968. Methods of Social Study. New York: A. M. Kelley.
190. Weitz, Rose. 1989. "Uncertainty in the Lives of Persons With AIDS." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 30:270-81.
191. _. 1991. Life With AIDS. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
192. Wiener, Carolyn L. 1975. "The Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis." Pp. 71-80 in Chronic Illness and the Quality of Life, edited by Anselm L. Strauss. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
193. Wiley, Juniper. 1990. "The Dramatisation of Emotions in Practice and Theory: Emotion Work and Emotion Roles in a Therapeutic Community." Sociology of Health & Illness 12:127-50.
194. Wiseman, Jacqueline P. 1970. Stations of the Lost. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
195. Zussman, Robert. 1992. Intensive Care; Medical Ethics and the Medical Profession. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.