The dynamics of regime transition in Afghanistan

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 167-184

  Maley, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELITE POLITICS; INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE; REGIME TRANSITION;

AFGHANISTAN;

EID: 0031474373     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634939708400982     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
2. See I. William Zartman, 'Introduction: posing the problem of state collapse', in I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995), pp 1-11.
3. Dankwart A. Rustow, 'Transitions to democracy: toward a dynamic model', Comparative Politics, Vol 2, No 3, 1970, pp 337-363 at p 355.
4. Amin Saikal and William Maley, Regime Change in Afghanistan: Foreign Intervention and the Politics of Legitimacy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp 11-12.
5. For a categorization of different regime types according to their characteristic mixtures of compliance and support, see Richard Rose, 'Dynamic tendencies in the authority of regimes', World Politics, Vol 21, No 4, 1969, pp 602-628.
6. See William Maley, 'Political legitimation in contemporary Afghanistan', Asian Survey, Vol 27, No 6, 1987, pp 705-725.
7. A number of key Soviet documents dealing with the invasion decision have now been published in Moscow: see 'Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok: Afganistan', Voprosy istorii, 1993, 3, pp 3-32; 'Dokumenty sovetskogo rukovodstva o polozhenii v Afganistane. 1979-1980', Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, 1996, 3, pp 91-99. For discussion of some of these and other files, see Odd Arne Westad, 'Prelude to invasion: the Soviet Union and the Afghan Communists, 1978-1979', International History Review, Vol 16, No 1, 1994, pp 49-69; Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994), pp 977-1075.
8. A number of key Soviet documents dealing with the invasion decision have now been published in Moscow: see 'Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok: Afganistan', Voprosy istorii, 1993, 3, pp 3-32; 'Dokumenty sovetskogo rukovodstva o polozhenii v Afganistane. 1979-1980', Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, 1996, 3, pp 91-99. For discussion of some of these and other files, see Odd Arne Westad, 'Prelude to invasion: the Soviet Union and the Afghan Communists, 1978-1979', International History Review, Vol 16, No 1, 1994, pp 49-69; Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994), pp 977-1075.
9. A number of key Soviet documents dealing with the invasion decision have now been published in Moscow: see 'Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok: Afganistan', Voprosy istorii, 1993, 3, pp 3-32; 'Dokumenty sovetskogo rukovodstva o polozhenii v Afganistane. 1979-1980', Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, 1996, 3, pp 91-99. For discussion of some of these and other files, see Odd Arne Westad, 'Prelude to invasion: the Soviet Union and the Afghan Communists, 1978-1979', International History Review, Vol 16, No 1, 1994, pp 49-69; Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994), pp 977-1075.
10. A number of key Soviet documents dealing with the invasion decision have now been published in Moscow: see 'Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok: Afganistan', Voprosy istorii, 1993, 3, pp 3-32; 'Dokumenty sovetskogo rukovodstva o polozhenii v Afganistane. 1979-1980', Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, 1996, 3, pp 91-99. For discussion of some of these and other files, see Odd Arne Westad, 'Prelude to invasion: the Soviet Union and the Afghan Communists, 1978-1979', International History Review, Vol 16, No 1, 1994, pp 49-69; Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994), pp 977-1075.
11. See William Maley, 'Soviet-Afghan relations after the coup', Report on the USSR, Vol 3, No 38, 20 September 1991, pp 11-15 at p 15.
12. Michael Burton, Richard Gunther, and John Higley, 'Introduction: elite transformations and democratic regimes', in John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds, Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp 1-37 at p 10.
13. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
14. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
15. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
16. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
17. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
18. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
19. See Louis Dupree, 'Ethnography', in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), Vol I, pp 495-501; Erwin Orywal, ed., Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1986); Rolf Bindemann, Religion und Politik bei den schi'itischen Hazâra in Afghanistan, Iran und Pakistan (Berlin: Verlag Das Arabische Buch, 1987); Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, Et si on parlait de l'Afghanistan? (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des science de l'homme, 1988); Jean-Pierre Digard, ed., Le fait ethnique en Iran et en Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988); Pierre Centlivres, 'La nouvelle carte ethnique de l'Afghanistan', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 47, 1990, pp 4-11; Nassim Jawad, Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1992).
20. On the pre-Communist elite, see Abdullah Aziz, Essai sur les catégories dirigeantes de l'Afghanistan 1945-1963: Mode de vie et comportement politique (Berne: Peter Lang, 1987); Barnett R. Rubin, 'The old regime in Afghanistan: recruitment and training of a state elite', Central Asian Survey, Vol 10, No 3, 1991, pp 73-100.
21. On the pre-Communist elite, see Abdullah Aziz, Essai sur les catégories dirigeantes de l'Afghanistan 1945-1963: Mode de vie et comportement politique (Berne: Peter Lang, 1987); Barnett R. Rubin, 'The old regime in Afghanistan: recruitment and training of a state elite', Central Asian Survey, Vol 10, No 3, 1991, pp 73-100.
22. See Olivier Roy, 'The new political elite of Afghanistan', in Myron Weiner and Ali Banuazizi, eds, The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994), pp 72-100.
23. Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (London: Hutchinson, 1978), p 1.
24. See Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp 153-164.
25. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p 4.
26. For a good survey of usages of the term 'party', see Gerald M. Pomper, 'Concepts of political parties', Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol 4, No 2, 1992, pp 143-159.
27. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
28. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
29. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
30. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
31. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
32. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
33. For appraisals of the resistance parties, see Olivier Roy, L'Afghanistan: Islam et modernité politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1985); Eden Naby, 'The Afghan Resistance Movement', in Ralph H. Magnus, ed., Afghan Alternatives: Issues, Options, and Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp 59-81; Eden Naby, 'The changing role of Islam as a unifying force in Afghanistan', in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp 124-154; Eden Naby, 'Islam within the Afghan Resistance', Third World Quarterly, Vol 10, No 2, 1988, pp 787-805; Graham Fuller, Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan: Its Character and Prospects (Santa Monica: RAND R-3970-USDP, 1991); Asta Olesen, Islam and Polítics in Afghanistan (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995); Olivier Roy, Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1995).
34. Gilles Dorronsoro, 'Afghanistan's civil war', Current History, Vol 94, No 588, 1995, pp 37-40 at p 37.
35. Olivier Roy, L'échec de l'Islam politique (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1992), pp 200-203.
36. See the remarks of Mawlawi Mohammad Masum Afghani, quoted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2234/A/1, 22 February 1995. For informative accounts of the antecedents of the Taliban, see Olivier Roy, 'Le mouvement des tâlebân en Afghanistan', Afghanistan Info, No 36, 1995, pp 5-7; Bernard Dupaigne, 'L'émergence du mouvement des Tâlebân', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 68, 1995, pp 13-17; Anthony Davis, 'Afghanistan's Taliban', Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol 7, No 7, 1995, pp 315-321.
37. See the remarks of Mawlawi Mohammad Masum Afghani, quoted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2234/A/1, 22 February 1995. For informative accounts of the antecedents of the Taliban, see Olivier Roy, 'Le mouvement des tâlebân en Afghanistan', Afghanistan Info, No 36, 1995, pp 5-7; Bernard Dupaigne, 'L'émergence du mouvement des Tâlebân', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 68, 1995, pp 13-17; Anthony Davis, 'Afghanistan's Taliban', Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol 7, No 7, 1995, pp 315-321.
38. See the remarks of Mawlawi Mohammad Masum Afghani, quoted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2234/A/1, 22 February 1995. For informative accounts of the antecedents of the Taliban, see Olivier Roy, 'Le mouvement des tâlebân en Afghanistan', Afghanistan Info, No 36, 1995, pp 5-7; Bernard Dupaigne, 'L'émergence du mouvement des Tâlebân', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 68, 1995, pp 13-17; Anthony Davis, 'Afghanistan's Taliban', Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol 7, No 7, 1995, pp 315-321.
39. See the remarks of Mawlawi Mohammad Masum Afghani, quoted in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2234/A/1, 22 February 1995. For informative accounts of the antecedents of the Taliban, see Olivier Roy, 'Le mouvement des tâlebân en Afghanistan', Afghanistan Info, No 36, 1995, pp 5-7; Bernard Dupaigne, 'L'émergence du mouvement des Tâlebân', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 68, 1995, pp 13-17; Anthony Davis, 'Afghanistan's Taliban', Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol 7, No 7, 1995, pp 315-321.
40. Jan Pakulski, Social Movements: The Politics of Moral Protest (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1991), p xiv.
41. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 23.
42. See Edward Barnes, 'Friends of the Taliban', Time Magazine, 4 November 1996, p. 54; Anthony Davis, 'The not so hidden hand: how Pakistanis help the Taliban crusade', Asiaweek, 29 November 1996, p. 28.
43. See Edward Barnes, 'Friends of the Taliban', Time Magazine, 4 November 1996, p. 54; Anthony Davis, 'The not so hidden hand: how Pakistanis help the Taliban crusade', Asiaweek, 29 November 1996, p. 28.
44. See John Jennings, 'The Taliban and Foggy Bottom', The Washington Times, 25 October 1996.
45. See Afghanistan: Taleban Take Hundreds of Civilians Prisoner (London: Amnesty International, ASA/11/ 07/96, 2 October 1996); Afghanistan: Grave Abuses in the Name of Religion (London: Amnesty International, ASA11/12/96, 18 November 1996).
46. See Afghanistan: Taleban Take Hundreds of Civilians Prisoner (London: Amnesty International, ASA/11/ 07/96, 2 October 1996); Afghanistan: Grave Abuses in the Name of Religion (London: Amnesty International, ASA11/12/96, 18 November 1996).
47. For Weber's classic formulation, see Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Vol I, p 215. For further discussion of the concept of legitimacy, see Lucian W. Pye, 'The legitimacy crisis', in Leonard Binder et al, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1971), pp 135-158; T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, eds, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982); Rodney Barker, Political Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991); Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
48. For Weber's classic formulation, see Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Vol I, p 215. For further discussion of the concept of legitimacy, see Lucian W. Pye, 'The legitimacy crisis', in Leonard Binder et al, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1971), pp 135-158; T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, eds, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982); Rodney Barker, Political Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991); Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
49. For Weber's classic formulation, see Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Vol I, p 215. For further discussion of the concept of legitimacy, see Lucian W. Pye, 'The legitimacy crisis', in Leonard Binder et al, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1971), pp 135-158; T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, eds, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982); Rodney Barker, Political Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991); Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
50. For Weber's classic formulation, see Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Vol I, p 215. For further discussion of the concept of legitimacy, see Lucian W. Pye, 'The legitimacy crisis', in Leonard Binder et al, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1971), pp 135-158; T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, eds, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982); Rodney Barker, Political Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991); Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
51. For Weber's classic formulation, see Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Vol I, p 215. For further discussion of the concept of legitimacy, see Lucian W. Pye, 'The legitimacy crisis', in Leonard Binder et al, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1971), pp 135-158; T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, eds, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982); Rodney Barker, Political Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991); Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
52. For Weber's classic formulation, see Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Vol I, p 215. For further discussion of the concept of legitimacy, see Lucian W. Pye, 'The legitimacy crisis', in Leonard Binder et al, Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1971), pp 135-158; T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Fehér, eds, Political Legitimation in Communist States (London: Macmillan, 1982); Rodney Barker, Political Legitimacy and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (London: Macmillan, 1991); Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
53. John Higley and Michael G. Burton, 'The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns', American Sociological Review, Vol 54, No 1, 1989, pp 17-32 at p 21.
54. Michael G. Burton and John Higley, 'Elite settlements', American Sociological Review, Vol 52, No 3, 1987, pp 295-307 at p 295.
55. Ibid, p 298.
56. See Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp 37-39; Giuseppe DiPalma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), pp 86-90.
57. See Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp 37-39; Giuseppe DiPalma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), pp 86-90.
58. For more detailed discussion of this question, see William Maley, 'Peacekeeping and peacemaking', in Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer, eds, A Crisis of Expectations: UN Peacekeeping in the 1990s (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), pp 237-250.
59. Richard K. Betts, 'The delusion of impartial intervention', Foreign Affairs, Vol 73, No 6, 1994, pp 20-33 at p 21.
60. Robert E. Goodin, 'Institutions and their design', in Robert E. Goodin, ed., The Theory of Institutional Design (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp 1-53 at pp 39-43.
61. Harry Eckstein, Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), p 188.
62. On the theory of the predatory state, see Deepak Lal, The Hindu Equilibrium (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988) Vol I, pp 294-306.
63. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p 12; Jean Blondel, Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis (London: SAGE Publications, 1987), p 25.
64. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p 12; Jean Blondel, Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis (London: SAGE Publications, 1987), p 25.
65. James N. Rosenau, 'Governance, order, and change in world politics', in James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp 1-29 at p 5.
66. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp 21-31.
67. See Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), p 20.
68. See Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
69. See Barnett R. Rubin, 'Afghanistan: political exiles in search of a state', in Yossi Shain, ed., Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics (London: Routledge, 1991), pp 69-91.
70. On this episode, see Saikal and Maley, op cit, Ref 4, pp 128-129.
71. The text of the Peshawar Accord appears as Appendix I in Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (United Nations: A/47/656, 17 November 1992).
72. See Gilles Dorronsoro, 'Le parti de Dostom: le Jumbesh', Afghanistan Info, No 34, December 1993-January 1994, pp 11-14.
73. International Herald Tribune, 22 April 1992, p 2.
74. Afghan Peace Accord (United Nations: S/25435, 19 March 1993).
75. For a more detailed discussion of the Islamabad Accord, see William Maley, 'The future of Islamic Afghanistan', Security Dialogue, Vol 24, No 4, 1993, pp 383-396 at pp 388-390.
76. See BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2229/A/3, 16 February 1995.
77. For a text of the agreement, see BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2685/A/1-2, 8 August 1996; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2686/A/1, 9 August 1996.
78. For a text of the agreement, see BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2685/A/1-2, 8 August 1996; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/2686/A/1, 9 August 1996.
79. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, FE/1461/B/1, 17 August 1992.
80. William Maley, 'Taliban Triumphant?', The World Today, November 1996, pp. 275-276.
81. On the failure of the 1991 plan, see William Maley and Fazel Haq Saikal, Political Order in Post-Communist Afghanistan (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992), pp 23-32; Imtiaz H. Bokhari, 'Internal negotiations among many actors: Afghanistan', in I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), pp 231-264 at pp 241-248; Barnett R. Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp 125-135.
82. On the failure of the 1991 plan, see William Maley and Fazel Haq Saikal, Political Order in Post-Communist Afghanistan (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992), pp 23-32; Imtiaz H. Bokhari, 'Internal negotiations among many actors: Afghanistan', in I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), pp 231-264 at pp 241-248; Barnett R. Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp 125-135.
83. On the failure of the 1991 plan, see William Maley and Fazel Haq Saikal, Political Order in Post-Communist Afghanistan (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992), pp 23-32; Imtiaz H. Bokhari, 'Internal negotiations among many actors: Afghanistan', in I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), pp 231-264 at pp 241-248; Barnett R. Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp 125-135.
84. Barnett R. Rubin, 'Post-Cold War state disintegration: The Failure of International Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan', Journal of International Affairs, Vol 46, No 2, 1993, pp 469-492 at p 488.
85. See Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (London: HarperCollins, 1991), pp 980-981.
86. Progress Report of the Special Mission to Afghanistan (United Nations: A/49/208, S/1994/766, 1 July 1994).
87. Statement by the President of the Security Council (United Nations: S/PRST/1994/77, 30 November 1994).
88. See William Maley and Fazel Haq Saikal, 'Post-Communist Afghanistan: myths and realities', Quadrant, Vol 39, No 5, 1995, pp 59-64 at p 62.
89. For a detailed critique of Mestiri's approach, see Amin Saikal, 'The UN and Afghanistan: a case of failed peacemaking intervention', International Peacekeeping, Vol 3, No 1, 1996, pp 19-34.
90. See Steve Heder, 'Cambodia's democratic transition to neoauthoritarianism', Current History, Vol 94, No 596, 1995, pp 425-429. On parallels and divergences in the recent political histories of the two countries, see William Maley, 'Regional conflicts: Afghanistan and Cambodia', in Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer, eds, Rethinking Regional Relations: Asia Pacific and the Former Soviet Union (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp 183-200.
91. See Steve Heder, 'Cambodia's democratic transition to neoauthoritarianism', Current History, Vol 94, No 596, 1995, pp 425-429. On parallels and divergences in the recent political histories of the two countries, see William Maley, 'Regional conflicts: Afghanistan and Cambodia', in Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer, eds, Rethinking Regional Relations: Asia Pacific and the Former Soviet Union (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp 183-200.
92. See Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp 21-47.
93. See Lynn Carter and Kerry Connor, A Preliminary Investigation of Contemporary Afghan Councils (Peshawar: Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief, 1989).
94. It is notable, however, that federalism appears to be opposed in some Pushtun circles: see Anwar-ul-Haq Ahady, 'The decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan', Asian Survey, Vol 35, No 7, 1995, pp 621-634 at p 634.
95. The following paragraphs draw on William Maley and Fazel Haq Saikal, 'La constitution afghane devra respecter les diversités', Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No 68, 1995, pp 21-23.
96. See Final Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, submitted by Mr Felix Ermacora, Special Rapporteur, in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/68 (United Nations: E/CN.4/1993/42, 18 February 1993) Annex I.
97. See Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp 55-75; Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (London: Macmillan, 1994), pp 121-140.
98. See Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp 55-75; Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (London: Macmillan, 1994), pp 121-140.
99. See Fred W. Riggs, 'Fragility of the Third World's regimes', International Social Science Journal, No 136, 1993, pp 199-243.
100. Juan Linz, 'The perils of presidentialism', Journal of Democracy, Vol 1, No 1, 1990, pp 51-69.
101. Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp 28-31.
102. See Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Law in Afghanistan: A Study of the Constitutions, Matrimonial Law and the Judiciary (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1985), p 39.
103. See Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skatch, 'Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: parliamentarism versus presidentialism', World Politics, Vol 46, No 1, 1993, pp 1-22 at p 18.
104. S. Q. Reshtia, 'La Lôye Jerga: Ses Origines et son Rôle Historique dans l'Évolution de la Société Afghane', Central Asian Survey, Vol 7, Nos 2-3, 1988, pp 5-19.
105. For more detailed discussion of consociationalism, see William Maley, 'Consociationalism and Afghan political order', Afghanistan Info, No 30, 1991, pp 10-12.
106. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p 25.
107. This formulation derives from Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976), p 269.
108. Weber, op cit, Ref 23, Vol I, p 56.
109. See Mats R. Berdal, Disarmament and Demobilisation after Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts (London: Adelphi Paper No 303, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford University Press), pp 66-72.
110. Turkmenistan-to-Pakistan pipeline plans move ahead: Delta, Gazprom, Unocal, Turkmen-Russian JV to form consortium', New Europe, 18-24 August 1996, p 43.
111. For an elaboration of this argument, see Russell Hardin, One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp 56-59.
112. Progress Report of the Special Mission to Afghanistan, para. 23 (e).
113. David B. Edwards, Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996), p 4.
114. See Asger Cnristensen, Aiding Afghanistan: The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 1995); William Maley, Recovery and Reconstruction in Afghanistan (Armidale: Discussion Paper No 4, Centre for Peace Studies, University of New England, 1995).
115. See Asger Cnristensen, Aiding Afghanistan: The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 1995); William Maley, Recovery and Reconstruction in Afghanistan (Armidale: Discussion Paper No 4, Centre for Peace Studies, University of New England, 1995).
116. See Hiram A. Ruiz, Left Out in the Cold: The Perilous Homecoming of Afghan Refugees (Washington, DC: US Committee for Refugees, 1992); 'Afghanistan: Off the Agenda', in Life, Death and Aid: The Médecins Sans Frontières Report on World Crisis Intervention (London: Routledge, 1993), pp 27-32.
117. See Hiram A. Ruiz, Left Out in the Cold: The Perilous Homecoming of Afghan Refugees (Washington, DC: US Committee for Refugees, 1992); 'Afghanistan: Off the Agenda', in Life, Death and Aid: The Médecins Sans Frontières Report on World Crisis Intervention (London: Routledge, 1993), pp 27-32.
118. Progress Report of the Special Mission to Afghanistan, para. 13.
119. René Dollot, L'Afghanistan (Paris: Payot, 1937), p 15.