W(h)ither spatial science and spatial analysis

Futures

Volumn 29, Issue 4-5, 1997, Pages 323-336

  Johnston, R J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE; GIS; SPACE-TIME COMPRESSION; SPATIAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031473984     PISSN: 00163287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0016-3287(97)00014-1     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Kuhn, T. S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.
2. Haggett, P., Locational Analysis in Human Geography, eds P. Haggett, A. D. Cliff and A. E. Frey. Edward Arnold, London, 1965; Locational Analysis in Human Geography, 2nd edn. Edward Arnold, London, 1977.
3. Haggett, P., Locational Analysis in Human Geography, eds P. Haggett, A. D. Cliff and A. E. Frey. Edward Arnold, London, 1965; Locational Analysis in Human Geography, 2nd edn. Edward Arnold, London, 1977.
4. This is illustrated by recent texts, such as P. J. Cloke, C. Philo and D. Sadler, Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates. Paul Chapman Publishing, London, 1990, which totally ignores the methods and results of spatial analysis and spatial science.
5. N. J. Obermeyer, GIS: a new profession?, Professional Geographer 46, 498-503 (1994).
6. On spatial science and spatial analysis within the history of geography, see R. J. Johnston, Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945, 5th edn. Edward Arnold, London, 1996.
7. Johnston, R. J., The expansion and fragmentation of geography in higher education. In Companion Encyclopaedia of Geography, ed. R. J. Huggett, M. E. Robinson and I. Douglas. Routledge, London, 1996.
8. Miyares, I. M. and McGlade, M. S., Specialization in 'Jobs in Geography': 1980-1993. The Professional Geographer, 1994, 46, 170-177: P. Gober et al., Employment trends in geography. The Professional Geographer, 1995, 47, 317-346.
9. Miyares, I. M. and McGlade, M. S., Specialization in 'Jobs in Geography': 1980-1993. The Professional Geographer, 1994, 46, 170-177: P. Gober et al., Employment trends in geography. The Professional Geographer, 1995, 47, 317-346.
10. Cox, K. R., American geography: social science emergent. Social Science Quarterly, 57, 182-207.
11. Christaller, W., Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland, 1933, translated by C. W. Baskin as Central Places in Southern Germany. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1966.
12. Christaller, W., Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland, 1933, translated by C. W. Baskin as Central Places in Southern Germany. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1966.
13. Bunge, W., Theoretical Geography, C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund, Sweden, 1962.
14. Haggett, Locational Analysis in Human Geography, op cit reference 2, 1st edn, p. 18.
15. Haggett, Cliff and Frey, op cit reference 2, 2nd edn, p. 3.
16. Haggett, P., Human Geography: A Modern Synthesis. Harper and Row, New York, 1975.
17. Haggett, Cliff and Frey, op cit reference 2, p. 6.
18. The major exception was Berry's attempt to develop a 'field theory' based on the analysis of nodal regions, but this too attracted little following: B. J. L. Berry, A synthesis of formal and functional regions using a general field theory of spatial behavior. In Spatial Analysis: A Reader, eds B. J. L. Berry and D. F. Marble. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1968, pp. 419-428.
19. See P. L. Knox and P. J. Taylor, ed, World Cities in a World-Economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
20. Morrill, R. L., The Spatial Organization of Society. Wadsworth, Belmont CA, 1970.
21. See Getis, A., Scholarship, leadership, and quantitative methods. Urban Geography, 1993, 14, 517-525; and Casetti, E., Spatial analysis: perspectives and prospects. Urban Geography, 1993, 14, 526-537.
22. See Getis, A., Scholarship, leadership, and quantitative methods. Urban Geography, 1993, 14, 517-525; and Casetti, E., Spatial analysis: perspectives and prospects. Urban Geography, 1993, 14, 526-537.
23. R. D. Sack, Geography, geometry and explanation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 62, 61-78 (1972).
24. Cox, K. R. and Golledge, R. G., eds, Behavioral Problems in Geography: A Symposium. Northwestern University Studies in Geography 17, Evanston, 1969.
25. L. Guelke, Problems of scientific explanation in geography, Canadian Geographer 15, 38-53 (1971).
26. Harvey, D., From models to Marx: notes on the project to 'remodel' contemporary geography. In Remodelling Geography, ed. B. Macmillan. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1989, pp. 217-229; Stoddart, D. R., To claim the high ground: geography for the end of the century. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 1987, NS12, 327-336.
27. Harvey, D., From models to Marx: notes on the project to 'remodel' contemporary geography. In Remodelling Geography, ed. B. Macmillan. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1989, pp. 217-229; Stoddart, D. R., To claim the high ground: geography for the end of the century. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 1987, NS12, 327-336.
28. Johnston, Geography and Geographers.
29. Nystuen's paper was originally published in a 'local' journal in 1963, and apart from its impact on those within the current 'invisible college' of pioneering spatial analysts had little impact until its reprinting in a major collection of readings. The original publication was 'Identification of some fundamental spatial concepts'. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters, 1963, 48, 373-384. It was reprinted on pages 35-51 of Spatial Analysis: A Reader, eds B. J. L. Berry and D. F. Marble. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1978, to which the references here relate.
30. Nystuen's paper was originally published in a 'local' journal in 1963, and apart from its impact on those within the current 'invisible college' of pioneering spatial analysts had little impact until its reprinting in a major collection of readings. The original publication was 'Identification of some fundamental spatial concepts'. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters, 1963, 48, 373-384. It was reprinted on pages 35-51 of Spatial Analysis: A Reader, eds B. J. L. Berry and D. F. Marble. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1978, to which the references here relate.
31. Ibid, p. 35.
32. Ibid, p. 41.
33. Johnston, R. J., The geographers' degrees of freedom: Wreford Watson, postwar progress in human geography, and the prospects for scholarship in British geography. Progress in Human Geography, 1993, 17, 319-332; Johnston, R. J., Jean Gottmann: French regional and political geographer extraordinaire. Progress in Human Geography, 20, 1996.
34. Johnston, R. J., The geographers' degrees of freedom: Wreford Watson, postwar progress in human geography, and the prospects for scholarship in British geography. Progress in Human Geography, 1993, 17, 319-332; Johnston, R. J., Jean Gottmann: French regional and political geographer extraordinaire. Progress in Human Geography, 20, 1996.
35. Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K., Spatial Autocorrelation. Pion, London, 1973.
36. Wrigley, N., Revisiting the modifiable areal unit problem and the ecological fallacy, in Diffusing Geography: Essays for Peter Haggett, eds A. D. Cliff, P. R. Gould, A, G. Hoare and N. J. Thrift. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995.
37. The term was Brian Berry's: Berry, B. J. L., Review of B. M. Russett: The International System. The Geographical Review, 1969, 59, 450.
38. Prescott, J. R. V., The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries. Routledge, London, 1988.
39. Johnston, 'Jean Gottmann', op cit reference 27.
40. Taylor, P. J., The state as container: territoriality in the modern world-system. Progress in Human Geography, 1994, 18, 151-162; Taylor, P. J., Beyond containers: internationality, interstateness, interterritoriality. Progress in Human Geography, 1995, 19, 1-15.
41. Taylor, P. J., The state as container: territoriality in the modern world-system. Progress in Human Geography, 1994, 18, 151-162; Taylor, P. J., Beyond containers: internationality, interstateness, interterritoriality. Progress in Human Geography, 1995, 19, 1-15.
42. Sack, R. D., Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
43. J. R. Mackay, The interactance hypothesis and boundaries in Canada: a preliminary study, The Canadian Geographer 11, 1-8 (1958).
44. Yuill, R. S., A Simulation Study of Barrier Effects in Spatial Diffusion Problems. Michigan Inter-University Community of Mathematical Geographers, Discussion Paper 5, Ann Arbor, 1965.
45. P. J. Taylor, Distances within shapes: an introduction to a new family of finite frequency distributions, Geografiska Annaler 53(B), 40-53 (1971).
46. S. S. Duncan, The isolation of scientific discovery: indifference and resistance to a new idea, Science Studies 4, 109-134 (1974).
47. Notably, Pred, A., Urbanization, domestic planning problems and Swedish geographic research. In Progress in Geography 5, eds C. Board et al., Edward Arnold, London, 1973; and Pred, A., The choreography of existence: comments on Hagerstrand's time-geography and its usefulness. Economic Geography, 1977, 52, 207-221.
48. Notably, Pred, A., Urbanization, domestic planning problems and Swedish geographic research. In Progress in Geography 5, eds C. Board et al., Edward Arnold, London, 1973; and Pred, A., The choreography of existence: comments on Hagerstrand's time-geography and its usefulness. Economic Geography, 1977, 52, 207-221.
49. Pred, 1973, ibid, p. 218.
50. As in Thrift, N. J., An Introduction to Time Geography. GeoBooks, Norwich, 1977.
51. The major work, in a translation by Allan Pred, was Hagerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1968.
52. T. Hagerstrand, Diorama, path and project, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 73, 323-339 (1982).
53. Pred, 1977, op cit reference 39, p. 208.
54. Parkes, D. N. and Thrift, N. J., Times, Spaces and Places. John Wiley, Chichester, 1980, p. 22.
55. Ibid, p. 249.
56. T. Carlstein, D. N. Parkes and N. J. Thrift, eds, Timing Space and Spacing Time. Edward Arnold, London, 1978.
57. Gregory, D., Suspended animation: the stasis of diffusion theory. In Social Relations and Spatial Structures, eds D. Gregory and J. Urry. Macmillan, London, p. 316.
58. Ibid, p. 321.
59. Giddens, A., The Constitution of Society. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1984, p. 271.
60. Giddens, A., The Nation-State and Violence. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1985.
61. Gold, J. R., An Introduction to Behavioural Geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.
62. Appleton, J. H., The Experience of Landscape. John Wiley, Chichester, 1975.
63. F. W. Boal, Territoriality on the Shankill-Falls divide, Irish Geography 6, 30-50 (1969).
64. Johnston, R. J., Residential Segregation, the State and Constitutional Conflict in American Urban Areas. Academic Press, London, 1984.
65. Mackenzie, E., Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1994; Harvey, D., Cities or urbanization. City, 1996, 1/2, 38-61.
66. Mackenzie, E., Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1994; Harvey, D., Cities or urbanization. City, 1996, 1/2, 38-61.
67. Johnston, R. J., Nature, State and Economy: The Political Economy of Environmental Problems. John Wiley, Chichester, 1996; Vogler, J., The Global Commons: A Regime Analysis. John Wiley, Chichester, 1995.
68. Johnston, R. J., Nature, State and Economy: The Political Economy of Environmental Problems. John Wiley, Chichester, 1996; Vogler, J., The Global Commons: A Regime Analysis. John Wiley, Chichester, 1995.
69. Openshaw, S., Computational human geography: towards a research agenda. Environment and Planning A, 1994, 26, 499-505; Human systems modelling as a new grand challenge area in science: what has happened to the science in social science? Environment and Planning A, 1997 27, 159-164. Although Stan Openshaw was a leader in recognising the nature of the modifiable areal unit problem, its implications are not identified in these programmatic statements.
70. Openshaw, S., Computational human geography: towards a research agenda. Environment and Planning A, 1994, 26, 499-505; Human systems modelling as a new grand challenge area in science: what has happened to the science in social science? Environment and Planning A, 1997 27, 159-164. Although Stan Openshaw was a leader in recognising the nature of the modifiable areal unit problem, its implications are not identified in these programmatic statements.
71. See several of the essays in P. Longley and G. Clarke, eds, GIS for Business and Service Planning. Geolnformation International, Cambridge, 1995; and also essays in Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems, Pickles, J., ed. Guilford Press, New York, 1995.
72. See several of the essays in P. Longley and G. Clarke, eds, GIS for Business and Service Planning. Geolnformation International, Cambridge, 1995; and also essays in Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems, Pickles, J., ed. Guilford Press, New York, 1995.
73. On the media involved, and their impacts, see Lash, S. and Urry, J., The Economies of Signs and Spaces, Sage Publications, London, 1993.
74. Mann, M., Neither nation-state nor globalism. Environment and Planning A, 1996, 29.
75. A. Pred, The academic past through a time-geographic looking-glass, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 69, 175-180 (1979).
76. Cliff, A. D. and Haggett, P., Disease implications of global change. In Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World in the Late Twentieth Century, eds R. J. Johnston, M. J. Watts and P. J. Taylor. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, pp. 206-224.
77. Taylor, P. J., Beyond containers, op cit reference 33.
78. J. Anderson, The shifting stage of politics: new medieval and postmodern territorialities?, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14, 133-154 (1996).
79. Vogler, op cit reference 57.
80. J. Agnew, The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory, Review of International Political Economy 1, 54 (1994).
81. Anderson, op cit reference 65, p. 144.
82. As illustrated by the rapidly-expanding prison population in the UK!
83. Abler, R. F., Adams, J. S. and Gould, P. R., Spatial Organization: The Geographer's View of the World. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971.
84. Taylor, P. J., A world of containers, and Beyond containers, op cit reference 33.
85. Harvey, D., The geopolitics of capitalism. In Social Relations and Spatial Structures, eds D. Gregory and J. Urry. Macmillan, London, 1985.