Religion, violence and displacement in Nigeria

Journal of Asian and African Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 33-49

  Williams, Pat Ama Tokunbo ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POPULATION DISPLACEMENT; REFUGEES; RELIGION; VIOLENCE;

NIGERIA;

EID: 0031473976     PISSN: 00219096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002190969703200104     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. See Pat Williams, "Religion and Social Mobilization: The Problem as Solution," Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies, forthcoming.
2. Pat Williams, "Religion and Development Process in Nigeria" (report on research project on contemporary development issues in Nigeria submitted to the Social Science Council of Nigeria and Ford Foundation, July 1990).
3. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner, 1958); Kenneth P. Jameson and Charles K. Wilber, "Religious Values and Development," World Development, 8, No. 7/8 (1980).
4. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner, 1958); Kenneth P. Jameson and Charles K. Wilber, "Religious Values and Development," World Development, 8, No. 7/8 (1980).
5. See Pat Williams, "Religious Pluralism and Security in Nigeria," report submitted to SSRC, New York, 1993.
6. Since Independence in 1960, Nigeria has had four constitutions. Section 10 and 11 and chapter 4, of the 1979, and 1995 constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria have been included to take care of the diversities of the country. Yet, the problem lies not in the spirit of the constitutions but in their implemention.
7. B.J. Dudley, Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria (London: Frank Cass, 1968); E.C. Amucheazi, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria 1945-1966: A Study in Pressure Group Politics (Lagos: Macmillan Nigeria, 1986); J.N. Paden, Religion and Political Culture in Kano (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); David Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); PB. Clarke, West Africa and Islam (London: Edward Arnold, 1982).
8. B.J. Dudley, Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria (London: Frank Cass, 1968); E.C. Amucheazi, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria 1945-1966: A Study in Pressure Group Politics (Lagos: Macmillan Nigeria, 1986); J.N. Paden, Religion and Political Culture in Kano (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); David Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); PB. Clarke, West Africa and Islam (London: Edward Arnold, 1982).
9. B.J. Dudley, Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria (London: Frank Cass, 1968); E.C. Amucheazi, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria 1945-1966: A Study in Pressure Group Politics (Lagos: Macmillan Nigeria, 1986); J.N. Paden, Religion and Political Culture in Kano (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); David Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); PB. Clarke, West Africa and Islam (London: Edward Arnold, 1982).
10. B.J. Dudley, Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria (London: Frank Cass, 1968); E.C. Amucheazi, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria 1945-1966: A Study in Pressure Group Politics (Lagos: Macmillan Nigeria, 1986); J.N. Paden, Religion and Political Culture in Kano (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); David Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); PB. Clarke, West Africa and Islam (London: Edward Arnold, 1982).
11. B.J. Dudley, Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria (London: Frank Cass, 1968); E.C. Amucheazi, Church and Politics in Eastern Nigeria 1945-1966: A Study in Pressure Group Politics (Lagos: Macmillan Nigeria, 1986); J.N. Paden, Religion and Political Culture in Kano (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); David Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); PB. Clarke, West Africa and Islam (London: Edward Arnold, 1982).
12. Williams, "Religion and Development," 10.
13. See P.A.T. Williams, "The State, Politics, Religion in Nigeria" (Ph.D diss., University of Ibadan, 1989).
14. Matthew Hassan Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1994); Iheanyi M. Enwerem, A Dangerous Awakening: The Politicization of Religion in Nigeria (Ibadan: IFRA, 1995).
15. Matthew Hassan Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1994); Iheanyi M. Enwerem, A Dangerous Awakening: The Politicization of Religion in Nigeria (Ibadan: IFRA, 1995).
16. See Williams, "State, Politics and Religion," Ch. 1.
17. P.R.A. Adegbesan, "Pragmatic Involvement in Religious Matters: A Case Study of Nigeria," in: Alternative Political Futures in Nigeria, ed. Stephen O. Olugbemi (Lagos: NPSA, 1987).
18. See the activities of the Ogboni and the Owegbe in the politics of western Nigeria during the First Republic in Williams, "State, Politics and Religion;" see also Membership of Secret Societies, Ban for Public Officers: Circular Ref. No. B. 63214/Vol. 11/258, Lagos Federal Ministry of Establishment August 18, 1977.
19. J. Milton Yinger, "Religion: Social Aspects," Encyclopedia Britannica (1984).
20. T.T. Kambasaya, "The Issue of the Secularity of the Nigerian State," The Nigerian Journal of Theology 1, No. 4 (1988): 60-61.
21. Pat Williams, "Proliferation of Christian Groups in Nigeria Today: A Reflection of the Situation in Christendom," in: Proliferation of Churches in Nigeria, ed. S.A. Adewale (Ibadan, Nigerian Association for Christian Studies, 1989).
22. Patrick Hanks, ed., Encyclopedia World Dictionary (London: Hamlyn, 1979), 1147.
23. Williams, "Religion and Security in Nigeria."
24. Donald Eugene Smith, Religion and Political Development (Boston: Little Brown, 1970).
25. Ibid.
26. S.E. Finer, Comparative Government (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970).
27. Smith, Religion and Political Development, 118.
28. See Williams, "Religious Pluralism and Security in Nigeria," paper presented at a conference on Violence and Religion: Ideologies and Institutions, University of Toronto, March 22-23, 1996.
29. Ikime Obaro, "Religion and Ethnicity as a Means of Maintaining the Status Quo in Nigerian Politics" (Department of Religious Studies Conference, University of Ibadan, March 28, 1985).
30. Williams, "State, Politics and Religion," Ch. 2. In many Nigerian societies, it is not unusual for adherents of Christianity and Islam to continue to give allegiance to traditional religions, especially during periods of crisis and annual festivals.
31. See G.J.E. Tomlinson and G.J. Lethem, The History of Islamic Propaganda in Nigeria: Reports (London: Waterlow and Son, 1927); Pat Williams and Toyin Falola, Religious Impact on the State: The Nigerian Predicament (Avebury: Ashgate, 1995), 167-169.
32. See G.J.E. Tomlinson and G.J. Lethem, The History of Islamic Propaganda in Nigeria: Reports (London: Waterlow and Son, 1927); Pat Williams and Toyin Falola, Religious Impact on the State: The Nigerian Predicament (Avebury: Ashgate, 1995), 167-169.
33. See Abubakar Gumi and Ismaila Abubakar Tsiga, Where I Stand (Kaduna: Spectrum Books, 1994), 64-65.
34. Ahmadu Bello, My Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); Richard Sklar, Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation (Enugu: Nok Publishers, 1983), 44-47.
35. Ahmadu Bello, My Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); Richard Sklar, Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation (Enugu: Nok Publishers, 1983), 44-47.
36. K.K. Oloso, The Muslim Student Society in Nigeria, 1954-1980 (M.A. thesis, University of Ibadan, 1981), 52.
37. J.N. Paden, Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokato: Values and Leadership in Nigeria (Zaria: Hudahuda Publishing, 1986), 539-542.
38. Gumi and Tsiga, Where I Stand, 125. The second coup was staged mainly by northern soldiers, the first mainly by Igbo Christian soldiers.
39. A. Kurfi, The Nigerian General Elections 1959 and 1979 and the Aftermath (Lagos: Macmillan, 1983).
40. Gumi and Tsiga, Where I Stand, 155-175.
41. Ibid., 176-192.
42. Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power, 154-158.
43. Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry on Kano Disturbances (Maitatsine), Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1981.
44. Jibrin Ibrahim, "The Politics of Religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kaduna State," Review of African Political Economy 45/46 (1989), 65-82; and "Religion and Turbulence in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies 29, No. 1 (1991), 115-136; Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power, 184-213.
45. Jibrin Ibrahim, "The Politics of Religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kaduna State," Review of African Political Economy 45/46 (1989), 65-82; and "Religion and Turbulence in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies 29, No. 1 (1991), 115-136; Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power, 184-213.
46. Jibrin Ibrahim, "The Politics of Religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kaduna State," Review of African Political Economy 45/46 (1989), 65-82; and "Religion and Turbulence in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies 29, No. 1 (1991), 115-136; Kukah, Religion, Politics and Power, 184-213.
47. Africa Watch, October 1991, 43; Ibrahim, "Religion and Turbulence in Nigeria;" J.O. Ihonvbere, "A Critical Evaluation of the Failed 1990 Coup in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies 29, No. 4 (1991): 601-626.
48. Africa Watch, October 1991, 43; Ibrahim, "Religion and Turbulence in Nigeria;" J.O. Ihonvbere, "A Critical Evaluation of the Failed 1990 Coup in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies 29, No. 4 (1991): 601-626.
49. Africa Watch, October 1991, 43; Ibrahim, "Religion and Turbulence in Nigeria;" J.O. Ihonvbere, "A Critical Evaluation of the Failed 1990 Coup in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies 29, No. 4 (1991): 601-626.
50. See Ahmad Muhammed Sanusi Gumbi, My Advice to Emirs and Chiefs, July 9, 1991; Islamic Revolution: The Future Path of Nigeria (n. d., n. p.).
51. See Ahmad Muhammed Sanusi Gumbi, My Advice to Emirs and Chiefs, July 9, 1991; Islamic Revolution: The Future Path of Nigeria (n. d., n. p.).
52. 3 December, 1993, 4.