The politics of protection: An institutional approach to government-industry relations in the British and United States cotton industries, 1945-73

Business History

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 128-150

  Rose, Mary B ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COTTON INDUSTRY; GATT; GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY RELATIONS; HISTORICAL STUDY; INDUSTRIAL HISTORY; PROTECTIONISM;

UK; USA;

COTTON INDUSTRY; GATT; TRADE AGREEMENT;

EID: 0031471799     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076799700000149     Document Type: Review

References (118)

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2. D.B. Keesing and M. Wolf, Textile Quotas against Developing Countries (London, 1980), p.44; R.A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of United States Foreign Economic Policy, 1929-1976 (Berkeley, 1980), p.29.
3. H.S. Hunsberger, Japan in United States Foreign Economic Policy (Washington, 1961); R.B. Brandis, The Making of Textile Trade Policy, 1935-81 (Washington, 1982); M. Dupree, 'Struggling with Destiny: The Cotton Industry, Overseas Trade Policy and the Cotton Board', Business History, Vol.32 (1990), pp.106-8.
4. H.S. Hunsberger, Japan in United States Foreign Economic Policy (Washington, 1961); R.B. Brandis, The Making of Textile Trade Policy, 1935-81 (Washington, 1982); M. Dupree, 'Struggling with Destiny: The Cotton Industry, Overseas Trade Policy and the Cotton Board', Business History, Vol.32 (1990), pp.106-8.
5. H.S. Hunsberger, Japan in United States Foreign Economic Policy (Washington, 1961); R.B. Brandis, The Making of Textile Trade Policy, 1935-81 (Washington, 1982); M. Dupree, 'Struggling with Destiny: The Cotton Industry, Overseas Trade Policy and the Cotton Board', Business History, Vol.32 (1990), pp.106-8.
6. R.P. Dore, 'Adjustment in Process: A Lancashire Town', in J.N. Bagwhati (ed.), Import Competition and Response (Chicago, 1982), pp.312-17; Dupree, 'Struggling', 106-28; J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap: The Cotton Industry, 1945-1970 (Oxford, 1991), pp.114-39.
7. R.P. Dore, 'Adjustment in Process: A Lancashire Town', in J.N. Bagwhati (ed.), Import Competition and Response (Chicago, 1982), pp.312-17; Dupree, 'Struggling', 106-28; J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap: The Cotton Industry, 1945-1970 (Oxford, 1991), pp.114-39.
8. R.P. Dore, 'Adjustment in Process: A Lancashire Town', in J.N. Bagwhati (ed.), Import Competition and Response (Chicago, 1982), pp.312-17; Dupree, 'Struggling', 106-28; J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap: The Cotton Industry, 1945-1970 (Oxford, 1991), pp.114-39.
9. Singleton, Lancashire, pp.118, 123.
10. Ibid., pp.115-16; H.B. Lary, Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Countries (New York, 1968), p.83.
11. Ibid., pp.115-16; H.B. Lary, Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Countries (New York, 1968), p.83.
12. V.K. Aggarwal with S. Haggard, 'The Politics of Protection in the US Textile and Apparel Industries', in J. Zysman and L. Tyson (eds.), American Industry in International Competition (Ithaca, NY, 1983), pp.259-60; R. Robson, The Cotton industry in Britain (London, 1957), pp.262-3.
13. V.K. Aggarwal with S. Haggard, 'The Politics of Protection in the US Textile and Apparel Industries', in J. Zysman and L. Tyson (eds.), American Industry in International Competition (Ithaca, NY, 1983), pp.259-60; R. Robson, The Cotton industry in Britain (London, 1957), pp.262-3.
14. Hunsberger, Japan, pp.258, 310; Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, pp.8-10.
15. Hunsberger, Japan, pp.258, 310; Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, pp.8-10.
16. Aggarwel with Haggard, 'Polities', pp.259-61; R. Bauer, I. de Sola Pool and L. Dexter, American Business and Public Policy (Chicago, IL, 1964), p.10.
17. Aggarwel with Haggard, 'Polities', pp.259-61; R. Bauer, I. de Sola Pool and L. Dexter, American Business and Public Policy (Chicago, IL, 1964), p.10.
18. Dupree, 'Struggling', pp.106-28; J. Singleton, 'Showing the White Rag: The Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1945-65', Business History. Vol.32 (1990), pp.129-49.
19. Dupree, 'Struggling', pp.106-28; J. Singleton, 'Showing the White Rag: The Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1945-65', Business History. Vol.32 (1990), pp.129-49.
20. C. Miles, Lancashire Textiles: A Case Study of Industrial Change (Cambridge, 1968), pp.46-54.
21. Dupree, 'Struggling', pp.119-20.
22. Ibid., pp.110-28; Singleton, Lancashire, p.136; Cotton Board, The Cotton Industry and Unlimited Imports (Manchester, 1956).
23. Ibid., pp.110-28; Singleton, Lancashire, p.136; Cotton Board, The Cotton Industry and Unlimited Imports (Manchester, 1956).
24. Ibid., pp.110-28; Singleton, Lancashire, p.136; Cotton Board, The Cotton Industry and Unlimited Imports (Manchester, 1956).
25. J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p.352; Singleton, Lancashire, pp.135-7; A. Knight, Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience (London, 1974), p.110; Textile Council, Cotton and Allied Trades: A Report on Present Performance and Future Prospects (Manchester, 1969), pp.128; GATT, A Study on Cotton Textiles (Geneva, 1966), p.83; Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Annual Report (London, 1965), p.97.
26. J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p.352; Singleton, Lancashire, pp.135-7; A. Knight, Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience (London, 1974), p.110; Textile Council, Cotton and Allied Trades: A Report on Present Performance and Future Prospects (Manchester, 1969), pp.128; GATT, A Study on Cotton Textiles (Geneva, 1966), p.83; Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Annual Report (London, 1965), p.97.
27. J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p.352; Singleton, Lancashire, pp.135-7; A. Knight, Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience (London, 1974), p.110; Textile Council, Cotton and Allied Trades: A Report on Present Performance and Future Prospects (Manchester, 1969), pp.128; GATT, A Study on Cotton Textiles (Geneva, 1966), p.83; Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Annual Report (London, 1965), p.97.
28. J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p.352; Singleton, Lancashire, pp.135-7; A. Knight, Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience (London, 1974), p.110; Textile Council, Cotton and Allied Trades: A Report on Present Performance and Future Prospects (Manchester, 1969), pp.128; GATT, A Study on Cotton Textiles (Geneva, 1966), p.83; Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Annual Report (London, 1965), p.97.
29. J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p.352; Singleton, Lancashire, pp.135-7; A. Knight, Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience (London, 1974), p.110; Textile Council, Cotton and Allied Trades: A Report on Present Performance and Future Prospects (Manchester, 1969), pp.128; GATT, A Study on Cotton Textiles (Geneva, 1966), p.83; Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Annual Report (London, 1965), p.97.
30. J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p.352; Singleton, Lancashire, pp.135-7; A. Knight, Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience (London, 1974), p.110; Textile Council, Cotton and Allied Trades: A Report on Present Performance and Future Prospects (Manchester, 1969), pp.128; GATT, A Study on Cotton Textiles (Geneva, 1966), p.83; Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Annual Report (London, 1965), p.97.
31. Singleton, Lancashire, p.139; Caroline Miles, 'Protection of the British Textile Industry' in W.M. Corden and G. Fels (eds.), Public Assistance to Industry: Protection and Subsidies in Britain and Germany (London, 1976), p.197.
32. Singleton, Lancashire, p.139; Caroline Miles, 'Protection of the British Textile Industry' in W.M. Corden and G. Fels (eds.), Public Assistance to Industry: Protection and Subsidies in Britain and Germany (London, 1976), p.197.
33. Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.44.
34. J.W. Evans, The Kennedy Round in American Trade Policy: The Twilight of GATT? (Cambridge, MA, 1971), p.284.
35. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.11.
36. Ibid., pp.16-18.
37. Ibid., pp.20-26; W.H. Simpson, Some Aspects of America's Textile Industry (Columbia, OH, 1966).
38. Ibid., pp.20-26; W.H. Simpson, Some Aspects of America's Textile Industry (Columbia, OH, 1966).
39. Aggarwal with Haggard, 'Politics', p.377.
40. GATT, A Study, p.83; Simpson, Some Aspects, p.29; R. Anson and P. Simpson, World Textile Trade and Production Trends (London, 1988), p.109.
41. GATT, A Study, p.83; Simpson, Some Aspects, p.29; R. Anson and P. Simpson, World Textile Trade and Production Trends (London, 1988), p.109.
42. GATT, A Study, p.83; Simpson, Some Aspects, p.29; R. Anson and P. Simpson, World Textile Trade and Production Trends (London, 1988), p.109.
43. Aggarwal with Haggard, 'Politics', p.279.
44. I.M. Destler, H. Fukui and H. Sato, The Textile Wrangle (Ithaca, NY, 1979); Brandis, The Making, p.44; Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.39.
45. I.M. Destler, H. Fukui and H. Sato, The Textile Wrangle (Ithaca, NY, 1979); Brandis, The Making, p.44; Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.39.
46. I.M. Destler, H. Fukui and H. Sato, The Textile Wrangle (Ithaca, NY, 1979); Brandis, The Making, p.44; Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.39.
47. S. Ratner, The Tariff in American History (New York, 1972).
48. Bauer, de Sola Pool and Dexter, American, pp.25-6.
49. Olson, Logic.
50. Anderson and Baldwin, 'Political', p.14.
51. Letter from Donald Comer, former textile executive, New York Times, 24 March 1961, quoted Hunsberger, Japan, p.363.
52. Letter from Donald Comer, former textile executive, New York Times, 24 March 1961, quoted Hunsberger, Japan, p.363.
53. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.24.
54. Cotton Board Trade Letter, 1949, p.3.
55. M. Dupree, Lancashire and Whitehall: The Diary of Sir Raymond Streat, 1931-57 (Manchester, 1987), Vol.2, p.885.
56. F. Clairmont and J. Cavanagh, The World in their Web: Dynamics of Textile Multinationals (London, 1981), p.139; Knight, Private, p.55.
57. F. Clairmont and J. Cavanagh, The World in their Web: Dynamics of Textile Multinationals (London, 1981), p.139; Knight, Private, p.55.
58. C. Wurm, Business Politics and International Relations: Steel, Cotton and International Cartels in British Politics, 1924-39 (Cambridge, 1993), p.198.
59. R.L. Nelson, Concentration in the Manufacturing Industries of the United States: A Mid Century Report (New Haven, CT, 1963), p.37; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983), p.144. It should be noted that the United States concentration ratio is a four-firm ratio for 1954 and the United Kingdom one is a five-firm ratio for 1957).
60. R.L. Nelson, Concentration in the Manufacturing Industries of the United States: A Mid Century Report (New Haven, CT, 1963), p.37; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983), p.144. It should be noted that the United States concentration ratio is a four-firm ratio for 1954 and the United Kingdom one is a five-firm ratio for 1957).
61. Davis and North, Institutional Change.
62. Ibid., p.67; C.M. Callahan, J.A. McDonald and A.P. O'Brien, 'Who Voted for Smoot-Hawley', Journal of Economic History, Vol.54 (1994), pp.683-90.
63. Ibid., p.67; C.M. Callahan, J.A. McDonald and A.P. O'Brien, 'Who Voted for Smoot-Hawley', Journal of Economic History, Vol.54 (1994), pp.683-90.
64. Ibid., p.62; J.D. Lees, The Political System of the United States (London, 1969), pp.36, 189.
65. Ibid., p.62; J.D. Lees, The Political System of the United States (London, 1969), pp.36, 189.
66. Rowley et al., Trade Protection, pp.97-8; Lees, The Political System, p.135.
67. Rowley et al., Trade Protection, pp.97-8; Lees, The Political System, p.135.
68. Baldwin, The Political Economy, p.50.
69. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.16.
70. PB. Feller and A. Carlisle Wilson, 'United States Tariff and Trade Law; Constitutional Sources and Constraints', Law and Policy in International Business, Vol.8 (1976), pp.106-7; Rowley et al., Trade Protection, p.124.
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72. Bauer et al., American Business, p.26.
73. Baldwin, The Political Economy, pp.34-5.
74. Pastor, Congress, p.53; T.M. Moe, 'Politics and the Theory of Organization', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Vol.7 (1991), pp.106-29.
75. Pastor, Congress, p.53; T.M. Moe, 'Politics and the Theory of Organization', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Vol.7 (1991), pp.106-29.
76. J.W. Markham, 'Integration in the Textile Industry', Harvard Business Review (Jan. 1950), pp.83-5; Simpson, Some Aspects, pp.57-9.
77. J.W. Markham, 'Integration in the Textile Industry', Harvard Business Review (Jan. 1950), pp.83-5; Simpson, Some Aspects, pp.57-9.
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81. Aggarwal with Haggard, 'The Polities', pp.257, 274-7; Robson, Cotton Industry, p.45; T.W. Zeiler, American Trade and Power in the 1960s (New York, 1992), p.76.
82. Aggarwal with Haggard, 'The Polities', pp.257, 274-7; Robson, Cotton Industry, p.45; T.W. Zeiler, American Trade and Power in the 1960s (New York, 1992), p.76.
83. Aggarwal with Haggard, 'The Polities', pp.257, 274-7; Robson, Cotton Industry, p.45; T.W. Zeiler, American Trade and Power in the 1960s (New York, 1992), p.76.
84. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.17; I.M. Destler, H. Fukui and H. Sato, The Textile Wrangle (Ithaca, NY, 1979); Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.39.
85. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.17; I.M. Destler, H. Fukui and H. Sato, The Textile Wrangle (Ithaca, NY, 1979); Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.39.
86. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.17; I.M. Destler, H. Fukui and H. Sato, The Textile Wrangle (Ithaca, NY, 1979); Keesing and Wolf, Textile Quotas, p.39.
87. Baldwin, Political Economy, pp.15-35; Pastor, Congress, p.63.
88. Baldwin, Political Economy, pp.15-35; Pastor, Congress, p.63.
89. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.17.
90. Pastor, Congress, p.109.
91. Brandis, Making of Textile Trade Policy, p.33.
92. Destler et al., Textile Wrangle, pp.69-71.
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111. Singleton, Lancashire, pp.141-67.
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